Be aware of regions!
“Historians are dangerous people.
They are capable of upsetting
everything”
– Nikita Khrushchev
Big Ideas:
Phases & Features of the Cold War
Short term vs. long term factors and consequences
Assess the part played by differing ideologies in the origin of the Cold War
Examine the conflicting aims and policies of rival powers which caused the Cold War.
Origins of the Cold War
(The World in 1945)
-Orthodox
-Revisionist
-Post-revisionist
-Post cold war historians
20th Century
Cold War
Origins
Power Players
Economics
The Struggle for
Europe
Big Ideas:
-Phases & Features of the Cold War
-Key turning points
-Short term vs. long term factors and consequences
-Role and significance of leaders
-Impact
PRC, Korea, Vietnam -- Cuba, Guatemala -- Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt
Asia -- Latin America -- Middle East
Globalizing the Cold War
The Cold War
The Struggle for Europe
Stalin & the USSR -- The 2 Germanys -- Communist Bloc
Themes:
• Theme 1: Origins and nature of authoritarian and single-party states
• Theme 2: Establishment of authoritarian and single party states
• Theme 3: Domestic policies and global impact
Lenin & Stalin = USSR
Mao = PRC
-Orthodox
-Revisionist
-Post-revisionist
-Post cold war historians
Single Party
States
Nasser = Egypt
Castro = Cuba
Papers 1, 2 & 3  Last, last minute advice
•
•
Pick the BEST question(s) to answer
•
3-5 min. pre-write:
–
–
Intro: 3-4 sentences (1-2 THESIS)
•
3 Bodies
–
–
–
–
•
–
–
•
•
Conclusion  restate thesis, analysis,
historiography
•
Origins  up to 1949
1950s & 1960s
Don’t overly focus on Korea & Vietnam
CUBA & CASTRO!!!
Papers 2 & 3 cross over:
–
–
•
3 dates
3 key vocab words
Rise to power, foreign & domestic policies,
success/failure (impact)
Paper 2: Topic 5: Cold War:
–
–
–
–
No more than 10 min per body
Topic sentence (relate to thesis)
ANALYSIS!!!! (Because….why…how…)
Historiography
Key leaders  Causes and effects
3 key dates, 3 key vocab
Paper 2: Topic 3: 1 SPS leader from each region
–
–
–
Groupings, key words, people, dates
Thesis
•
Paper 1:
Presidents: FDR (Depression/econ), Truman, IKE, JFK,
Johnson (Great Society)
CASTRO, CUBA!!!!!
Review Historiography
–
–
Know generic schools
Know 1 name / person per topic / state
Attacking the Paper 2
Pre-writing:
Writing the Paper 2:
•
Intro & Thesis
– Strong, argumentative thesis (take a stand)
– Address the task in its entirety
– Can include some background
•
Body Paragraphs
– Organized by argument or theme
– Strong topic sentences
– Historical vocabulary
– ANALYSIS!!!!
– Do not “name drop” historiography out of
context
– Avoid narration & description
•
Conclusion
– Restate thesis
– acknowledge limitations and counter-arguments
Select Task (Topic 3 & 5)
 Do you understand what you are being asked to do?
 Can you fully address this Task?
5 Minutes to jot down ideas & groupings
 Key names, policies, dates, events, historiography
Develop Thesis  Be Specific
 Address the task
 Explain WHY?
 Introduction & Thesis = 4-6 sentences at most
Paper 2 Markscheme
[0 to 7 marks]
for inadequate/
general material
[8 to 10 marks]
for narrative with
implicit analysis
and assessment of
methods and
conditions for
“rise to power”
Implicit = implied,
unspoken
[11 to 13 marks]
Meets 8-10 marks
criteria AND…
for more exact
focus and explicit
assessment of
methods used
(e.g. why they
succeeded) and
conditions for
“rise to power”
Explicit = overt,
unambiguous
[14 to 16 marks]
Meets 11-13
marks criteria
AND…
[17+ marks]
Meets 14-16
marks criteria
AND…
for a structured,
analytical
response focused
on methods and
conditions
for balance and an
extra quality such
as different
interpretations
(historiography)
Extra Quality =
Think AP
Expanded Core 
Analytical = logical, Thesis, Multiple
systematic
POVs, insight,
comparison/
contrasts,
synthesis…
• “Candidate performance in all
essay responses could be
improved significantly by taking
time to plan the answer- where
possible organising the response
into suitable themes rather than
producing narrative /descriptive
accounts. Five to ten minutes
drawing up an essay plan is time
well spent despite what many
candidates may think in their
eagerness to address the
question. … There is no
substitute for sound knowledge,
as this is the foundation of all
good essays answers.”
– MAY 2009 IB Subject Report
• “The best responses revealed
command of chronology, task
identification, structure and
above all the provision of relevant
historical detail. It cannot be
emphasized enough that answers
must be supported by reference
to historical knowledge.”
– May 2010, History Subject Report
What do I NEED to study?  Paper 2
Single Party States:
Cold War:
•
•
Know Chronology!!!
•
Origins of the Cold War:
At least 1 leader from each region
–
–
–
–
–
USSR (Europe): Lenin OR Stalin
PRC (Asia): Mao
Cuba (Latin America): Castro
Egypt (Europe): Nasser
DO NOT WRITE ABOUT: Hitler, Mussolini
or Franco!
–
–
•
Regional Examples:
–
•
Rise to Power (including Ideologies)
•
Examples of Foreign & Domestic
Policies
•
–
–
•
–
Dates
•
Historiography
1960s & 1970s – change in policies and
East/West relations
•
Global Impact
•
Germany: Berlin blockade & airlift (1948-49),
Berlin Wall (1961)
1950s Cuba: Castro, Revolution, Embargo, Bay
of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis
Korea & Vietnam: Proxy wars, policies
Détente:
–
Successes & Failures
Ideology, Conferences
US & USSR Foreign Policies (Doctrines)
•
START, SALT I
End of the Cold War: 1989-1991
–
–
–
Eastern Europe
Fall of Berlin Wall
Collapse of USSR
Historiography – In General
• Orthodox = Traditional Perspective
– Soviet Orthodox = Pro-Communism
– Western Traditional (aka Liberal)= Pro-Capitalism & Democracy
• Orthodox View of Korean War in USA = War was justified
• Orthodox view of Vietnam war in USA = War was a mistake
• Revisionism & Post-Revisionism:
– Revisionism: 1st time opposing or conflicting views emerge as legitimate
– Post-Revisionism: Justifies both sides, possibly with new information
• Ideology:
– Marxist, Leninist, Stalinist, Cult of Mao, Arab Nationalist, Arab Socialist, PanArabism
• Archives:
–
–
–
–
USSR archives opening after fall 1989/1991
PRC & Cuba = Still in control, keeps control of information
Egypt: Importance & translations of Arab documents = emerging field of study
USA = Declassified documents = freedom of information act
• Sensitive info = still redacted
Historiography - Specific
• USSR:  fall in 1991
– Pravda, propaganda
– Sheila Fitzpatrick, Robert Service, Orlando Figues
– Richard Pipes
• PRC:  still exists!!!!
– The People’s Daily
– Edgar Snow, Jonathan Spence, Chang & Halliday
• Cuba:
– Foreign Affairs Article  Dominguez
– Arthur Schlesinger Jr  Kennedy historian
• Egypt:
– Anthony Nutting, Robert Stephens, Eric Hobsbaum
What do I NEED to study?  Paper 3
• Independence Movements
• United States Civil War:
causes, course and effects
1840-77
• The Great Depression and
the Americas 1929-39
• Civil Rights and social
movements in the
Americas
• ZINN!!!!
Independence Movements
Independence movements: This section focuses on the
various forces that contributed to the rise of the
independence movements, the similar and different
paths that the movements followed and the immediate
effects of independence in the region. It explores the
political, intellectual and military contributions of their
leaders and the sometimes contradictory views that
shaped the emergence of the new nations.
• Independence movements in the Americas: political,
economic, social, intellectual and religious causes; the
role of
foreign intervention; conflicts and issues leading to war
• Political and intellectual contributions of leaders to the
process of independence: Washington, Bolivar (suitable 4
choices could be Adams, Jefferson, San Martín,
O’Higgins)
• United States Declaration of Independence; processes
leading to the declaration; influence of ideas; nature of
the
declaration; military campaigns and their impact on the
outcome (suitable examples could be Saratoga and
Yorktown)
• Independence movements in Latin America:
characteristics of the independence processes; reasons
for the
similarities and/or differences in two countries in the
region; military campaigns and their impact
on the outcome (suitable examples could be Chacabuco,
Maipú, Ayacucho, Boyacá and Carabobo)
• United States’ position towards Latin American
independence; events and reasons for the emergence of
the
Monroe Doctrine
• Impact of independence on the economies and
societies of the Americas: economic and social issues;
new
perspectives on economic development; impact on
different social groups: Native Americans, African
Americans,
Creoles
Civil war
Great Depression
-Which social and economic groups gained and which lost
from the United States Civil War?
95. How successful was Reconstruction following the
American Civil War?
-How important were the abolitionists in the coming of
the American Civil War?
97. What were the political causes and results of the US
Civil War?
-“Southerners maintained that secession was the ultimate
expression of democracy, while Lincoln believed that
secession was a rejection of democracy.” Explain and
justify these opposing beliefs.
-To what extent was President Lincoln more interested in
preserving the Union than emancipating the slaves?
-“Southern leaders risked civil war because they
underestimated the North’s strength and overestimated
the South’s power.” To what extent do you agree with
this statement?
-How and why did the antislavery movement in the
United States change during the course of the nineteenth
century?
-‘It was the result of tensions between two different ways
of life’. ‘The war was caused by unnecessary fanatical
agitation’. Which of these explanations for the outbreak
of the Civil War in the United States do you consider to be
the most appropriate and why?
-To what extent, and for what reasons, did the election of
Abraham Lincoln contribute to the onset of the Civil War
in the United States?
-Why did the North win the Civil War in the United
States?
-Why the United States Civil War break out in 1861?
-Analyse the immediate and long-term political effects of
the United States Civil War in the period 1865 to 1896.
-Assess the relative strengths of the North and the South
at the beginning of the United States Civil War in
1861.108. Why, in spite of the advantages of the North
over the South, did the Civil War in the United States last
so long?
-Why was compromise no longer possible between the
North and the South in the United States by 1860?
1.) To what extent was the Wall Street Crash a
cause of the Great Depression of 1929? Support
your argument with specific examples from one
country of the region. May 2007
2.) Analyse the causes of the great depression in
one country in the Americas. May 2006
3.) Explain how one country of the region changed
its policy on the role the government should play in
the economy as a result of the Great Depression.
Nov. 2006
4.) With reference to one country of the region,
analyse the causes of the Great Depression and
assess the political impact of the Great Depression
on that country. May 2005
5.) “The Great Depression changed governments’
views of their role and responsibility.” Assess the
validity of this statement with examples taken from
two countries of the region. Nov. 2005
6.) How, and with what success, did the government
of any one country in the Americas try to solve the
problems caused by the Great Depression? May
2004
7.) Analyse the political and economic changes
caused by the Depression to one country of the
region. Nov. 2004
8.) How successful were government programmes
in solving problems caused by the Great Depression,
in two countries of the region? May 2003
9.) Assess the impact of the Great Depression on
the society of any one country of the region.
Provide specific example to support your answer.
May 2002
Civil Rights
Political developments in the Americas after the
Second World War 1945-79:
COLD WAR
-Analyse the successes and failures of the United
States’ Civil Rights movement between 1954 and
1964.
-In what ways, and for what reasons, did the
African American struggle for civil rights in the
United States
change between the early and late 1960s?
-Evaluate the impact of Black Power on the civil
rights movement in the United States during the
second half of the 1960s.
- In what ways, and for what reasons, did the civil
rights movement in the United States make
significant progress in the period 1950 to 1964?
-Explain why and how the Civil Rights movement
became more radical as the 1960s progressed.
-Compare and contrast the impact of the African
American civil rights movement in the United
States on other civil rights movements in one
country of the region.
-To what extent had African Americans in the
United States gained their civil and political rights
by 1968?
-Describe the origins and achievements of a Native
American movement in one country of the region
after 1945.
-Contrast the roles and policies of Dr Martin Luther
King and Malcolm X in the development of the
Civil Rights Movement in the United States.
-With reference to two countries of the region, to
what extent did the civil rights of Native Americans
change from the 1960s to the 1980s?
-Why was the African American Civil Rights
Movement in the United States more effective in
the years 1954 to
1964 than in the late 1960s?
This section focuses on domestic concerns
and political developments after 1945. The majority of
states in the Americas experienced social, economic and
political changes and challenges. Political responses to
these forces varied from country to country: from the
continuation of democracy to multi-class “populist”
alliances to outright conflict, revolution and the
establishment of authoritarian regimes in the 1960s
and 1970s. Areas of study include: conditions for the
rise to power of new leaders; economic and social
policies; treatment of minorities. Note: Vargas and
Cárdenas came to power before 1945 but their rule and
influence in their respective states continued after
1945.
1.) How did the Cold War change relations
between the United States and either Latin
America or Canada between 1953-1979? May
2007
2.) Assess the successes and failures of the
foreign policies of either Eisenhower (1953-61)
or Kennedy (1961-63). May 2006
3.) In what ways, and to what extent, did the
foreign policy of Ronald reason (1981-89) affect
the Cold War? May 2006
4.) How did the Cold War change relations
between the U.S. and either Latin America or
Canada between 1945-53? Nov. 2006
5.) In what ways, and with what results, did the
Cold War influence relations between either
Latin America or Canada with the United States
in the period 1945-1957? May 2005
6.) Compare and contrast the Cold War policies
of two of the following U.S. president: Harry S.
Truman (1945-53); Dwight D. Eisenhower (195361); Ronald Reagan (1981-89). May 2005
7.) Assess the successes and failures of the
foreign policies of either Harry S. Truman (194552) or Richard Nixon (1969-1974). May 2004
8.) Analyse the short-term and longer-term
consequences for Cuba between 1959 and 1995
of Castro’s rule? May 2004
9.) How did the Cold War change relations
between the United States and either Latin
America or Canada between 1945-53? Nov.
2004
10.) Compare and contrast the Cold War policies
of Truman and Eisenhower. May 2002
• United States: domestic policies of Truman,
Eisenhower and Kennedy
• Johnson and “the Great Society”; Nixon’s domestic
reforms
• Canada: domestic policies from Diefenbaker to Clark
and Trudeau (both were prime ministers in 1979)
• Causes and effects of the Silent (or Quiet) Revolution
• Populist leaders in Latin America: rise to power;
characteristics of populist regimes; social, economic and
political
policies; the treatment of opposition; successes and
failures (suitable examples could be Perón, Vargas or
any
relevant Latin American leader)
• The Cuban Revolution: political, social, economic
causes; impact on the region
• Rule of Fidel Castro: political, economic, social and
cultural policies; treatment of minorities; successes and
failures
• Military regimes in Latin America: rationale for
intervention; challenges; policies; successes and failures
Last Minute Recap
Format of Paper 1: 1 hour, 5 Questions: *Read Questions FIRST  Read documents as you answer the questions
1a: 3+ facts (can quote – keep it short!) [3 marks]
1b: 2 meanings (based on visual or text, be specific, do not over-write) [2 marks]
2: Compare/Contrast (separate responses – be specific/explicit in c/c) [6 marks]
3: O-P-V-L (separate responses, ) [6 marks]
4: Mini-Essay: Answer the Q, Opposing View, Justify the 2, ALL docs & Outside info, save 20 minutes for this [8 marks]
Paper 1: USSR
Khrushchev --> Destalinization, Virgin Lands Program
(JFK, Cuban Missile Crisis)
Brezhnev
Détente (SALT I, START, non-proliferation)
1968: Brezhnev Doctrine
Prague Spring (Dubcek)
Afghanistan: 1979-1989
Helsinki Accords :1975
Paper 1: Eastern Europe
Paper 1: PRC
Legacy of Mao 
Great Leap Forward (1958)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-76), Red
Guard, 10 Lost Yrs
Lin Bao Incident (1971)
Poland: 2013 Paper 1
Solidarity, Lech Walesa,
Gdansk shipyards, Pope John
Paul II…
Germany / Berlin:
Fall of the Wall: 1989
die Wende/The Turning Point
German Reunification, 1990
1976: Deaths of Zhou Enlai & Mao
Andropov/Chernenko  Gerontocracy
Gorbachev
Young
Glasnost, perestroika, democratization
“More efficient socialist economy”  capitalism
Law on Joint Enterprises (1986) = privatization
Law on Cooperative (1988): private services,
manufacturing
1989: Sinatra doctrine (my way), Berlin Wall
Eastern Europe:
Solidarity (Lech Walesa)
Velvet Revolution (Vaclav Havel),
Hungary (Ceausescu) – most violent
Yeltsin
Czechoslovakia:
Imre Nagy (hanged), Velvet
Revolution, Alexander Dubček,
Václav Havel
Hungary:
“Democracy package”
Romania:
Fall (execution) of Nicolae
Ceaușescu
Singing Revolution:
1987-1991, Baltic States
Yugoslavia: Death of Tito, 1980
Power players:
Gang of Four (Madame Mao)
Hua Gaufeng (Mao 2.0) – “Two Whatevers”
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping: The Pragmatist
*Justifies socialism w/ Chinese Characteristics
1978: Four Modernizations:
Agriculture, Industry, Sci-Tech, Defense
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
Town and Village Enterprises
(TVEs)
Foreign invest/trade / Open Door
Policy (2.0)
Household Responsibility System
(HRS)
Individual Responsibility System
(IRS)
Russian Federation – 1991
1980s = Industrial Revolution
1989: Tiananmen Square (June 4/ 5) - Repression
Common Limitations of Sources:
•Subjective (Emotionally Laden)
•Evidence: Language, Tone, Style
•Public vs. Private
•Proximity to Event
•Selective use of information
•Political Bias
•Historian - National/Social
Influence/Bias
•Language Issues (access to foreign
documents/translation)
•Soviet Secrecy & Manipulation of
Statistics
•Lack of access to Communist Archives
(pre-1991 USSR)
•Face Saving
•Propaganda
•General texts lack depth/detail
•Exaggeration (Motivation for?)
Papers 2 & 3: Approx. 5 minutes pre-writing, 40 minutes writing
Select the topics/Prompts that you can answer MOST SUCCESSFULLY
Paper 2: DO NOT WRITE ABOUT: Hitler, Mussolini or Franco! Do not select Korea/Vietnam Specific prompt
Paper 3: Do not select Canada
 Pre-writing: ADDRESS THE TASK!!!! Plan Bodies, consider counter-arguments
 Strong thesis in introduction: ADDRESS THE TASK!!!!
 Bodies: Strong topic sentences, groupings based on task, key concepts, key figures, dates, events, and historiography
 Conclusion; Strong, re-state thesis, acknowledge limitations and counter-arguments
Paper 2
Single Party States
Historiography
Cold War
Orthodox = Traditional Perspective
Soviet Orthodox = Pro-Communism
Western Traditional (aka Liberal)= ProCapitalism & Democracy
At least 1 leader from each
region
•USSR (Europe): Lenin OR Stalin
•PRC (Asia): Mao
•Cuba (Latin America): Castro
•Egypt (Europe): Nasser
Know Chronology!!!
Origins of the Cold War:
Ideology, Conferences
US & USSR Foreign Policies
(Doctrines)
Revisionism & Post-Revisionism:
Revisionism: 1st time opposing or conflicting
views emerge as legitimate
Post-Revisionism: Justifies both sides, possibly
with new information
•Rise to Power (including
Ideologies)
Regional Examples:
Germany: Berlin blockade & airlift
(1948-49), Berlin Wall (1961)
1950s Cuba: Castro, Revolution,
Embargo, Bay of Pigs Invasion,
Cuban Missile Crisis
Korea & Vietnam: Proxy wars,
policies
Ideology:
Marxist, Leninist, Stalinist, Cult of Mao, Arab
Nationalist, Arab Socialist, Pan-Arabism
•Examples of Foreign & Domestic
Policies
•Successes & Failures
•Global Impact
•Dates
•Historiography:
•General (Orthodox,
Revisionist, PostRevisionist)
•Specific: Know 1 name
for each
Détente:
1960s & 1970s – change in policies
and East/West relations
START, SALT I
End of the Cold War: 1989-1991
Eastern Europe
Fall of Berlin Wall
Collapse of USSR
Archives:
USSR archives opening after fall 1989/1991
PRC & Cuba = Still in control, keeps control of
information
Egypt: Importance & translations of Arab
documents = emerging field of study
USA = Declassified documents = freedom of
information act, Sensitive info = still redacted
USSR: Pravda, Sheila Fitzpatrick, Robert Service,
Orlando Figues
PRC: Edgar Snow, Jonathan Spence, Chang &
Halliday
Cuba:Foreign Affairs Article, Dominguez, The Real
story of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Egypt: Anthony Nutting, Robert Stephens, Eric
Hobsbaum
Paper 3
HOA  PAPER 3
UNITS:
• Independence
Movements
• United States Civil
War: causes, course
and effects 1840-77
• The Great Depression
and the Americas
1929-39
• Civil Rights and social
movements in the
Americas
Name: _______________
Essay Prompt: Assess the success and failure of ONE ruler of single party regime, in solving the political and economic problems of their country.
•
Break down the task: What are you being asked to do? (What do you
have to address?)
•
•
Body Paragraphs
Notes
Groupings
Key Information
Thesis
Paper 2 Practice  Mao example
Essay Prompt: “In order to achieve and retain power a leader of a single party-state needed to be ruthless, blind to human suffering and yet charismatic.” To what extent do
you agree with this assertion? (May 2003)
Break down the task: What are you being asked to do? (What do you have to
address?)



Analysis of one single-party state ruler
o
“a leader” not “leaders”
Attributes to asses: (must all be addressed, don’t have to agree with them)
o
Ruthless: In pursuit of power, maintenance of power, elimination
of enemies
o
Blind to human suffering: Specific evidence re: human suffering,
war, death, persecution, human rights
o
Charismatic: Can be positive, how does it influence society?
Legitimize rule?
Can include “rise to power” style response
o
But must not be limited to rise
Body Paragraphs
•
•
•
Can be grouped thematically, chronologically, or by argument
Can agree or disagree with the quote
• Must use evidence to support argument
Can agree to 1-2 characteristics and/or disagree with 1-2 characteristics
-Rise to power: Must display some measure of ruthlessness to eliminate opposition (blind
to the human suffering of the enemy), but must curry favor of the majority through
charisma (attentive and responsive to the suffering of supporters)
-Maintenance of power: Need to maintain charisma (include positive history & CPC history
material), but effective leaders do not have to be ruthless and blind to human suffering.
Give examples based on Mao.
-Impact: Integrate historiography. Emphasis on critiques of Chang and Halliday, would have
been possible to rule in a less ruthless manner (c/c Deng Xiaoping)
Notes, Groupings, Key Information
MAO: PRC, CPC

Rise: Long March, Civil War  Ruthless & Human suffering: death toll,

Charismatic:  Little Red Book, propaganda, Cult of Mao, funeral

Ruthless & Human suffering:

Collectivization of Agriculture, Land Reform, Five-Year Plans, Great Leap
Forward  failure of forced collectivization, famine, forced labor,
coercion, terror, violence, death

Four Modernizations, Industrialization  Failure of backyard furnaces

Hundred Flowers Campaign  Ploy to target dissenters, political
prisoners, forced labor, purges

Cultural Revolution  Cult of Mao, Purges, terror, violence against
teachers, collapse of education, medical and higher learning sectors
Historiography: Marxism: 1920s, PRC Institutionalized Party Historiography: Mao-centrism (40s & 50s),
Cultural Revolution Propaganda (60s & 70s) Post Cultural Revolution/post-death of Mao, Western
Sympathetic: 1937 Red Star over China by an American journalist, Edgar Snow, Revisionism/PostRevisionism: John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, Jonathan Spence, Chang and Halliday (critical)
Thesis
In order to establish the People’s Republic of China, Mao Zedong employed
ruthlessness to eliminate the opposition and charisma to win the favor of the
peasantry/masses. However, in maintaining his power Mao’s ruthlessness
and blindness to the suffering of his own people eclipsed the limits of his
charisma.