ELC 544 RADAR AND SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
Lecture 1
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WHAT THIS LECTURE ADRESSES
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Prerequisites
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ECE -324 – Communication Systems I
ECE 421 – Communication Systems II
ECE 461 – Television Engineering
ECE523 Course Outline
ECE523 Teaching Sequence
Laboratory/Practical Sessions
ECE 461 – TELEVISION ENGINEERING (1)
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Basic principles of television: Elements of TV systems
standards. Generation, characteristics and compatibility. Block
diagram of monochrome transmission systems. Transmission
camera tubes and devices. Monochrome TV transmitter and
receiver functions. Switched mode power supply (SMPS).
Principles of color perception: Nature of light, color theory
and chromaticity.
Transmission principles: Luminance and chrominance
signals, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM); Colour TV
receiver functions according to international systems. Colour
picture tubes.
ECE 461 – TELEVISION ENGINEERING (1)
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Advances in TV technology: High definition
television (HDTV) systems, Pyro-electric
vidicon, stereophonic TV, direct TV broadcast
by satellites. Television studio systems.
Very small arperture transmitter (VSAT)
Technology: Classification of VSAT’s and
their applications.
ECE-544 COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introduction to Satellite Systems: Historical
Background, Basic Satellite Services
2. Components of a Communication satellite
System: The Space Segment, The Earth Segment,
Frequency Bands
3. Characteristics of a satellite System: Coverage;
Access; Distribution; Frequency optimization
(Bandwidth utilization and Frequency Reuse);
Propagation Delay; Flexibility and Availability
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ECE-544 COURSE OUTLINE (2)
4. Satellite Communication Services: Satellite Telephone
services; Television and Audio Services; Data Transmission;
Integrated Services; Emergency Communication Services
5. Regulatory Considerations: Satellite Space/orbit System
Regulations; Satellite Frequency Regulations
6. Principles of radar: Pulsed and continuous wave radar. Free
space radar range equation; Radar receivers; Automatic
searching and tracking radar; Moving target indicator (MTI);
Radar performance factors; Doppler effects in the application of
continuous wave radar.
7. RADAR Facsimile transmission: Facsimile principles, data
compression; Data coding and encryption
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TEACHING SEQUENCE (1)
30th January -21st Feb 2012 (4 Weeks)
Introduction to Satellite Systems
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Historical Background
Basic Satellite Services
Components of a satellite Communication System
The Space Segment
The Earth Segment
Frequency Bands
CAT I - Approx. 22nd February 2012
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TEACHING SEQUENCE (2)
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27th February – 19th March 2012 (3 Weeks)
Characteristics of a Satellite System
– Coverage
– Access
– Distribution
– Frequency optimization (Bandwidth utilization and Frequency Reuse)
– Propagation Delay
– Flexibility and Availability
27th March – 10th April 2012 (3 Weeks)
Satellite Communication Services
– Telephony services
– Television and Audio Services
– Data Transmission
– Integrated Services
– Emergency Communication Services
– Satellite System Regulations
CAT II: 20th March 2012
TEACHING SEQUENCE (3)
10th April – 2nd May 2012 (3 Weeks)
RADAR Systems
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Principles of RADAR
Pulsed and continuous wave radar. Free space radar range
equation.
Radar receivers.
Automatic searching and tracking radar.
Moving target indicator (MTI).
Radar performance factors.
Doppler effects in the application of continuous wave radar.
Data compression, data coding and encryption..
CAT III: 3rd May 2012
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LABORATORY/PRACTICAL SESSIONS
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Internet-Based Exercise on Satellite
Orbits/Satellite Applications/Satellite Sighting
Satellite Transmission Systems
Satellite Receiver Systems
REFERENCE BOOKS
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International Telecommunication Union, “Handbook
on Satellite Communications-Third Edition,”
Wiley, 2002
K.K. Sharma, “Fundamentals of RADAR and
Television Engineering,” S.K. Kataria and Sons,
2009
Sapna Katiyar, “Satellite Communication,” S.K.
Kataria and Sons, Reprint 2010
Dharma Raj Cheruku, “Satellite Communication,”
I.K International Publishing House-2010
Monojit Mitra, “Satellite Communication,” PHI
Learning Private Limited, 2010.
Historical Perspective
1929
The Problem of Space Flight. The Rocket Engine, by
Hermann Noordung, describes the concept of the
geostationary orbit.
1945
In a visionary paper, Arthur C. Clarke, the well-known
physicist and author, describes a world
communication and broadcasting system based on
geosynchronous space stations.
1957 (4 Oct.)
Launching of the Sputnik-l artificial satellites (USSR) and
detection of the first satellite-transmitted radio signals.
1959 (March) Pierce's basic paper on satellite communication
possibilities.
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Historical Perspective
1960 (Aug.): Launching of the ECHO-l balloon satellite (USA/NASA).
Earth-station to earth-station passive relaying of
telephone and television signals at 1 and 2.5 GHz by
reflection on the metalized surface of this 30 m balloon
placed in a circular orbit at 1 600 km altitude.
1960 (Oct.): First experiment of active relaying communications using
a space-borne amplifier at 2 GHz (delayed relaylng
communications) by the Courier-1B satellite (USA) at
about 1 000 km altitude.
1962:
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Foundation of the COMSAT Corporation (USA), the first
company specifically devoted to domestic and
international satellite communications.
Historical Perspective
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1962:
Launching of the TELSTAR-l satellite (USA/AT&T) (July)
and of the Relay-l satellite (USA/NASA) (December).
Both were non-geostationary, low-altitude satellites
operating in the 6/4 GHz bands.
1962:
First experimental transatlantic communications
(television and multiplexed telephony) between the
first large-scale, pre-operational earth stations
(Andover, Maine, USA, Pleumeu-Bodou, France and
Goonhilly, UK).
1963:
First international regulations of satellite communications
(ITU Extraordinary Radio Conference). Initiation of
sharing between space and terrestrial services.
Historical Perspective
1963 (July):
Launching of SYNCOM-2 (USA/NASA), the first geostationary
satellite (300 telephone circuits or 1 TV channel).
1964 (Aug.): Establishment of the MTELSAT organization (19 national
Administrations as initial signatories).
1965 (April): Launching of the EARLY BIRD (INTELSAT-l) satellite, first
commercial geostationary communication satellite (240
telephone circuits or I TV channel). First operational
communications (USA, France, Federal Republic of Germany,
UK).
1965:
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Launching of MOLNYA-1 (USSR), a non-geostationary satellite
(elliptical orbit, 12 hours revolution).
Beginning of television transmission to small size receive earth
stations in USSR (29 Molnyas were launched between 1965
and 1975).
Historical Perspective
1967:
INTELSAT II satellites (240 telephone circuits in multiple access
mode or 1 TV channel) over Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
regions.
1968-1970:
INTELSAT III satellites (1,500 telephone circuits, 4 TV channels
or combinations thereof). INTELSAT worldwide operation.
1969:
Launch of ATS-5 (USA/NASA). First geosynchronous satellite
with a 15.3 and 3.6 GHz bands propagation experiment.
1971 (Jan.): First INTELSAT IV satellite (4,000 circuits + 2 TV channels).
1971 (Nov.): Establishment of the INTERSPUTNIK Organization (USSR and
9 initial signatories).
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Historical Perspective
1972 (Nov.): Launching of the ANIK- 1 satellite and first
implementation of a national (domestic) satellite
communications system outside the USSR
KanaddTELESATl.
1974 (April): WESTAR 1 satellite. Beginning of national satellite
communications in the USA.
1974 (Dec.): Launching of the SYMPHONIE-1 satellite (France,
Federal Republic of Germany): the first three-axis
stabilized geostationary communications satellite.
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1975 (Jan.): Algerian satellite communication system: First operational
national system (14 earth stations) using a leased
INTELSAT transponder.
Historical Perspective
1975 (Sept.): First INTELSAT IVA satellite (20 transponders: more than 6,000 circuits
+ 2 TV channels, Frequency reuse by beam separation).
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1975 (Dec.):
Launching of the first USSR geostationary Stationary satellite.
1976 (Jan.):
Launching of the CTS (or Hermes) satellite (Canada), first experimental
high-power broadcasting satellite (14/12 GHz).
1976 (Feb.):
Launching of the MARISAT satellite (USA), first maritime
communications satellite.
Historical Perspective
1976 (July.): Launching of the PALAPA-I satellite. First national system
(40 earth stations) operating with a dedicated satellite
in a developing country (Indonesia).
1976 (July.): Launching of the PALAPA-I satellite. First national system
(40 earth stations) operating with a dedicated satellite
in a developing country (Indonesia).
1976 (Oct.):
Launching of the first EKRAN satellite (USSR). Beginning
of the implementation of the first operational
broadcasting satellite system (6.210.7 GHz).
1977 (June): Establishment of the EUTELSAT organization with 17
administrations as initial signatories.
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Historical Perspective
1977 (Aug.): Launching of the SIR10 satellite (Italy). First experimental
communication satellite using frequencies above 15
GHz (1711 1 GHz).
1977:
ITU World broadcasting-satellite Administrative Radio
Conference (Geneva, 1977) (WARC SAT-77).
1978 (Feb.): Launching of the BSE experimental broadcasting satellite
for Japan (14/12 GHz)
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1978 (May): Launching of the OTS satellite, first communication
satellite in the 14/11 GHz band and first experimental
regional communication satellite for Europe (ESA:
European Space Agency).
Historical Perspective
1979
Establishment of the INMARSAT organization for global
(Jun
maritime satellite communications (26 initial
e):
signatories).
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1980
(De
c.):
First INTELSAT V satellite (l2 000 circuits, FDMA + TDMA
operation, 614 GHz and 1411 1 GHz wideband
transponders, Frequency reuse by beam separation +
dual polarization).
1981
Beginning of operation in the USA, of satellite business
systems based on very small data receive earth
stations (using VSATs).
1983
ITU Regional Administrative Conference for the Planning
of the Broadcasting-Satellite Service in Region 2.
Historical Perspective
1983 (Feb)
Launching of the CS-2 satellite (Japan). First domestic
operational communication satellite in the 30/20 GHz
band.
1983 (June) First launch of the ECS (EUTELSAT) satellite, (9
wideband transponders at 14/11GHz: 12 000 circuits
with full TDMA operation + TV. Frequency reuse by
beam separation and by dual polarization).
1984
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Beginning of operation of satellite business systems
(using VSATs) with full transmitheceive operation.
1984 (April) Launching of STW-l, the first communication satellite of
China, providing TV, telephone and data transmission
services.
Historical Perspective
1984 (Aug.): Launching of the first French domestic TELECOM I multimission satellite: 614 GHz, telephony and TV distribution;
817 GHz, military communications; 14/12 GHz, TVRO and
business communications in TDMA/DA.
1984 (Nov.): First retrieval of communication satellites from space, using the
space shuttle (USA).
1985 (Aug.): ITU World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC Orb-85)
(1st session on utilization of the geostationary orbit).
1988 (Oct.):
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ITU World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC Orb-88)
(2nd session on utilization of the
geostationary orbit).
Historical Perspective
1989:
INTELSAT V1 satellite (Satellite-Switched TDMA, up to
120 000 circuits (with DCME), etc.)
1992 (Feb.): Launching of the first Spanish HISPASAT-I multi-mission
satellite: 14/11-12 GHz distribution, contribution, SNG,
TVRO, VSAT, business services, TV America, etc.;
17/12 GHz, DBS analogue and digital television; 817
GHz governmental communications.
1997 -1998
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INTELSAT VIII satellites
Historical Perspective
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1998
onwards:
Launching of various non-geostationary satellites and
implementation of the corresponding MSS systems
(Iridium, Globalstar, etc.) and FSS systems
(Teledesic, Skybridge, etc.).
1999
First INTELSAT K-TV satellite (30 14/11-12 GHz
transponders for up to 210 TV programmes with
possible direct to home (DTH) broadcast and VSAT
services).
2000
INTELSAT 1X satellites (up to 160 000 circuits (with
DCME)).