Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Lecture 22
Part IIa. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology in the
Genomics Era
© life_edu
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
Kimberly Nelson
OnCampus Live
BCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, NRS 190, PLS 190
OnLine BCH 190
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology
A Public Access College Course
The University of Rhode Island
Issues in Biotechnology:
Biotechnology, Our Society and Our Future
life
edu.us
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
BCH 190
Section II.
The Applications of
Biotechnology
A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology
© life_edu
The University
of Rhode Island
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Lecture 20
Part Ia. Emergent Technologies:
Where Do Our Medicines Come From?
© life_edu
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Lecture 21
Part Ib. Emergent Technologies:
DNA-Based Biotechnology and
Pharmaceutical Drug Development
© life_edu
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Lecture 22
Part IIa. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology in the
Genomics Era
© life_edu
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Lecture 23
Part IIb. Pharmacogenomics and
Personalized Medicine
© life_edu
The Problem of Human Suffering
The Problem of Human Suffering
Plato
Epicurus
Socrates
St. Augustine
Martin Luther
Thomas Aquinas
Charles Templeton
Albert Einstein
Bertrand Russell
Mark Twain
John Stuart Mill
Gandhi
John Lennon
Richard Dawkins
Issues in Biotechnology:
The Way We Work With Life
Dr. Albert P. Kausch
life edu.us
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
In the Genomics Era
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Emergent Technologies
What’s a genome?
A genome is all the DNA in an organism, including its genes. Genes
carry information for making all the proteins required by all
organisms.
“For the last three and a half
billion years, evolution has been
taking notes”
Genomes
Bacteria
Heamophilos influenza 1995
Round worm
C. elegans 1999
Fruitfly
Drosophila
Human
2000
2001
“Biology is undergoing one
of the most fundamental
revolutions that any science
has seen. It’s changing from
a purely laboratory science
to an information-based
science.” Eric Lander
The Human Genome Project
First Draft of the
Human Genome
February 15, 2001
‘The accomplishment of
landing on the moon
pales in significance
compared with the
recent advances in DNAbased biotechnology’
The Chimpanzee Genome —
A Bittersweet Celebration
Maynard V. Olson and Ajit Varki Science 9 July 2004: 191-192.
The Chimpanzee Genome —
A Bittersweet Celebration
Maynard V. Olson and Ajit Varki Science 9 July 2004: 191-192
Beyond the Chimpanzee Genome: The Threat of Extinction
Marc D. Hauser Science 2 September 2005: 1498-1499.
Gorilla Genome
Our
understanding of
the evolutionary
relationships
among species is
made more
accurate through
analysis and
comparison of the
DNA sequences in
their genomes
How do we explain the
information in DNA
out to an organism that
can discuss it?
Genomic Technologies
• Genome Sequencing
• Measuring mRNA levels
• Measuring and Characterizing Proteins
Genomic Technologies
• Genomics
• Transcriptomics
• Proteomics
Comparative Genomics
Issues in Biotechnology
The entire genomic sequences are now known for many species of
bacteria, fungi, insects, plants and animals, including humans and
chimpanzees. This vast amount of information has been published
and is in the public domain. The genome databases aligned and
the similarities and relations can be examined. Individual gene
sequences can be searched to find striking similarities between
species. These types of analyses have shown that humans are 98%
similar in DNA sequence to the chimpanzee; 88% similar to mice
and about 33% similar to the genes of a rice plant. This type of
analysis is called:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
transgenic analysis
comparative genomics
mutational analysis
functional genomics
DNA gold mining
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
What is Life?
?
What is Life?
?
An information
processing system
capable of replication
with variation
subject to selection
by the environment
Genomics
Functional and Comparative
Genomics
The
Composition
of Humans
And Their
Relationship
To life
17. Proteomics:
(A) the study of all the proteins produced by an organism and
their interactions
(B) the study of the ecology of the Protista by molecular
biology
(C) one of the largest pharmaceutical biotechnology
companies in the world
(D)the exact measurement of protein structures using
X-ray crystallography
(E) a hoax perpetrated by molecular biologists about alien
proteins
18. Genetic predisposition to disease or drug response is the
focus of what area of biotechnology?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Agricultural biotechnology
Forensics
Pharmacogenomics
Stem cell research
Animal cloning
19. Recombinant DNA technology has been able to make what
class of compounds as a new class of effective drugs?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
muscle fibers
antibodies
lipids
Cox 2 inhibitors
homeopathic treatments
20. What is a genome?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
the genetics of small people
a genetic disease associated with small stature
all the DNA in an organism, including its genes
the absence of genetic markers with some body cells
the study of the information in a single gene