Prater’s Mill
Varnell, Georgia
Historic Structures Report
(Mill Structure)
Nicholas M. Patrick
The University of Georgia Extention Service; Archways Partnership
For the Prater’s Mill Foundation, Inc.
June 2012
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose
Author
Methodology
Acknowledgements
Scope and Organization
Historic Data Section:
Narrative
Summary
Bibliography
Architectural Data Section
Narrative
Structural: Lumber and Masonry
Exterior Envelope and Finishes
Interior Finishes
Mechanical
Summary and Recommendations
Conclusion
Pictures and Figures
Introduction
Purpose:
The purpose of the Historic Structures Report (HSR) is to express the history of Prater’s
Mill from its original construction to current use and describe the architectural and structural
components of the mill in a succinct yet complete technical report.
Author:
This HSR was written by Nicholas Michael Patrick, a Historic Preservation graduate
student at The University of Georgia. Nicholas has over a decade of construction experience
ranging from new construction to award-winning historic rehabilitations. Nicholas’ graduate
thesis is on the socio-economic development of Northwest Georgia and how it is reflected in
the evolution and current condition of Prater’s Mill. Despite his education and experience, it is
recommended that the Prater’s Mill building be analyzed by a qualified structural engineer.
Methodology:
The methodology used in this report includes archival research, interviews and site
visits. The research included written sources provided by the Prater’s Mill Foundation.
Members of the Prater’s Mill Foundation, Whitfield County representatives and employees, and
descendants of the Prater family were all interviewed. Site visits involved documenting the mill
building through measured drawings and photographs.
Acknowledgements:
Nicholas would like to thank Judy Alderman and the Prater’s Mill Foundation for all the
support, Whitfield County Parks and Recreation for the assistance, and finally The University of
Georgia Extension Service/Archways Partnership especially Matt Bishop and Mellissa Lu for the
opportunity.
Scope and Organization:
The scope of the report is limited to the mill building. The Prater’s Mill site includes
many more historic resources, all of which should be formally documented. The HSR is
organized into two distinct sections; Historic Data and Architectural Data. The historic section
will narrate the evolution of the mill and establish historical significance. The architectural
section will describe the architectural and structural components of the mill building, assess its
current condition and provide basic recommendations for maintenance and improvement.
Historic Data Section
Narrative:
Prater’s Mill was built as a grist or custom mill, a mill used to grind grain of customers
for a toll. It was constructed on the east bank of the Coahulla Creek, just north of the road that
is now GA HWY 2. According to members of the Prater family, local lore, and a sign hanging
from the entrance façade, Prater’s Mill was built on its current site in 1855 (Pic 1).
The property was originally owned by John Pitner. John drew the property, Lot #231, on
June 30, 1832 during the Georgia Land Lottery and arrived in 1837. John and his wife Sarah
McGaughty Pitner set up residence three miles north of Prater’s Mill in Blount County
Tennessee. Benjamin Franklin (Ben) Prater (1826-1893) married the daughter of John Pitner,
Harriet Amanda Pitner (1833-1909) of Sevier County, Tennessee on July 20, 1852. Ben and
Amanda moved to the property in 1852 and established the Prater Farm and mill. John Pitner
died in December 1855, leaving the farm and nine servants to Ben and Amanda Prater.
According to the family history, Ben established Prater Milling Company in 1855 and owned and
operated the entire Prater estate until his death (Duncan).
The mill was only one component of a larger farm. On his property Ben Prater built the
mill, several homes, a gin, a general store, warehouse, a saw mill, a blacksmith shop, two barns
and several accessory structures. The farm also included large fields where cotton, grain and
vegetables were cultivated. The farm property was split by a local road (now GA HWY 2) and
was divided also by the Coahulla Creek, the power source for the grist mill. Once established,
farmers from all around Whitfield County and surrounding counties in both Georgia and
Tennessee came to have their corn and wheat milled for a fee. From the beginning, Ben’s farm
provided not only grist milling but also lumber sawing, dry goods, cotton ginning, and
blacksmith services. By 1850, a branch line (East Tennessee Railroad) of the State of Georgia
owned Western & Atlantic Rail Road ran within two miles of the mill providing heavy
transportation for milled grain (Duncan).
In most wheel-driven mills, such as Prater’s Mill, a large gear-wheel called the pit wheel
is mounted on the same axles as the turbines, driving a smaller gear-wheel, the wallower (Pic.
2), on a main driveshaft running vertically from the turbine to the top of the turbine building.
This system of gearing ensures that the main shaft turns faster than the associated turbine,
which typically rotated at around 10 rpm
(http://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/articles/grist_milling_process.htm). The wallower ran a belt
wheel that spun belts connected to the main driveshaft wheels of the mill stones (Pic. 3).
The heart of the operation, the millstones, turn at around 120 rpm, one laying on top of
the other. The bottom stone, called the bed, is fixed to the floor, while the top stone, the
runner, is mounted on a separate spindle, driven by the main shaft. A wheel called the stone
nut connects the runner's spindle to the main shaft, and this can be moved out of the way to
disconnect the stone and stop it turning, leaving the main shaft turning to drive other
machinery, including a mechanical sieve to refine the flour. The distance between the stones
varied to produce the grade of flour or meal required; moving the stones closer together
produces a finer product.
Prater’s Mill evolved just as many other grist mills of the same era, ever improving
speed, efficiency and output by adopting new and better technology. Historically, rope drive
was used, and later leather belts were used in grist mills (Pic. 3). White leather was first used
for elevator belts to hold elevator cups, later to be replaced by canvas belting (Pic. 4). Elevator
cups were either made of wood, or fashioned out of tin by the tin smith. The miller learned to
lace leather belts with leather lacing. In the beginning of the 20th century metal belt lacing
came into use. Wooden pulleys became made of metal, and more and more machinery became
belt driven within the mill, even the millstones themselves. The miller was also responsible for
dressing the millstones, regrooving the millstones once every few years.
Prater’s Mill was constructed around the crucial power source using a floor plan and
design common to many grist mills throughout the Southeast. The power source for the mill
machines was originally single ‘Leffel-like’ turbine. Designed and manufactured by the Virginia
born James Leffel in Springfield, Ohio, the turbine was the pinnacle of milling technology during
the 1850s. During the late 1860s, the single turbine was replaced by the famous Leffel American
Double Turbine (Pic.5) . Gristmills installed with Leffel's turbine doubled flour production
(http://www.leffelcompany.com/). His turbine proved to be faster (RPMs), smaller, more
adaptable, and cheaper than rival turbines and waterwheels
(http://www.greenenergyohio.org/page.cfm?pageID=338).
When demand for Ben’s milling increased, two more Leffel turbines were installed
bringing the number to three. The two additional turbines were housed in a new turbine house.
The Prater’s Mill turbines were completely submersed in the water of the flume, only the
central shaft of the turbine is visible reaching up to the mill. The operator would turn a wheel
on the main floor to adjust the gates to produce the proper power requirements (Pic. 6). As the
gates open, water flowed to the blades of the turbine. The weight of the water propelled the
blades, causing them to spin. A vertical shaft was connected by gears to the line shafts in the
basement of Prater’s Mill. The line shafts distributed the power to the milling equipment.
Components of the Leffel American Double Turbine are still extant (Pic.7). There were three
turbines running the various milling machinery in Prater’s Mill including grain elevators, sifters
and cleaners.
The process of milling was labor intensive at Prater’s Mill. When grain arrived in a cart or
wagon or in a sack slung over a horse, it was weighed then dumped into collection hoppers to
be conveyed to the third floor using belt-driven elevator cups. These cups bring the corn to the
top floor (head house), then gravity feeds the raw corn into the separator which removes
unwanted material from the corn such as dirt, sticks and stones. From the separator, the corn
The ‘cleaned corn’ then is moved via auger to storage bins where the corn is stored until
milling. The corn is then transferred to a hopper which regulates the total amount of corn to be
milled. The corn falls from this hopper into the mill stones where it is ground
(http://www.arps.org/amhersthistory/grist_mill/How_It_Works/how_a_grist_mill_works.htm).
The miller and assitants were constantly busy. They had to keep the hopper full, watch
the grind, and change the gap between the stones, sometimes no more than the thickness of
paper, as needed. Even when there was no hand sifting to do, the meal had to be measured,
tolled, and bagged in the presence of the customer. A man wanted his own grain ground, not
just an equivalent amount of some other man's grain. So the miller had to tag each man's sacks
and grind them separately when that customer’s turn came. The strict first-come-first-served
process was always observed (Duncan).
With the clouds of war on the horizon, Ben Prater continued to operate his mill and
farm. Just as before, local farmers brought raw grain to be milled for consumption or sale. Ben
Prater was also the local grain broker, providing opportunities for regional sales. In January of
1861, the State of Georgia seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate states of
America. During this time when communication and transportation networks were still
primitive, grist mills in the rural agrarian South were the source of local and regional news and
culture. News regarding the war and politics was another significant topic for discussion at the
mill. In October of 1862, the Confederacy began amassing troops around the mill and
surrounding areas to prepare for the battles for Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Dalton/Varnell,
Ringgold, and Tunnel Hill. The mill’s status as a focal point for material and news was bolstered
by the needs of the Confederate Army (Duncan).
In 1863, Ben Prater, then 37 years old, enlisted in the local regiment of the Georgia
State Guards of the Confederate Army, leaving his mill and farm to be tended by his wife,
children and servants. During the remaining two years of the Civil War, Ben was stationed as a
sentry at Villanow, Snake Creek Gap, Calhoun and Atlanta. By late 1863, Northwest Georgia was
crowded with retreating Confederate troops pushed south from the Battle of Chattanooga and
Ringgold Gap. Both Confederate and Union troops camped along Coahulla Creek relying on
confiscated meal from the mill and creek water. With Union successes at Chattanooga and
Sherman’s push towards Atlanta, Union armies passed Prater’s Mill en route to the industrial
hub of Dalton. The Armies of the North occupied Prater’s Mill and its vicinity, also confiscating
milled grain and food stuffs, while drinking and washing with Coahull Creek water (Duncan).
Prater’s Mill is unique and significant because it survived this tumultuous time when most grist
mills were destroyed by order of Union commanders.
Postbellum Prater’s Mill returned to peace-time operation, expanded services and
increasing success and profits for Ben. Ben Prater and his brother-in-law, Tilman, H. Pitner held
the first Whitfield County Fair in 1868, highlighting the successful milling industries in
Northwest Georgia, including his own. Ben’s lucrative operation of Prater’s Mill allowed him to
purchase land in nearby Dalton for his formal residence and expanding ginning operations. The
double gin, able to gin two bales of cotton at once, was located at the corner of Gordon and
Glenwood Streets in downtown Dalton and operated into the 1930s. Ben built his new in-town
residence at 35 North Thornton Ave (later 314 N. Thornton Ave.). However, the residence was
sold to the local Baptist Church (Duncan).
Despite Ben’s profitable milling company, Prater’s Milling Company was not the only
milling company in Whitfield County. By 1879, there were at least 32 other grist mills in
Whitfield County providing similar services. However, the competition did not detract from the
ever increasing customer base and by the year of Ben’s death, 1893, the Prater’s farm provided
not only grist milling but ginning, sawing and blacksmithing services (Duncan).
The second generation of owner/operator of Prater’s Mill was Ben’s son, William
Howard (Bill) Prater (1866-1941). William married Ruby Freeman (1876-1900) of Gordon
County, Georgia. Just as his father, William was the owner of Prater’s Milling Company and
proprietor of the Prater’s estate until his death in 1941. It was during Bill’s reign that the
Prater’s farm, as many other Southern farmsteads, transitioned to the tenant farming model.
Plots were subdivided and at least five small tenant farmer residences were constructed. A
general store was constructed on the south side of the road, across from the mill in 1898 by Bill
and provided the tenant farmers and local citizens with dry goods and equipment (Duncan).
This store remains and is listed on the national register. The blacksmith shop and warehouse
stood just east of the store but do not remain. The extant homestead was originally
constructed in 1907. It burned and was rebuilt in 1910 identical to the original residence (Pic.
8). It was at this time that the mill was converted to electrical power to operate the main drive
shaft.
After Bill Prater’s death in 1941, his son-in-law William Gordon Kettles (1908-1962) of
Whitfield County, Georgia, took over the operation of the Prater’s Milling Company and
became administrator of the Prater estate. Gordon married Harriet Jean Prater (1907-1982) in
1928. Gordon and Harriet also built and operated a feed store located on the property of the
former double gin at the corner of Gordon and Glenwood Streets in Dalton. In 1954, Gordon
and Harriet retired from the milling and feed business and sold the 410 acre Prater’s Mill and
Farm complex to C.T. Pratt, a representative of the next owner; The Church of God of the Union
Assembly, Inc. (Duncan).
The Church of God continued to operate the mill under the name of Whitfield County
Milling Company. After lying dormant for nearly ten years, the church restored components of
the mill bringing it back to operational status again producing flour and meal. The extant
grainery on the property was also constructed by the church in 1955 to store the milled grain.
The church operated the mill until the sale of the property and all machinery to Dalton Asphalt
owned by the Boring Family in 1963 (Duncan).
The mill stayed idle after Dalton Asphalt purchased it until several individuals formed
the Prater’s Mill Foundation. Inc. in 1971 in order to advocate for and maintain the
deteriorating mill. It was at this point, Dalton Asphalt began leasing the land and the buildings
to the Prater’s Mill Foundation. The foundation was responsible for the creation of the Prater’s
Mill Country Fair which was first held in May 1971 (www.pratersmill.org). The fair was a venue
for artisans and craftsmen to demonstrate their crafts and brought Prater’s Mill back into the
spotlight. The mill was further updated and partially restored to operational condition in order
to accommodate visitors and provide small scale grist milling. Corn and wheat meal was
produced and sold during the fairs to help supplement funds raised through capital
improvement drives (www.pratersmill.org).
On May 20th, 1995, the mill was set fire by teenage arsonists. The fire began on the
north side of the mill adjacent to the two story addition (www.pratersmill.org). The majority of
the damage was to the interior, scorching the structure and damaging the roof of the north
addition and areas on the northside of the original roofline. The windows, electrical system,
areas of the siding and roof sustained enough damage to be replaced. In most cases, repairs
were completed like-for-like in order to maintain historic appearance.
The mill still operates on a small scale and still is the sight for semi-annual fairs. The
foundation has also been responsible for the collection of several other historic resources
located on the former Prater’s Farm property. These resources include several barns, a doctor’s
office, a double cotton gin, and a caboose, all of which were moved to the property during the
1980’s. In January of 2010, the property and all resources located on the property were deeded
over to Whitfield County by the Boring Family
(http://www.whitfieldcountyga.com/Clerk_Court/clerksearch.htm). Whitfield County maintains
the lease granted to the Prater’s Mill Foundation but is now responsible for the majority of
maintenance of the property and associated structures. Maintenance responsibilities are often
accepted by various volunteer groups organized by the Prater’s Mill Foundation.
Summary:
Prater’s Mill is a unique and significant historic resource. Its remarkable survival is due
to the preservation efforts of the owners and operators throughout its history. It is an
important component of the history of Whitfield County. Its evolution traces the changes in
milling technology and the socioeconomics of Northwest Georgia, from its rural agrarian
beginnings through to post World War II industrial expansion. The information compiled in this
HSR is critical to maintain the mill’s significance and preserve the mill for future generations.
Bibliography:
http://www.arps.org/amhersthistory/grist_mill/How_It_Works/how_a_grist_mill_works.htm
Duncan, Albert. The Old Prater Mill. Duncan-Everden, Inc. Michigan, 1990.
http://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/articles/grist_milling_process.htm
http://www.greenenergyohio.org/page.cfm?pageID=338
http://www.leffelcompany.com/
www.pratersmill.org
http://www.whitfieldcountyga.com/Clerk_Court/clerksearch.htm
Architectural Data Section:
Narrative
Structural: Lumber and Masonry
Prater’s Mill is a timber framed structure built on a supplemented pier foundation. It is a
three story front gabled form. The original structure is 44’ x 50’ with three historic additions: a
single story shed roof 21’ x 44’ addition spanning the south elevation (room 101), a single story
shed roof 9’ x 20’ addition over the turbines and sluice at the west façade (room 102), and a 12’
x 16.5’ two story shed roof addition centered on the north elevation (rooms 103 & 203). Across
the front/east facade, a single story open porch spans 38.5’. The entire building is enclosed by
clapboard and the roof is standing seam galvanized metal.
Originally, the mill was constructed on field stone piers at every corner and spaced
approximately every ten feet under every sill and beam (Pic. 9). The sluice, dam and foundation
of the turbine house are poured concrete (Pic. 10). Supplemental CMU and concrete piers have
been poured adjacent to and between the repointed fieldstone piers (Pic. 11). A formed
concrete foundation runs the full length of the south elevation of the mill. The east elevation
sits on the repointed piers and on footings on grade. The north elevation sits on grade and the
west elevation rests on a formed foundation created by the ‘pool and hunt’ sluice and dam
structure.
The pine timber structure is of braced frame construction combining hand hewn corner
posts and drop girts with machine sawn lumber (Pic. 12). The heavy hand hewn horizontal and
vertical timbers are fastened using pegs (Pic. 13). The original joists, perlins and braces are
machine parallel pit sawn members fastened by machine headed cut nails (Pic. 14). Other
structural members were circular sawn (Pic. 15). All building materials and practices found in
the original structure support an early to mid-1800s build date. The south and north additions
were built using circular sawn modern dimensional lumber and wire nails, supporting build
dates in the early 1900s.
The true 10” x 10” first floor joists run parallel to the entry façade mortis and tenoned
into the original exterior 10” x 10” hand hewn sills and three 10” x 10” beams (fig. 1). These
beams run perpendicular to the floor joists and are spaced approximately 10’ on center. These
beams and sills carry the tremendous live and dead loads and resist the vibrations typical in
grist mills. The first floor joists in the additions are true 2” x 10”s set 20” on center and rest on
10” x 10” reappointed sills (Pic. 16).
The corner posts are braced with true 2” x 4” lumber both at the sills and at the second
and third floor 10”x 10” top plates. All top plates and diagonal bracing members are mortised
into the hand hewn corner posts and fastened by wood pegs. All four corner posts rise full
height from first floor sills to the bottom of the third floor roof framing. At the center of each
elevation there are additional 10” x 10” diagonally braced posts mortised into the sills bellow
and top plates above. These center posts carry 10” x 10” floor joists that provide the additional
structure required for the machinery loads from the second and third floors. Perpendicular to
the front elevation runs a series of 10” x 10” columns that carry the center load of the second
floor (Pic. 17). These columns rest on the center beam of the first floor system and provide
mounts for various milling machinery. Between the heavy posts, smaller 4” x 4” studs rise
vertically between the sills and top plates on which the exterior clapboard siding is nailed (Pic.
18).
At the rear of the mill, the first floor level rises approximately 2.5 feet to clear the drive
shafts and drive belts as they enter the mill building from the turbine house. This raised level
comprises approximately one quarter of the square footage of the first floor and is accessed by
two simple staircases adjacent to the north and south walls. A small door provides access to the
drive mechanisms and turbines allowing maintenance and repairs to be performed. Access to
the first floor of the north addition is through a cased opening. This room (rm 103) contains the
original electric motor (Pic. 19).
The second story floor structure and column locations are identical to the first story and
access is provided by a dog leg staircase of twenty risers and landing located in the south corner
of the mill building. The second story floor joists run parallel to the front façade (just as the
first story floor joists). The exterior top plates/sills for the second story floor system are 10” x
10” and are diagonally braced to the corner posts and center posts. The floor joists on the
second story are circular saw cut true 2” x 10” with every fifth being 10” x 10” heavy joists
mortised into the 10” x 10” sills. Just as in the first story, the heavy members are fastened with
pegs and the lighter joists are fastened with cut machine head nails. The span of the second
story joists is full width of the front elevation. However, a heavy 10” x 10” beam runs centrally
perpendicular to the second story floor joists. This beam’s load is carried by the center posts
and columns of the first story.
The second story contains a storage room at the north corner (Pic. 20) and grain hopper
rooms occupy the east corner of the mill (rm 202). The remaining space is occupied by milling
and sifting equipment (rm 201) (Pic. 21). Access to the second floor of the north addition is
provided by a cased opening. This room (rm 203) contains the belt wheels originally driven by
the electric motor.
The third story is accessible by dog leg staircase of seventeen risers and landing in the
west corner of the building and the floor joists are identical to the second floor. The roof
structure is comprised of circular saw cut true 2” x 10” primary rafters and bracing resting on
heavy 2” x 10” top plates. These top plates in turn sit on the third floor joists resting on 10” x
10” plates (fig. 2). The ridge beam is supported by 4” x 4” vertical posts resting on the floor
joists. Short circular sawn true 2” x 2” vertical braces carry the rake span of the rafters to the
floor joists bellow (Pic. 22). These vertical braces are attached to a circular sawn true 2” x 8”
continuous perlin, spanning the full length of the gable roof. The head house milling machinery
is located in this story (Pic. 23).
Exterior Envelope and Finishes:
The entire building is finished with 1” x 6” horizontal clapboard (Pic. 24). The building is
trimmed with a simple cornice at the rooflines of the original building and the additions. All
windows are double hung six over six sash windows (Pic. 25). The windows in the original
building are all 33” x 77” and have been replaced with rebuilt windows since the 1995 fire. The
windows in the north addition are all 34” x 27.5” and are also post-fire replacements. The main
entrance door to the mill is centered on the original front façade and is 3.5’ x 6.5’. Two smaller
doors provide access to the additions; a 4’ x 6.5’ door into the south addition and a 2’8” x 6’8”
door into the north addition. Exterior entry to the turbine house is provided by a 4’ x 6’2” door
accessible by climbing on the concrete sluice walls. The single story front porch runs nearly the
full length of the front façade, approximately 38.5’ (Pic. 26). The porch shed roof is attached
through the clapboard to the interior studs and is supported by four 10” diameter solid rough
turned columns (Pic. 27). The gable roof and shed roofs of the original building and additions
are covered by modern standing seam galvanized metal material attached to 1” x 4” lathe.
There are no gutters or down spouts attached to the building.
Interior Finishes:
The majority of the mill has remained unfinished due to its industrial use. The interior of
the north corner is finished with vertical bead board wainscot to the height of approximately 3’
(Pic. 28). In the additions, the original clapboard siding attached with machine head cut nails is
visible, acting as an interior finish (Pic. 29). The storage room on the second story (rm 202) is
finished with modern gypsum drywall providing some protection against moisture infiltration.
Mechanical:
The mill in its entirety is wired for electricity using modern materials running from a
breaker panel located in Room 103. There are no HVAC or plumbing systems in the building.
Other mechanical systems include the milling equipment referenced earlier.
Summary and Recommendations:
Over all, Prater’s Mill is in excellent condition for its age. The heavy timber frame
construction and supplemented pier foundation has maintained the structural integrity of the
building. However, there are some areas requiring repairs: 1) rotting and sagging sill at south
corner of front porch (Pic. 30), 2) rotted and sistered roof rafters in the south addition (Pic. 31),
3) fire damaged roof rafters in the third floor of the original mill building (Pic. 32), and 4)
compromised clapboard where the roof structure of the south addition intersects the original
building and attaches to original structure (Pic. 33). Minor clapboard replacement is also
needed in various areas of the entire building to improve the function of the exterior envelope.
The front porch sill should be removed and the floor should be jacked up to level. Once
level, two concrete footings should be poured bellow formed concrete or CMU piers. Modern
dimensional pressure treated lumber should be installed above these piers, matching the
dimensions of the removed historic lumber. Care should be taken during the jacking process
due to the corresponding change in roof height and position.
The rotted roof rafters in the south addition should be completely removed and
replaced with modern lumber. Simultaneously, the compromised clapboard at the roof
intersection with the original building should be removed and blocking should be installed to
properly reattach the flashing and siding. The fire damaged roof rafters in the third story of the
original building should be analyzed by a structural engineer specializing in timber frame
construction. Even though there is no evidence of the structure compromising due to the fire
damage, a professional should be contacted regarding the integrity of the timber framing.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Prater’s Mill is a significant historic resource worthy of preservation. The
difficulty of such preservation arises in the lack of funding. Increase income should be sourced
through various sources through the input from The University of Georgia technical resources
and Whitfield County. Sources for increased income should be a core component of any future
plans for Prater’s Mill. The Prater’s Mill Foundation should keep an active role in determining
these funding sources while maintaining the historic integrity of the mill. Minor repairs can
improve this integrity. Major repairs to the milling machinery in order to improve the
functionality of the Mill would also help draw more visitors, increasing revenue. Prater’s Mills
story is unique and significant, justifying its preservation for future generations.
Pictures and Figures:
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