BIOS 2130 Lecture 1
Anatomy: The study of Form.
Physiology: The study of Function.
Anatomical Position
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
•
•
•
•
Person stands erect
Feet flat on floor
Arms at sides
Palms, face & eyes facing forward
• Standard frame of reference for
anatomical descriptions &
dissection
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.1
A-2
Anatomical Planes and Sections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal
plane
Transverse
plane
• Section implies actual cut or slice to
reveal internal anatomy
• Plane implies an imaginary flat surface
passing through the body
– Sagittal plane divides body into right and
left regions
• median (midsagittal) plane divides body or organ
into equal halves
Sagittal
plane
– Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into
anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions
– Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the
body into superior (upper) & inferior
(lower) portions
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.3
A-3
Directional Terms
Directional Terms cont.
Directional
Terms in
Anatomy
(Table 1.2)
Directional Terms
Sectional Planes
Atlas A (Orientation to Anatomy)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Brachiocephalic v.
Thyroid cartilage of larynx
Thyroid gland
•
•
•
•
•
Anatomical position
Anatomical planes
Directional terms
Body regions
Body cavities and
membranes
• Organ systems
• Visual survey of the body
Subclavian v.
Subclavian a.
Brachial nerve plexus
Aortic arch
Superior vena
cava
Coracobrachialis m.
Humerus
Axillary v.
Axillary a.
Cephalic v.
Brachial v.
Brachial a.
Heart
Lobes of lung
Spleen
Stomach
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Penis (cut)
Pectineus m.
Ductus
deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Adductor longus m.
Gracilis m.
Adductor magnus m.
Rectus femoris m.
Figure A.14
A-9
Forearm Positions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• When supinated
– palms face forward or
upward
– radius & ulna are parallel
• When pronated
– palms face rearward or
downward
– radius & ulna are crossed
Figure A.2
A-10
Body Regions
• Axial region = head, neck, & trunk
– thoracic region = trunk above diaphragm
– abdominal region = trunk below diaphragm
• divided into quadrants
• divided into nine regions by tic-tac-toe grid
• Appendicular region = upper & lower limbs
– upper limb
• arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region), wrist (carpal
region), hand (manual region), fingers (digits)
– lower limb
• thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region),
ankle (tarsal region), foot (pedal region), toes (digits)
A-11
Anatomic Directions
“The elbow is ________ to the wrist?
1. The head is .............. to the neck
2. The lungs are ............to the vertebral column.
3. The thumb is .............to the elbow.
4. The ulna is...............to the radius.
5. The lungs are ...............to the heart.
6. The dorsal aorta is...............to the vertebral column.
7. The lumbar vertebrae are.............to the thoracic vertebrae.
8. The scapula is............... to the clavicle.
9. The bladder is...............to the small intestine.
10. The esophagus is..............to the trachea.
11. The tibia is................to the fibula
12. The patella is................to the knee joint.
13. The pelvic girdle is ...............to the vagina.
14. The intestines are..................to the liver.
15. The nasal cavity is.................to the mouth
16. The heart is....................to the sternum.
17. The heart is..................to the stomach
18. The atlas vertebra is..............to the axis vertebra
19. The fibula is................to the femur
20. The radius is ...............to the phalanges
Abdominal Quadrants and Regions
Quadrants
Right
upper
quadrant
Right
lower
quadrant
Left
upper
quadrant
Left
lower
quadrant
Regions
Hypochondriac
region
Subcostal line
Epigastric
region
Lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Intertubercular
line
Inguinal region
Midclavicular
line
(a)
Hypogastric
region
(c)
Figure A.6
A-13
Body Cavities and Membranes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
• Major body cavities
– cranial cavity
– vertebral canal
• meninges
Diaphragm
– thoracic cavity
– abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
• abdominal cavity
• pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
• Lined by serous membranes
(a) Left lateral view
Figure A.7
• Filled with viscera
A-14
Anatomical Terminology (ventral)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cephalic r. (head)
Facial r. (face)
Cervical r. (neck)
Upper limb:
Acromial r.
(shoulder)
Thoracic r. (chest):
Sternal r.
Pectoral r.
Axillary r. (armpit)
Brachial r. (arm)
Cubital r. (elbow)
Umbilical r.
Antebrachial r.
(forearm)
Abdominal r.
Inguinal r. (groin)
Carpal r. (wrist)
Pubic r.:
Mons pubis
Palmar r. (palm)
External genitalia:
Penis
Scrotum
Testes
Lower limb:
Coxal r. (hip)
Patellar r. (knee)
Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle)
Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum
Plantar surface
(sole)
(a) Anterior (ventral)
(b) Anterior (ventral)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.5
A-15
Anatomical Terminology (dorsal)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cranial r.
Nuchal r.
(back of neck)
Interscapular r.
Scapular r.
Vertebral r.
Lumbar r.
Sacral r.
Gluteal r.
(buttock)
Dorsum of hand
Perineal r.
Femoral r.
Popliteal r.
Crural r.
Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r.
(heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal)
(d) Posterior (dorsal)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.5
A-16
Thoracic Cavity
• Mediastinum - region between lungs
– heart, major blood vessels, esophagus,
trachea, & thymus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thoracic cavity:
• Pericardium – around heart
–
–
–
–
visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity
• Pleura – around lungs
–
–
–
–
visceral pleura
parietal pleura
pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid
Pelvic cavity
(b) Anterior view
Figure A.7
A-17
Superficial Anatomy (female)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Platysma
Trapezius m.
Clavicle
Deltoid m.
Pectoralis major m.
Cephalic v.
Breast
Biceps brachii m.
External abdominal
oblique m.
Sheath of rectus
abdominis m.
Umbilicus
Anterior superior
spine of ilium
Inguinal ligament
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Sartorius m.
Mons pubis
Femoral vein
Adductor longus m.
Great saphenous vein
Gracilis m.
Vastus lateralis m.
Rectus femoris m.
Figure A.12
A-18
Visceral Anatomy (male) 1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Internal jugular v.
External jugular v.
Omohyoid m.
Clavicle
Internal
intercostal mm.
External
intercostal mm.
Costal
cartilages
Liver
Common
carotid a.
Sternum
Subscapularis m.
Coracobrachialis m.
Lung
Pericardium
Pleura
Diaphragm
Stomach
Gallbladder
External abdominal
oblique m.
Internal abdominal
oblique m.
Transverse abdominal m.
Greater omentum
Large
intestine
Urinary bladder
Penis
Scrotum
Femoral n.
Femoral a.
Femoral v.
Figure A.13
A-19
Visceral Anatomy (male) 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thyroid cartilage of larynx
Thyroid gland
Brachial nerve plexus
Brachiocephalic v.
Subclavian v.
Subclavian a.
Aortic arch
Superior vena
cava
Coracobrachialis m.
Humerus
Axillary v.
Axillary a.
Cephalic v.
Brachial v.
Brachial a.
Heart
Lobes of lung
Spleen
Stomach
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Pectineus m.
Adductor longus m.
Gracilis m.
Adductor magnus m.
Rectus femoris m.
Penis (cut)
Ductus
deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Figure A.14
A-20
Retroperitoneal Anatomy (female)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Trachea
Superior vena cava
Bronchus
Esophagus
Pleural cavity
Hepatic vv.
Inferior vena cava
Splenic a.
Duodenum
Lung
(sectioned)
Thoracic aorta
Spleen
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Superior mesenteric v .
Kidney
Superior
mesenteric a.
Abdominal aorta
Inferior
mesenteric a.
Common iliac a.
Ureter
Ovary
Uterine tube
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Pectineus m.
Gracilis m.
Tensor fasciae
latae m. (cut)
Sartorius m. (cut)
Rectus
femoris m. (cut)
Adductor brevis m.
Vastus intermedius m.
Adductor longus m.
Adductor
longus m. (cut)
Vastus lateralis m.
Vastus medialis m.
Figure A.15
A-21
Dorsal Body Wall (female)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Right common carotid a.
Right subclavian a.
Left common
carotid a.
Left subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk
External
intercostal m.
Ribs
Internal
intercostal m.
Thoracic aorta
Esophagus
Diaphragm
Abdominal aorta
Quadratus
lumborum m.
Intervertebral disc
Lumbar vertebra
Iliac crest
Psoas major m.
Ilium
Iliacus m.
Sacrum
Gluteus medius m.
Anterior superior
spine of ilium
Brim of pelvis
Rectum
Vagina
Urethra
Adductor magnus m.
Femur
Gracilis m.
Adductor longus m.
Adductor brevis m.
Figure A.16
A-22
Anatomical Sections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a) Sagittal section
(b) Frontal section
(c) Transverse section
Sagittal
Frontal
Figure A.4
Transverse
A-23
Median Section of the Head
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Scalp
Cranium
Cerebrum
Frontal sinus
Brainstem
Nasal cavity
Cerebellum
Palate
Oral cavity
Foramen magnum
of skull
Tongue
Spinal cord
Epiglottis
Pharynx
Vertebral column
Vocal cord
Larynx
Intervertebral discs
Trachea
Esophagus
Figure A.17
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
A-24
Dissection of Thoracic Cavity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Internal jugular v.
Subclavian v.
Nerves
Lungs
Ribs
Heart
Diaphragm
Figure A.18
© McGraw-Hill Companies
A-25
Transverse Section of Thorax
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anterior
Pectoralis
major m.
Fat of breast
Sternum
Ventricles
of heart
Ribs
Pericardial
cavity
Right lung
Esophagus
Atria of heart
Aorta
Vertebra
Left lung
Spinal cord
Pleural cavity
Posterior
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Figure A.19
A-26
Dissection of Abdomen
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lung
Diaphragm
Transverse colon
Gallbladder
Small intestine
Mesenteric
arteries and veins
Mesentery
Descending colon
Cecum
Figure A.20
Sigmoid colon
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
A-27
Transverse Section of Abdomen
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Duodenum
Anterior
Stomach
Subcutaneous
fat
Rectus
abdominis m.
Large
intestine
Superior mesenteric
artery and vein
Pancreas
Inferior vena cava
Liver
Kidney
Peritoneal cavity
Perirenal
fat of
kidney
Erector
spinae m.
Peritoneum
Aorta
Vertebra
Posterior
Spinal cord
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
Figure A.21
A-28
Median Section of Female Pelvic Region
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Vertebra
Red bone marrow
Mesentery
Intervertebral disc
Small intestine
Sacrum
Sigmoid colon
Uterus
Cervix
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Urethra
Vagina
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus
Labium minus
Prepuce
Labium majus
Figure A.22
(b) Female
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
A-29