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Independence Struggle
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The Congress attempted to include
the Muslim community in the
independence struggle.
some Muslims were very active in
the Congress
the majority of Muslim leaders did
not trust the party, viewing it as a
“Hindu-dominated" organization.
Independence Struggle
Some Muslims felt that there was a
need to address the issue of the
Muslim identity within India.
Thus in 1877, Syed Amer Ali formed
the Central National Muhammadan
Association to work towards the
political advancement of the Muslims,
but the organization declined towards
the end of the nineteenth century.
Independence Struggle
A turning point came in 1900
British administration in the United
Provinces (Now Uttar Pradesh) made Hindi, written
in the Devanagari script, the official
language. The Muslims feared and the AllIndia Muslim League was founded on
December 30th, 1906, on the sidelines of the
annual All India Muhammadan Educational
Conference in Shahbagh, Dhaka.
Independence Struggle
The meeting was attended by three
thousand delegates and presided over
by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk.
It addressed the issue of legitimate
safeguards for Muslims and finalised a
programme. A resolution, moved by
Nawab Salimullah and seconded by Hakim
Ajmal Khan. Nawab Viqar-ul-Milk,
declared:
Independence Struggle
The musalmans are only a fifth in number as
compared with the total population of the
country, it is manifest that if at any remote
period the British government ceases to exist
in India, then the rule of India would pass into
the hands of that community which is nearly
four times as large as ourselves …our life, our
property, our honour, and our faith will all be
in great danger, when even now that a
powerful British administration is protecting
its subjects, we the Musalmans have to face
most serious difficulties in safe-guarding our
interests from the grasping hands of our
neighbors.
Independence Struggle
The constitution and principles of the League
were contained in the "Green Book", written by
Maulana Mohammad Ali .
Its goals at this stage did not include
establishing an independent Muslim
state, but rather concentrated on
protecting Muslim liberties and rights,
promoting understanding between the
Muslim community and other Indians,
educating the Muslim and Indian
community at large on the actions of the
government, and discouraging violence.
Independence Struggle
However, Jinnah did not join the
League until 1913, Even at this stage,
Jinnah believed in Muslim-Hindu cooperation to achieve an independent,
united India,
The League gradually became the
leading representative body of Indian
Muslims. Jinnah became its president
in 1916.
Independence Struggle
Meaning & History of Urdu language:
Turkish Word, means ARMY (LASHKAR)
Started when Muslims conqueror South
Asia. Now the Urdu is a developed
language. British started finishing the
Language of Urdu Muslims also adopt
Persian language.
Independence Struggle
Urdu Hindi Conflict
During the stay of Sir S.A.K a great leader
19th Centaury, in Banaras
Hindu demanded the British that the
Deonagri script of Hindi should be official
Language along with English
Muslims opposed it and great tension &
conflict raised.
Independence Struggle
Sir Syed & Urdu language
- S. Syed efforts for the education of Muslims
made Aligarh his centre and laid the foundation
for MAOS
- 1877 this school became a college
- Weekly gazette of Urdu & English was published
- Translated many English books into Urdu for
Muslims
- made efforts form the plate form of Mohammadan
Educational Conference which proved successful.
Independence Struggle
British & Hindus steps for element ion Urdu
In 1871 the lieutenant Governor of Bengal Province
George Campbell declared Hindi as the courts
language.
Also start using in offices
Later on in 1900 the Governor of U.P Antony Mac
Donald gave permission for the use of Deonagri
Script of Hind and Hindi language in the courts.
1937 the congress ministries also took many steps
for the implementation of Hindi in all provinces
Independence Struggle
Separate & Combined Electorate
Separate Electorate;
Rights & interests of different nations are protected
by fixing their seats according to the ratio of their
population.
Combined Electorate;
Rights & interests of different nations are not
protected by allotting separate seats rather the
candidates from any nation can contest for one seat
and can win by majority of his nation.
Independence Struggle
Efforts of Sir Syed for Separate Electorate
Hindu majority could dominate the Muslims Minority by
combined electorate.
Sir Syed opposed it first time
Addressing the Muslims of Meerut on 16.01.1888
“This thing is confirmed that the population of Hindus is four
times more. We can calculate that the Hindu candidate will get
four votes & Muslim candidate will get only one vote. It is
necessary that separate electorate will be implemented &
Hindu Muslims constituencies be marked so that Hindu votes
will elect Hindu candidate & Muslim voters will elect Muslim
candidates”.
Independence Struggle
Act of 1892 & Combined Electorate
• The combined electorate were implemented for
the first time in central & provincial councils
• Terms were given property, income & Edu
• The majority of Muslims could not fulfil these
terms
Independence Struggle
The Muslims reaction of Combined Electorate
• Sir Syed Ahmad khan strongly criticized the
electoral conations. His son Syed Mahmood &
Principal of Ali Garh College Mr.. Beck sent a
memorandum to the British Govt demanding
that;
“Due to combined electorate Muslims would
always remain deprived of leadership. Besides
Muslims are a separate nation therefore
separate electorate should be implemented”
Division of Bengal
Division of Bengal October 16, 1905
It was in Bengal that the British has
first established themselves, & built
their own capital city, Calcutta, which
led the rest of India in adopting western
education, manners & fashions.
Division of Bengal
Division of Bengal October 16, 1905
Bengal was a large, thickly populated area
and Calcutta has to administer not only
British India but the Bengal Presidency itself.
Lord Curzon, for reasons of facilitating
administration, divided Bengal into two
parts, West & East. To East Bengal was
added Assam. Both parts of Bengal under the
British rule, the creation of the east led to
sharp Hindu protest.
Division of Bengal
Reasons for Division of Bengal
The Area was one lac eighty nine thousand
square mile, whereas the population
consisted of seven crore eighty lacs
The Indian majority side of the Bengal
province was developed
East Bengal was the Muslim majority area.
They were facing Administration, discipline,
infrastructure etc.
Division of Bengal
Reasons for Division of Bengal
There was a sea port in West Bengal in
Calcutta so no thought was given to
improve & develop the seaport in East
Bengal at Chittagong. Division was
necessary for its destruction.
Large scale production of Jute in East
Bengal, no development was there and local
industries have collapsed.
Division of Bengal
Events of division of Bengal
In 1904, the viceroy of India Lord Curzon visited the both
wings of Bengal
He saw the problems of these areas and sent a report to Britain
Suggestion was to make East Bengal & Assam into new
provinces
The Secretary of State for India St. John Brodrich sanctioned
it in June
Bengal was divided into two parts on 16th October, 1905
For both the provinces separate lieutenant Governors, revenue
board and legislative councils.
Division of Bengal
Demarcation of new provinces
(East Bengal & Assam)
The Area was 106540 square miles
Total population was 31M, Muslims were
18M & Hindus 12 M
Districts of Chittagong and Dhaka Divisions,
Rajshahi Division excluding Darjeeling, and
the District of Malda.
Sea port was Chttagong
Division of Bengal
Demarcation of new provinces
(West Bengal)
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Except the East Bengal & Assam all area was
included in West Bengal
Area of Orissa was also included in it
The area was 140580 square miles
Its population was 54 M, Muslims only 9M &
Hindus 42 M
Centre of the province was Calcutta
Sea port was Calcutta
Division of Bengal
Benefits for Bengali Muslims
Funds for the development of Bengal which were
only used in West Bengal
Now equally distributed and also spent on
development of East Bengal
Funds were to be spent on the improvement of
infrastructure
A separate building of High Court, Muslim
newspapers were to be promoted
Employment opportunity for the Muslims in the
government, semi government sectors and non
governmental organizations
Developments programs for the Chittagong sea port
Division of Bengal
Reaction of Division of Bengal
(By Muslims)
Leader in East Bengal was Nawab Saleem ullah khan of Dhaka
The Muslims group appreciated the decision of
division of Bengal
They laid a foundation named “Mohammadan provincial
Union”
Its aim to protect the political rights and interests of
the Muslims
Other Muslim community also supported the
division of Bengal
A letter of thanks was also sent to the Government
Division of Bengal
Division of Bengal
Reaction of Division of Bengal (By Hindus)
Hindus were not happy on the division of Bengal
16th October was observed as national protest day
Influenced by the Chinese boycott of American goods
Hindus started a SAUDESHI movement of this division
(a devotee of one's own country)
This movement boycotted British-made goods and encouraged
the production and use of Indian-made goods to take their
place
Congress pressurized the British Manchester chamber of
commerce for the protection and promotion of its trade, it
should pressurize the Government
Annulment of division of Bengal
12th December,1911
In 1910 George the 5th became the British King
Lord Harding became the Viceroy of India
On December 12, 1911 court was set in Delhi
He made a number of announcements but one that
was very important that is annulment of division of
Bengal
He also shift the capital from Calcutta to Delhi
Annulment of division of Bengal
12th December,1911
Effects of Annulment Decision
Start of Extremism in Politics
Congress proved a Hindu political
party
Establishment of Dhaka University
Independence Struggle
The constitution and principles of the League were
contained in the "Green Book", written by Maulana
Mohammad Ali .
Its goals at this stage did not include
establishing an independent Muslim
state, but rather concentrated on
protecting Muslim liberties and rights,
promoting understanding between the
Muslim community and other Indians,
educating the Muslim and Indian
community at large on the actions of the
government, and discouraging violence.
Simla Deputation 1906
Lord Minto was appointed as the Viceroy on India in
1905
the Muslim leaders drew up a plan for separate
electorates for their community
They presented it to the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla,
on October 1, 1906.
Young Aga khan read the address, Mr. Bilgrami
wrote the text of the plan
The Simla Deputation consisted of 35 members,
headed by Sir Aga Khan
Simla Deputation 1906
Demands of the Delegations
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Separate Electorate
Demands for more seats than population
Share in the Government Services
Membership of judges & executive
councils
Representation in the senate & syndicate
of the Universities
Making of the Muslim Universities
Simla Deputation 1906
Viceroy’s answer to the delegation
“I am aware of the injustices and aggression inflicted
upon the Muslim and I am also trying to compensate
them. I will definitely take these demands to the
committee which will come to India to implement
constitutional reforms and will compile the
recommendations”
Simla Deputation 1906
The Simla Deputation was successful because
the Muslims were strongly urged to protect their
separate identity, whereas the British responded
to their demands, as Lord Minto was anxious to
pull them out of their political discontent.
Simla Deputation 1906
Separate electorates were given statutory
recognition in the Indian Councils Act of 1909.
Muslims were accorded not only the right to elect
their representatives by separate electorates, but
also the right to vote in general constituencies. In
addition, they were also given Weightage in
representation.