LAN 401 Beginning Greek I

LAN 404 BEGINNING HEBREW I Class VII: Pronouns Dr. Esa Autero Pronouns 1.1 Introduction  A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun  Antecedent is the word(s) which the noun refers back to Moses was 120 years old when he died  Moses = antecedent – “he” is the pronoun that refers back to “Moses”   Different types of pronouns Personal, demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns  Personal: I, you, he, she, we …  Demonstrative: this, that, these, those …  Relative: whose, that, which, who …  Interrogative: What? Who? How? …  Hebrew pronouns function in a similar way as English pronouns  Pronouns 2.1 Independent personal pronouns  “Independent” – stand alone, not attached to any other word  1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular (Sg.) or plural (Pl.) Person and Number – in English Sg. 1 I Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl. 1 You He/she/it We Pl. 2 Pl. 3 You They Pronouns  Independent personal pronoun paradigm Paradigm in Hebrew Singular 1 com. 2 masc. 2 fem. 3. masc. 3. fem. ‫ אֲנכִִ י‬,‫אֲנִ י‬ ‫אֲּ֫תה‬ ‫ּת‬ ֲ‫אֲ֫ נ‬ ‫הּא‬ ‫ ִהוא‬,‫ִהיא‬ Plural I You You He/it She/it ּ‫אֲ ֫חנ נְנ‬ ‫אֲּ֫תֲם‬ ‫ אֲּ֫תֲן‬,‫אֲ֫ ח ֵּתנה‬ ‫ חהמה‬,‫הֲֵם‬ ‫ הֵ נה‬,‫הֲֵן‬ We You You They They Pronouns  Use of the independent personal pronoun – memorize words  Independent pronouns in a noun sentence (predicative relationship)  Personal pronoun may precede or follow the noun or adjective ‫אֲנִ י ינהוה‬ ‫הּא נ ִביא צ֫ ִדיק‬ ‫הְֲֲֶֶ֫ך טכ וב‬ ‫אֲּ֫ת ח‬ ּ‫אֲ֫ ְִים אֲ ֫חנ נְנ‬ ‫אָּׁשהְֲִֶ֫ה‬ ֲִ ‫ִהיא‬ ‫עיר ה֫ גנ דֹוֶה‬ ֲִ ֲ‫אֲּ֫תֲם ב‬ I am the LORD He is a righteous prophet You (sg.2.masc.) are a good king We are brothers She is a wise woman You (pl.2masc.) are in the great city Pronouns 2.2 Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives  English demonstrative pronouns  “this”, “these”, “that”, and “those” – used as an adjective or pronoun Adjectival usage: this man, that woman, these socks  Pronominal usage: that is the man, these are the socks  Increases the word’s specificity beyond the definite article  A man  the man  that man  Hebrew demonstratives function like English equivalents Pronouns  Demonstrative paradigm Singular Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine  ‫זה‬ ‫ֲז כאת‬ ‫הּא‬ ‫ִהיא‬ This This That That Plural ‫אֵחֲּלה‬ ‫אֵחֲּלה‬ ‫ ח ֵהמה‬,‫הֲֵם‬ ‫ ח ֵהנה‬,‫הֲֵן‬ These These Those Those NOTE: sg. 3 masc. and fem. demonstratives identical to personal pronouns Variant forms ‫זֶה‬ ‫ֲז כאת‬ ‫אֵחֲּלה‬ ‫ ַהלָּ ז‬,‫ַהלָּ זֶה‬ ‫ זכה‬,‫ זֹו‬,ּ‫ה֫ ּלֵח ז‬ ֲֵֶ‫א‬ Pronouns  Some ambiguities – sg. 3 or demonstrative? Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun? ׁ‫אי‬ ֲִ ‫ה‬ ֲ ‫הּא‬ He is the man (personal pronoun) That is the man (demonstrative) ‫אָּׁשה‬ ֲִ ‫ה‬ ֲ ‫ִהיא‬ She is the woman (personal pronoun) That is the woman (demonstrative) Pronouns  The use of demonstrative pronouns  Demonstratives used as adjectives or pronouns 1) Demonstrative Adjectives – follows noun: agrees w/ gender, number, definit. This man ‫הֲאֲִיֲׁה֫ ֶּה‬ ‫הֲאֲִָּׁשהֲה֫ ֲֶּ כאת‬ ‫הֲאֲִיֲׁה֫ הּא‬ ‫הֲאֲִָּׁשהֲה֫ ִהיא‬ ‫אנ ִׁים הֲאֵחֲּלה‬ ֲ ֲ‫ה‬ ‫אּלה‬ ֲ‫ה֫ נ ִהים הֲ ח‬ ‫אנ ִׁים ההֲֵם‬ ֲ ֲ‫ה‬ ‫ה֫ נ ִׁים ה ח ֵהנה‬ This woman That man That woman These men These women Those men Those women Pronouns  Demonstrative pronoun and adjective – examples ‫הֲאֲִיׁ ה֫ ּטֹובֲה֫ ֶּה‬ ‫אָּׁשה ה֫ ּטֹובהֲה֫ ֲֶּ כאת‬ ֲִ ֲ‫ה‬ ‫איֲׁה֫ ּטֹוב ה֫ הּא‬ ֲִ ‫ה‬ ֲ ‫הֲאֲִָּׁשהֲה֫ ּטֹובהֲה֫ ִהיא‬ ‫ּטֹובים‬ ִ ֫‫האֲנ ִׁים ה‬ ֲ ‫האֵחֲּלה‬ ֲ ‫ה֫ נ ִׁים ה֫ ּטֹובֹותֲהֲאֵחֲּלה‬ ‫הם‬ ֲ‫ּטֹובים ה ֵח‬ ִ ֫‫הֲאֲנ ִׁים ה‬ This good man This good woman That good man That good woman These good men These good women Those good men Attributive adjective is placed b/w noun & demonstrative adj.  It agrees in gender, number & definiteness Pronouns 2) Demonstrative pronouns  When demonstrative functions as a pronoun, it precedes the noun  Agrees in gender and number (masc./fem. & sg./pl.) – not in definiteness ׁ‫זה הֲאֲִי‬ ‫ֲז כאתֲהֲאֲִָּׁשה‬ ׁ‫הּא הֲאֲִי‬ ‫ִהיא הֲאֲִָּׁשה‬ ‫אֵחֲּלהֲהֲאֲנ ִׁים‬ ‫אֵחֲּלהֲה֫ נ ִהים‬ ‫אנ ִׁים‬ ֲ ֲ‫הֲֵם ה‬ ‫ח ֵהנהֲהנ ִׁים‬ This is the man This is the woman That is the man That is the woman These are the men These are the women Those are the men Those are the women Pronouns 2.3 Relative pronoun  English “who”, “whom”, “whose”, “that”, “which”   Introduces a relative clause (relative pronoun + clause) Blessed in the person who studies Hebrew  “who studies Hebrew” = relative clause that modifies the noun “person”  Hebrew relative pronoun: ‫אֲׁר‬ That, which Who, whom  Does not change form or inflect ‫ֲ֫כאֲׁר‬ When, as Pronouns   May appear w/ or without Maqqef Follows immediately the noun it modifies ‫הֲעֲֵצ אֲׁר בנֲתֹוְך־ה֫ ֲ֫גן‬ The tree that (is) in the middle of the garden ‫ר־ּתְ֫ ת‬ ֲ‫ההֲ ִרים אֲֲׁ ֫ח‬ ‫ֲִֶ֫ים‬ ֲ‫ָּׁש ֫ח‬ ֲ ֲ֫‫ה‬ ‫ה֫ מְֲֲֶך אֲׁר בנְֲ֫ נרּתֲם‬ ‫דֲוִד אֲׁר נבבֲֵית ינהוֲה‬ The mountains that (are) under the heavens The king whom you chose David, who (is) in the house of the LORD Pronouns 2.4 The interrogative pronouns – for asking questions ‫ִֶ֫י‬ ]‫ ֶ֫֫ה‬,‫ֶ֫הֲ[ֶ֫ה‬   May appear w/ or without Maqqef Form does not change  Vowel changes only in ‫ֶ֫ה‬ Who, whom? What? Pronouns  Interrogative pronoun – examples ‫ה־ָּׁשֶֹ֫ו‬ ‫ֶ֫֫ נ‬ ֲ‫ֶ֫ה־עֲ ח ִִׂשית‬ ‫ֶ֫ה ה֫ ְֶֹום ה֫ ֶּה‬ ‫ִֶ֫יֲאֲּ֫תה‬ ‫איֲׁה֫ ֶּה‬ ֲִ ֲ‫ִֶ֫י־ה‬ ‫האֵחֲּלה‬ ֲ ‫ִֶ֫יֲהֲאֲנ ִׁים‬ what (is) his name? What have you done? What (is) this dream? Who (are) you? Who (is) this man? Who (are) these men? Pronouns  Interrogative particle ֲ‫ה‬  Alternative to interrogative pronoun – ֲ‫ה‬  Prefixed to a word (Hebrew does not have questions marks etc.) ‫ֶׁ֫ ְ ה֫ חְֲֶֶ֫ך אֲת־ה֫ נ ִביא‬ ‫הֶׁ֫ ְֲה֫ חְֲֶֶ֫ך‬ ‫אֲת־ה֫ נ ִביא‬  The king sent the prophet Did the king send the prophet? The spelling of the ֲ‫ ה‬changes in the following manner:  Prefixed to most consonants – ֲ‫ה‬  Prefixed to gutturals or any consonant with silent Shewa – ֲ֫‫ה‬  Prefixed to guttural followed by Qamets – ֲ‫ה‬ Pronouns  It is possible to confuse interrogative particle w/ definite article  To avoid confusion remember the following:  Interrogative particle does not normally have Daghesh Forte  Interrogative often prefixed to a verb or another particle  The Hateph Pathach (ֲ‫ )ה‬of the interrogative particle not found in definite article Pronouns  Practice  Workbook p. 35, no: 1-5   p. 36, no: 1-5 Homework  Workbook p. 37-38, no:1-10 “Bible Translation”  Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook  Vocabulary quiz (Ch. 8) on words pp. 77-78 (8.12) + personal & demonstrative pronouns (p. 76-77)

LAN 401 Beginning Greek I

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LAN 401 Beginning Greek I

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