Confined Space Rescue
Training Topics

I

II
 III

IV
 VI
Respiratory Protection Anatomy and
Physiology
Confined Space Emergencies
Toxic Atmosphere Monitoring
Equipment
Breathing Apparatus Review
Lifting Systems
Training Continued:

VII Confined Space Rescue Practical
Exercises
References

NFPA 1670 Operations and Training for
Technical Rescue Incidents
 NFPA 1006 Professional Qualifications for
Rescue Technicians
 Confined Space and Structural Rope
Rescue, Michael Roop/Tom Vines/Richard
Wright. Mosby Press 1997
References

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 Compliance
Directive for Permit Required Confined
Spaces
 Technical Rescue Field Operations Guide,
Tom Pendley. Desert Rescue Research 2000
Respiratory Protection
The Respiratory Process

The exchange of gases (O2 & CO2)
between the alveoli & the blood occurs by
simple diffusion: O2 diffusing from the
alveoli into the blood & CO2 from the
blood into the alveoli.
Respiratory Process Cont.

We do this, of course, by breathing - continuously
bringing fresh air (with lots of O2 & little CO2)
into the lungs & the alveoli.
 Breathing is an active process - requiring the
contraction of skeletal muscles. The primary
muscles of respiration include the external
intercostal muscles (located between the ribs) and
the diaphragm (a sheet of muscle located between
the thoracic & abdominal cavities).
The Respiratory Process
Confined Space Emergencies

Confined Space Fatalities:
– 90 % due to asphyxiation
– 60 % of the fatalities are would be rescuers
Ex.-1990: 3 Firefighters die in Pennsylvania from
Co poisoning from running portable pump
Example: PA Deaths

On May 1, 1990, a 39-year-old male
volunteer firefighter died inside a 33-footdeep water well in Pennsylvania while
attempting to pump water out of the well.
Also, two male volunteer firefighters (ages
40 and 20) died attempting rescue.
 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/injury/traumacsfa
ce.html#1990 (other examples)
C-Space Definition

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146
– An OSHA confined space is defined as:
 A.-A space large enough for personnel to physically
enter
 B.-Not designed for continuous occupancy
 C.-An area with limited entry and egress
Examples

Examples include but are not limited to:
– Storage tanks, process vessels, bins, silos,
boilers, ventilation/exhaust ducts, sewers, pipes,
electrical vaults, steam tunnels, underground
utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, manure pits,
elevator shafts, etc. etc. etc.
Permit Required C-Space

A confined space permit is required if the
space has one or more of the following
hazards:
– 1. Atmospheric hazards
– 2. Configuration hazards
– 3. Engulfment hazard
– 4. Any other recognized hazard
Purpose of Confined Space
Entry Permit
An entry permit is a document prepared by the employer or
employer representative. It is designed to be used as a
checklist to document the completion of all steps necessary
to prepare for safe entry and work in a confined space.
Sample Permit
Purpose of Confined Space
Entry Permit
The entry supervisor must sign the entry permit to:
1.-make sure acceptable conditions have been attained in
the permit space; and
2.-authorize entry.
Further, you must post the permit near the confined space
entry for entrants to verify that pre-entry procedures have
been completed.
Non-Permit C-Space

A non-permit required confined space is:
– 1. Spaces that do not contain, nor has the
potential to contain, any uncontrolled hazards
capable of causing death or serious physical
harm
– 2. Space in which all the hazards in a permit
space can be eliminated
C-Space Entry Risk Profile

A permit required confined space has less
risk if it meets the following criteria:
– A. The internal configuration of the space is
clear and unobstructed so retrieval systems can
be used for rescuers without the possibility of
entanglement
Entry Risk Pro-file cont.
– B. The victim can be easily seen from the
outside the space’s primary access opening
– C. Rescuers can pass easily through
access/egress opening(s) with room to spare
with appropriate PPE
– D. The space can accommodate two or more
rescuers in addition to the victim
– E. All hazards in and around the space have
been ID’d , isolated and controlled
C-Space Entry Risk Profile

A permit required confined space has more
risk if any of the following conditions or
other hazardous conditions exist
– A. Presence of downed rescuer
– B. Victim’s location and condition are
unknown
– C.-Hazards are known to exist that cannot be
completely isolated or controlled
Entry Risk Profile cont.
– D. The internal configuration of the space
makes line management difficult and hinders
retrieval of lines by rescuers
(Interpreted from NFPA 1670)
C-Space Hazards

It should always be considered that the most
unfavorable situation exists in every
confined space and that the danger of
explosion, poisoning, and asphyxiation will
be present at the onset of the emergency
Hazard Types

Hazards specific to a confined space are
dictated by:
 1.-The material stored or used in the
confined space
– Ex. Damp activated carbon in a filtration tank
will absorb oxygen, creating an oxygen
deficient atmosphere
Hazard Types cont:

2-The activity carried out:
– Such as the fermentation of molasses that
creates ethyl alcohol vapors and decrease the
oxygen content of the atmosphere
Hazard Types cont:

3-The external environment
– As in the case of sewer systems that may be
affected by rising water, heavier than air gases,
or flash floods
The most hazardous kind of confined space is the
type that combines limited access and
mechanical devices
C-Space Hazard Groups

Confined space hazards can be grouped into
the following categories:
– 1. Oxygen deficient atmosphere
– 2. Flammable atmospheres
– 3. Toxic atmospheres
– 4. Mechanical and physical hazards
Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere

Normal atmosphere composed of 20.9 %
oxygen, 78.1 % nitrogen and 1 % argon
 An atmosphere containing less than 19.5 %
oxygen shall be considered oxygen deficient
 *O2 levels inside confined spaces may be
decreased as the result of consumption or
displacement*
Effects of decreasing O2
Levels

Level of 17 %
– Increased respiratory rate, impaired coordination

Between 14-16 %
– Increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, rapid fatigue

Between 6-10 %
– Nausea, emesis, unconsciousness, 8 min.’s = 100%
fatal

Less than 6 %
– Spasmatic breathing, death in minutes
Consumption of O2

Takes place during combustion of
flammable substances (welding, cutting,
brazing)
 During bacterial action (fermentation
process)
 During chemical reactions as in the
formation of rust (iron oxide)
Displacement of O2

Gas that displaces oxygen and therefore
reduce the O2 levels (helium, argon,
nitrogen)
 Nitrogen, argon, helium and carbon dioxide
are used as inerting agents to displace
flammable substances and retard pyrophoric
reactions
O2 Enriched Environment

An atmosphere containing more than 23.5
% of oxygen is oxygen enriched and
enhances the flammability of combustibles
 Flammable materials such as clothing and
hair burn violently when ignited
Flammable Atmospheres

Arise from enriched O2 atmospheres,
vaporization of flammable liquids,
byproducts of work, chemical reactions or
concentrations of combustible dust
 Work conducted in a c-space can generate
flammable atmospheres (painting, coatings,
solvents for cleaning)
Flammable Atmosphere
Terms

Flash point is the lowest temperature at
which a liquid can form an ignitable
mixture in air near the surface of the liquid.
The lower the flash point, the easier it is to
ignite the material
 (at the flash point, the flame does not need
to be sustained).
Example

Gasoline has a flash point of -50 degrees F
(-45 C) and is more flammable than
ethylene glycol (antifreeze) which has a
flash point of 111 degrees C (232 F)
Flammable Atmosphere
Terms

Fire point, the temperature at which the
flame becomes self-sustained so as to
continue burning the liquid
 The fire point is usually a few degrees
above the flash point
Flammable Atmosphere
Terms

Flammable limits apply generally to
vapors and are defined as the concentration
range in which a flammable substance can
produce a fire or explosion when an ignition
source (such as a spark or open flame) is
present
 The concentration is generally expressed as
percent fuel by volume
UEL/LEL

Upper flammable limit (UFL) the mixture of
substance and air is too rich in fuel (deficient in
oxygen) to burn. This is sometimes called the
upper explosive limit (UEL)
 Lower flammable limit (LFL) the mixture of
substance and air lacks sufficient fuel (substance)
to burn. This is sometimes called the lower
explosive limit (LEL)
Example UEL/LEL

It is usually quite easy to reach the lower
flammable limit. There are numerous cases
where individuals have used a solvent,
sealer, or other flammable materials in a
basement or closed room with inadequate
ventilation...and have been injured when the
vapors were ignited by a pilot light, electric
spark or other ignition source
Example UEL/LEL

Newcastle in September of 2003
– A pipe fitter left an acetylene cylinder inside his vehicle
over the weekend. Either the cylinder had a small leak
or the valve was not fully closed. The flammable limits
for acetylene are extremely broad, 2.5% to 100% in air
– When the worker opened the door, an undetermined
spark source (the door light switch, light bulb, cellular
phone, static etc.) ignited the mixture with catastrophic
results
Acetylene Explosion
Flammable Atmosphere
Terms

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is the
maximum amount or concentration of a
chemical that a worker may be exposed to
under OSHA Regulations
8-hour Time Weighted Averages
(TWA) - are an average value of exposure
over the course of an 8 hour work shift
Flammable Atmosphere
Terms

Immediately dangerous to life or health
(IDLH) atmospheres poses an immediate
threat to life, would cause, irreversible
adverse health effects, or would impair
an individual's ability to escape from a
dangerous atmosphere
Flammable Atmospheres

Flammable gases such as acetylene, butane,
propane, hydrogen, methane, natural or
manufactured gases or vapors from
hydrocarbons can be trapped in c-spaces
 Gases heavier than air will seek lower levels
as in pits, sewers, storage tanks/vessels
Flammable Atmospheres

In a closed top tank, lighter than air gases
may rise and develop a flammable
concentration if trapped ABOVE the
opening
 Combustible dust concentrations are found
during loading/offloading, conveying grain
products, nitrated fertilizers and finely
ground chemical products
Toxic Atmospheres

The source of toxic atmospheres
encountered in c-spaces may arise from:
– Manufacturing process
– Product stored
– Operation performed in the c-space
Toxic Atmospheres

Carbon Monoxide
– Odorless, colorless gas, approximately the same
density of air
– Formed from incomplete combustion of organic
materials
– Can be formed from mircobial decomposition
of organic materials in sewers/silos and
fermentation tanks
Measuring Toxicity

Measured in terms of permissible exposure
limit (PEL)
 PEL is the concentration of a toxin that
most people could safely be exposed to for
an 8 hour period
 Any toxin in a confined space greater than
its PEL is hazardous
Irritant (Corrosive)
Atmospheres

Irritant gases vary widely among all areas of
industrial activity
 They can be found in plastic plants,
chemical plants, petroleum industry,
tanneries, refrigeration industries, paint
manufacturing and mining operations
Irritant (Corrosive)
Atmospheres

Prolonged exposure at irritant or corrosive
concentrations in a c-space may produce
little or no evidence of irritation
 Danger in this situation is that worker is
usually not aware of any toxic exposure
 Examples: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
ammonia
Mechanical/Physical Hazards

Vibrations/moving machinery
– Augers, hydraulics, steam, etc.

Noise
– Noise problems intensified in c-space because
interior causes sound to reverberate
– May disrupt verbal communication with
emergency personnel on the exterior of the
space
Toxic Atmosphere Monitoring
Equipment

Atmospheric monitoring should take place
continuously or at frequent intervals during
the rescue operation
 All atmospheric monitoring equipment
should meet OSHA standards
 Equipment should be calibrated according
to manufacturer’s recommendations
Atmospheric Testing
Procedures

First set of tests should be performed by
remote probe prior to entering the space
 All levels of the space need to be metered
due to vapor densities (weight of a vapor
compared to air)

Principles of Air Monitoring
Calibrate meters to manufacturer’s spec
 If O2 level is not normal, flammability
readings will be affected
 Spaces may have stratified atmospheres, all
levels of space must be metered
 Allow for air intake in sampling hose/probe,
approx. 1 sec per foot of hose
 10,000 ppm = 1 %

Meters
 O2
Co
LEL
H2S
Should include at a minimum audible and visual alarms
Oxygen Levels

According to OSHA, air containing less
than 19.5 % or more than 23 % oxygen is
unacceptable
 If oxygen level is not normal, flammability
readings will be effected
Atmosphere Flammability

Measured in the % of the lower explosive
limit (LEL)
 The LEL is the lowest concentration of a
product that will explode or burn when it
contacts a source of ignition of sufficient
temperature
 OSHA -> C-space is hazardous if it contains
more than 10 % of the LEL
Lower Explosive Limit LEL

A flammable gas must reach 100 % of its
LEL to ignite and burn
 Meters are usually calibrated with a
flammable gas such as methane, heptane or
pentane
Lower Explosive Limit LEL

Methane LEL -> approximately 5 %
 Different gases have different LELs
 Meter calibrated to methane will give an
inaccurate reading for a gas with a different
LEL
 Meter reading of 10 % or less of the LEL
should ensure that an atmosphere is below
the LEL of most gases
Common Gas Examples

Methane (CH4):
– Natural, marsh, swamp gas
– Lighter than air, (0.6)
– LEL 5 %, UEL 15 %

Nitrogen (N2):
– Colorless, odorless gas
– Slightly lighter than air, (0.97)
– May displace oxygen
Common Gases

Carbon monoxide (Co):
– Colorless, odorless gas
– Slightly lighter than air (0.97)
– PEL = 50 ppm
– TWA = 25 ppm
– LEL 12.5 %, UEL 74. 2 %
– IDLH = 1500 ppm
Common Gases

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S):
– Sewer gas (rotten eggs)
– Produces olfactory fatigue (loss of smell)
– Odor thresh hold = 0.02-0.2 ppm
– Colorless flammable gas
– LEL = 4.3 %, UEL = 46 %
– Heavier than air (1.18)
Hydrogen Sulfide Cont:
– PEL = 20 ppm
– TWA = 10 ppm
– IDLH = 300 ppm
Toxic Atmospheres
Known materials:
-Use meter specific to that chemical to test for
these products
Unknown materials:
-Use meters to take readings and narrow the
spectrum of chemicals
-Broad spectrum analysis
-Colormetric tubes
Hazard Abatement
Hazard Reduction

Reducing or abating hazards of a confined
space emergency is essential before entry is
safe
 In addition to protective equipment, SCBA,
other measures should be taken externally
 OSHA requires that measures be taken
before permit spaces are entered
Electrical

Usually isolated by a combination of:
– 1. Turning it off at the source and securing it
with a lock device (lockout)
– 2. Placing a warning of some type on the switch
to deter someone from trying to turn it on (tagout)
Hydraulic

Includes liquids, finely divided solids that if
not secured may cause exposure or
engulfment
 Usually isolated by:
– 1. Shutting off valves (blocking)
– 2. Should be shut off in two locations
Mechanical

Hazards in the space or introduced into the
space
 Includes energy from:
– Augers, blades, conveyer belts, gears,
flywheels, and anything mechanical
– Need to be locked out/tagged out
Ventilation
Why Ventilate??

When atmospheric conditions is a c-space
do not meet the limits for O2, flammability
and toxic vapors, the c-space must be
ventilated to bring the atmosphere into
those limits.
Methods of Ventilation

1. Positive Pressure (Supply)

2. Negative Pressure (Exhaust)

3. Positive negative push pull
Positive Pressure (Supply)

Direction of fresh air flow into space creating a
positive pressure diluting any contaminants by the
addition of fresh air
 Electrically operated fans should be used to
prevent unacceptable levels of Co into space by
use of gasoline blowers
 Air flow should be introduced into the space and
the flow should be at the level at which rescuers
will be working
Positive Pressure

Fan should be allowed to operate long
enough to exchange the air content of the
space several times
 Capacity of fan in cubic feet per minute
(CFM) divided into the volume of the space
in cubic feet = the time it takes to exchange
air one time
Positive Pressure (Supply)

Positive pressure (supply) can force air into
space 30 times the distance exhaust
(negative) pressure can draw it
Examples
Super Vac's AirPac 25 duct canister allows
the 25 ft. x 8 in. duct to be easily stored and
rapidly deployed
Negative Pressure (Exhaust)

Exhausts contaminants from the space
(using negative pressure) by pulling
contaminated air out of a space
 A slight vacuum is created that can draw
other contaminants into the space
 May draw flammable gases over motor
Positive-negative/push-pull

Flushes the atmosphere by supplying and
exhausting large volumes of air
 Two portals must be present, positive air flow into
space while negative pressure pulls contaminants
out
 Most effective method for ventilation
 Consider where the contaminated exhaust is going
and if it will pose an additional hazard
Respiratory Protection
Types of SCBA

OSHA CFR 1910 direct that unless the
cause of the emergency can be established
as NOT atmosphere related, fresh air
breathing apparatus must be worn
 Types:
– Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
– Supplied air respirator (SAR)
Self Contained Breathing
Apparatus

Positive pressure since 1983
 Prevents contamination of the air inside the
face piece if a leak occurs in the face
piece’s seal
 Limited amount of air supply (based on
wearers personal characteristics)
Supplied Air Respirators

During C-space rescue, conventional
SCBA’s size often makes it difficult to use
 SCBA small enough to pass through narrow
openings may limit duration of its air supply
to impractical levels
 Supplied Air Respirators are a viable option
SAR Components

SAR consists of:
– Open circuit face piece
– Regulator
– Egress cylinder attached via a low-pressure air
line to remote source air supply (restricted to
maximum distance allowed by manufacturers,
usually no more than 300 feet from point of
attachment)
SAR Components

OSHA requires an SAR used in an
atmosphere that is immediately dangerous
to life and health (IDLH) have an additional
supply
 Must be capable of providing enough air for
the wearer to escape the atmosphere in the
event the primary supply is interrupted
SAR Components
“Escape” requirement addressed by
attaching small breathing air cylinder rated
at 5 minutes to the SAR unit
 5 minute cylinder are intended to provide
enough air for escape although they may be
incapable of doing so

Egress cylinder
SAR
Air Carts
Survivair Air Cart

Contains up to two independently operated
30-,45-, or 60-minute high pressure (4500
psi) cylinders
 Or to two independently operated 30 minute
low pressure (2216 psi) cylinders
 An optional accessory case can hold a
variety of Hip-Pac and hose combinations
Survivair Air Cart

Two inlets allow regulated or unregulated
external air sources to be used
 Built-in manifold has four Foster or Schrader
quick-disconnect couplings to supply air for
up to four workers
 Used in any confined space where an SCBA
would reduce or restrict worker movement
Yellow Rescuer
Red Rescuer
AIR LINE MANAGEMENT
OSHA Respiratory Standard

1910.134(e)(3)(iii) requires, when an IDLH
atmosphere exists, A stand by man or men
with suitable self contained breathing
apparatus shall be at the nearest fresh air
base for emergency rescue
Safe Respiratory Work
Practices

1. Rescuers should immediately withdrawal from
space whenever a respiratory problem develops
 2. Rescuers should wear full a full body harness
and use life lines when ever practical
 3. Minimum capacity of of the source air should
be twice the volume of the total needs of all
rescuers connected to it for the anticipated
duration of the rescuer’s entry
Safe Work Practices cont:

4. A minimum team of two rescuers should
be utilized for all permit space rescue
entries
Lifting/Raising Systems
Miller Tripod
Miller Tripods provide a highly portable
anchorage system for typical confined
space entry and rescue systems
 Made of high-strength aluminum, the
tripod withstands up to 5,000 lbs of pull
yet weights only 42 lbs
 Legs lock independently and adjust with
integral push pins allowing set up on
uneven surfaces

SKED EVAC Tripod
Features aircraft-grade, goldanodized aluminum legs and a
cast-aluminum head
 Three heavy-duty rigging anchors
have exceptionally large holes for
easy attachment and are located in
the center

SKED EVAC Tripod
Legs adjust in 5-inch increments
for a maximum height of 10 feet
and a minimum length for
transport of 7 feet
 Holes in the feet allow the tripod to
be bolted into position
 119 inch height / 5,280 lbs (23kN)

SKED EVAC Tripod
Ladder A-Frames
Mechanical Advantage
Systems
Retrieval Systems

1910.146 (k)(3) requires that retrieval
systems be used except when the retrieval
equipment would increase the risk to an
entrant or would not contribute to the rescue
of an entrant.
 When a retrieval system is not used,
alternate methods of retrieval must be
developed.
Retrieval
Systems
Red Rescuer
Yellow Rescuer
Retrieval Systems
Primary Rescuer
in the space,
secondary
rescuer being
lowered in on
retrieval system
and a safety.
MA Systems

Rescuer hauler 4:1 system
– 3-inch double pulley with a cam
– rope can move in only one direction when the
cam is engaged
– allows rescuer to raise a load by pulling on the
tail end of the rope, releasing it, and getting
another grip
MA Systems

Rescuer hauler 4:1
– cam can be released manually by pulling on the
attached cord
– accommodates rope sizes from 3/8” (10mm) to
1/2” (12/5mm).
– Minimum break strength when in use is 12,000
lb
Rescuer Hauler 4:1
MA Systems
1:1 COD
2:1 MA System
3:1 MA System
6:1 MA System
Patient Evacuation Devices
Patient Evacuation Devices

Patient packaging devices that can be used in
confined spaces include but are not limited to the
following:
– Full spine immobilization devices
– Short spine immobilization devices
– Litters
– Prefabricated full body harnesses
– Tied full body harnesses
– Wrist loops (wristlets)
Prefabricated Class III
Harnesses
C-Space Practical Exercises
C-Space Rescue

Priority 1: Make the scene safe
– Assess hazards
– Mitigate hazards: Control or remove hazards

Priority 2: Victim contact by Primary Rescuer
– Establish victim location
– Perform initial assessment if possible
– Determine mechanism of injury
– Begin psychological first aid
C-Space Rescue
Priority 3: Size-up
-Gather information: MSDS, etc.
-Risk benefit analysis (Go/no-go)
-Implement ICS
-Team member assignments (support personnel,
ventilation, monitoring, air watch, decon, etc.)
Priority 4: Preparation
-Rescuer PPE
-Anchoring & rigging rescue equipment
-Authorized entrant review
C-Space Rescue
Priority 5: Access Victim
-Designate Rescue Sector Officer
-Utilize rescuer retrieval (high point)
-Designate stand-by personnel
Priority 6: Stabilize and package victim
-Provide first aid to life threatening injuries
-Secure packaging for rescue transport
C-Space Rescue
Priority 7: Evacuate
-Move victim to safe location
-Provide medical report to EMS
-Remove rescuers from space
Priority 8: Response Termination
-Take up/inventory gear
-Decon if necessary
-Rebuild gear packs (if necessary)
LINE
MANAGEMENT
IS CRITICAL IN
ANY CSPACE
ENTRY FOR THE
FOLLOWING
REASON:
Rescue Response

Non-IDLH Atmosphere
– Incident Commander
– Rescue Sector Officer
– Entry Supervisor:
 Verifies tests required are complete
 Determines that space remains safe during work
 Removes unauthorized persons from space area
 Terminates entry if conditions are poor/degrading
Rescue Response
– Attendant:
 Knows space hazards
 Knows effects of exposure
 Remains outside space at all times
 Communicates with entrant(s)
 Monitors entry activities
 Calls RESCUE if needed
 Prevents unauthorized entry
 Performs no conflicting duties
Rescue Response
– Entrant (Primary):
 Knows space hazards
 Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
 Recognizes effects of exposure
 Uses proper PPE
 Communicates with attendant
 Alerts attendants of hazards
Rescue Response
– Entrant (Stand-by):
 Knows space hazards
 Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
 Recognizes effects of exposure
 Uses proper PPE
 Communicates with attendant
 Alerts attendants of hazards
 Rescuer for primary entrant
Rescue Response
– Support Personnel:
 Ventilation/metering/air watch/decon, etc.
– Safety Officer:
 Oversees scene for safety hazards
 In matters of safety, has authority over the incident
commander
 During rescue, each rescuer should consider
him/herself equally responsible for safety
IDLH Atmosphere
– Incident Commander
– Rescue Sector Officer
– Entry Supervisor:
 Verifies tests required are complete
 Determines that space remains safe during work
 Removes unauthorized persons from space area
 Terminates entry if conditions are poor/degrading
IDLH Atmosphere
– Attendant:
 Knows space hazards
 Knows effects of exposure
 Remains outside space at all times
 Communicates with entrant(s)
 Monitors entry activities
 Calls RESCUE if needed
 Prevents unauthorized entry
 Performs no conflicting duties
IDLH Atmosphere
– Entrant (Primary # 1):
 Knows space hazards
 Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
 Recognizes effects of exposure
 Uses proper PPE
 Communicates with attendant
 Alerts attendants of hazards
IDLH Atmosphere
– Entrant (Primary # 2):
 Knows space hazards
 Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
 Recognizes effects of exposure
 Uses proper PPE
 Communicates with attendant
 Alerts attendants of hazards
IDLH Atmosphere
– Entrant (Stand-by # 1):
 Knows space hazards
 Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
 Recognizes effects of exposure
 Uses proper PPE
 Communicates with attendant
 Alerts attendants of hazards
 Rescuer for primary entrant
IDLH Atmosphere
– Entrant (Stand-by # 2):
 Knows space hazards
 Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
 Recognizes effects of exposure
 Uses proper PPE
 Communicates with attendant
 Alerts attendants of hazards
 Rescuer for primary entrant
IDLH Atmosphere
– Support Personnel:
 Ventilation/metering/air watch/decon, etc.
– Safety Officer:
 Oversees scene for safety hazards
 In matters of safety, has authority over the incident
commander
 During rescue, each rescuer should consider
him/herself equally responsible for safety
Wrap Up

Questions
 Practical Exercises:
– Knot Review
– SCBA Review/diminished profile
– Harnesses/SKED lashing
– A-Frames/Gin Pole construction
– Confined space exercises