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Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
1817-1898)
Tehrik-i-Deoband (1866)
Nadwa-tul-Ulema, Lucknow (1894)
WestrenAnd Religion trends of Education
Anjuman-i-Himayat-e-Islam, Lahore (1884)
Islamia college for women (1938)for
men(1913)
Sindh Madrassah-tul-Islam, Karachi(1885)
Syed Hasan Ali Afandi. Sind Muslim
College(1943) Ali Garh
Islamia College, Peshawar (1902)Sahibzada
Abdul Qayyum
Mohim ambela(1863)
 Reshammi Romal Movement(1905)
 Maulvi Mehmudulhassan & Uleamaye
Duiband
 Tehrikey Khilafat (1920)
 Khaksar Tehrik
 Indian National Congress(1885)
 Formation of Muslim League
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First ever constitutional structure
Constitutional reforms in India
Inclusion of Indian people
British passed provisions for Local
Government
Introduction of Governor General Councils
Enforcement of Legislative Councils
No's of Legislative Councils were increased
Authority of Governor-General
Provincial Heads as Lieutenant Generals
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A former member of Indian civil service, Allan
Octavian Hume wrote a letter to students of
Culcutta University for setting a national political
organization.
A conference was called in Bombay and second
in Culcutta on 28 December 1883.
A meeting in 1886 of 436 delegates' elected
representatives of their provinces.
Aim is to promote welfare of Indians by educating
them in India and Britain
More representatives in ICS and legislative councils
Congress dissatisfaction with LCA 1861.
Demanded more presentation in legislative and
administrative bodies
 Nominations of Central and Provincial Legislative
Councils through general elections instead of
nomination.
 Appointment through competitive exam.
 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Criticism on demands.
 Salient Provisions of Act 1892:
 Increase in non-official members in Central and
Provincial Legislature
 Right to question/discussion of annual budget
 Right to local bodies to elect members for
legislative councils.
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Urdu replaced Persian as an official
language in 1837.
Anti-Urdu Agitation by Hindus
Urdu banned in Bengal (1871) by Lt.
Governor George Campbell, scrapped
from syllabus.
1900, UP Lt. Governor Anthony McDonell
ordered Hindi as an official language.
Anjuman-i-Tarakki-i-Urdu by Baba-e-Urdu,
Maulvi Abdul Haq.
Urdu Defence Association, Nawab Mohsin
ul Mulk, 2 May,1900.
Partition of Bengal 1905
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Lord Curzon Viceroy (1899)/ Administrative
problems
East/West Parts
Eastern Bengal new prospects for Muslims
Hindus Reaction
Muslim domination
End to political position
National tragedy (16th Oct,1905)
Swadeshi Movement (Swami Dayanand) ->
boycott of foreign goods
Boycott forthcoming tour of King George-> Delhi
Darbar 1911-> annulment of Bengal/ capital from
Calcutta to Delhi
Simla Deputation 1906
35 Members delegation led by Sir Agha Khan met Lord Minto.
4 major demands
•Separate electorate
•Weight age
•Government and official services
•Aligarh University
Results
•Great political achievement for Muslims
•Acceptance of Muslim demands under Minto-Morley reforms
1909
•Basis for Muslim unity and organization
Establishment of Muslim League 1906
Reasons
 Urdu Hindi Controversy
 Negative role of Hindus-> Arya Smaj/Gao Raksha Sabah
 Congress Representation
 Success of Simla Deputation
Background
 All India Educational Conference, Dhaka,1906.
 Nawab Salim Ullah resolution (All India Muslim Confederacy).
 Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk and Nawab Viqar ul Mulk joint secretaries.
 60 member committee drafted ML constitution.
 1907 Karachi Session it was adopted. Green Book (Maulana Muhammad Ali
Jauhar)
 1908, Sir Agha Khan(President), Major Hassan Bilgrami (Joint Sec), Syed Amir Ali
(London Branch).
 Aligarh as ML Headquarter.
Objectives
 1) Muslim/British gap 2) Political rights 3) Friendly relations with all communities
Achievements
 1) Representation 2) Answer to Congress propaganda
 3) Approval of separate electorate 4) Lucknow pact
Political Reforms
 Separate electorate of Muslims
 Hindus included in Executive Councils
 Legislative Councils were expanded/ authority.
 Viceroy Council membership fixed at 60.
 Local bodies/trade unions/universities allowed to elect their
members.
 Lt. Gov appointed in Bengal/Bombay/Madarass.
 Administrative councils in small provinces.
 Members of executive councils increased from 2-4.
 Positive Aspects:
 Impetus to constitutional development in India.
 Introduced system of elections
 Muslims political importance was enhanced
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Lucknow Pact 1916
Background
Idea of self -rule
Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity
 Main Clauses of Lucknow Pact
 Separate Electorate for Muslims
 Provincial councils with 4/5th elected
and1/5th nominated members.
 Major provinces legislative councils with
125 strength, Minor 50-75.
 Elected member for terms of 5 years
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Muslims elected through special electorates and
their representation
varies in each province Punjab 50 %, Bengal 40 %,U.P
30 %, Bombay
33 1/3 % , Bihar 25 %, C.P 15% Madaras15 %
respectively.
 Reservation of 1/3rd seats for Muslims in the central
legislature.
 Seats reserved for Muslims in minority provinces and
vice versa for Hindus.
 No bill or resolution shall be presented in Assembly
that affects interests of other communities.
 Provincial Autonomy shall be given to provinces.
 Significance of Lucknow Pact
 Political advancement for Muslims
 Hindus acknowledged Muslims as separate
electorate
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Background
S.A Rowlett Act 1919
Jallianwala Bagh incident Amritsar 1919
Salient Features of Reforms
Bicameral legislature
Upper house 5 years and lower house for 3 years
Separate electorate for Muslims
System of Dyarchy was introduced at provincial
level
Subjects divided between centre and provinces
Governor General’s executive council and power
Objectives of Khilafat Movement
Khilafat Conference and Khilafat
delegation
 Non-C0-operation Movement
 Hijerat Movement
 Moplah Uprising
 Chaura Chauri Incident
 Reasons of Failure of Khilafat
Movement
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Political Struggle 1920-1940
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Delhi Proposals 1927
Simon Commission 1927
Nehru Report 1928
Quaid-e Azam Fourteen Points 1929
Allahbad Address 1930
Round Tables Conferences 1930-1932.
Government of India Act 1935.
1937 Elections and Congress Rule
End of Congress Rule and Day of
Deliverance
Pakistan Resolution 1940
 Cripps Proposal 1942
 Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944
 Cabinet Mission 1946
 3rd June Plan 1947
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