A geminate is a word that has identical second and third root consonants, such
as ‫ סָ בַ ב‬and ‫ָארר‬.
ַ
In several of the perfect verb forms, the first twin consonant assimilates into the
second twin consonant and manifests itself as a dagesh.
In the case of ‫ָארר‬,
ַ the ‫ ר‬cannot take a dagesh, and as a result, the vowel
under the first consonant lengthens according to the principles of
compensatory lengthening introduced in lesson 2.
Standard
Strong
Geminate
Guttural
Geminate
3ms
‫קָ טַ ל‬
‫סָ בַ ב‬
‫ָארר‬
ַ
3fs
‫קָ ְטלָה‬
‫סָ בֲבָ ה‬
‫אֳ ְר ָרה‬
2ms
‫ת‬
ָָּ ְ‫קָ טַ ל‬
ָּ‫סַ ּבו ָֹת‬
ָּ‫ָארו ָֹת‬
2fs
ְָּ‫קָ טַ לְ ת‬
‫סַ ּבוֹת‬
‫ָארוֹת‬
1cs
‫קָ טַ לְ ִּתי‬
‫סַ ּבו ִֹּתי‬
‫ָארו ִֹּתי‬
3cp
‫קָ ְטלּו‬
‫סָ בֲבּו‬
‫אֳ ְררּו‬
2mp
‫ְקטַ לְ תֶּ ם‬
‫סַ ּבוֹתֶּ ם‬
‫ָארוֹתֶּ ם‬
2fp
‫ְקטַ לְ תֶּ ן‬
‫סַ ּבוֹתֶּ ן‬
‫ָארוֹתֶּ ן‬
1cp
‫קָ טַ לְ נּו‬
‫סַ ּבוֹנּו‬
‫ָארוֹנּו‬
PNG
In cases where the
first twin consonant
assimilates into the
second twin
consonant, notice the
addition of the ָּ‫ ֹו‬before
the suffix. The
presence of the ָּ‫ֹו‬
before the suffix is a
good indication that
the verb is a
geminate.
The words ‫ עִּ ם‬and ‫ אֶּ ת־‬both mean “with” and can receive pronominal
suffixes as follows:
‫עִּ ִּמי‬
‫עִּ ְמָך‬
‫עִּ מָ ְך‬
‫עִּ מָֹּו‬
‫עִּ מָ ּה‬
‫עִּ מָ נּו‬
‫עִּ מָ כֶּם‬
‫עִּ מָ כֶּן‬
with me
with you (ms)
with you (fs)
with him
with her
with us
with you (mp)
with you (fp)
‫ִּא ִּתי‬
‫ִּא ְתָך‬
‫ִּאתָ ְך‬
ָּ‫ִּאת ֹו‬
‫ִּאתָ ּה‬
‫ִּאתָ נּו‬
‫ִּא ְתכֶּם‬
‫ִּא ְתכֶּן‬
‫עִּ מָ ם‬
with them (mp)
‫ִּאתָ ם‬
‫עִּ מָ ן‬
with them (fp)
‫ִּאתָ ן‬
with me
with you (ms)
with you (fs)
(not to be confused
with ‫ עַ ם‬people –
we’ll study the
difference in a
moment)
with him
with her
with us
with you (mp)
with you (fp)
with them
(mp)
with them (fp)
(not to be confused
with the direct
object marker—
we’ll see the
difference on the
next slide)
The words ‫ עִּ ם‬and ‫ אֶּ ת־‬both mean “with” and can receive pronominal
suffixes as follows:
‫עִּ ִּמי‬
‫עִּ ְמָך‬
‫עִּ מָ ְך‬
‫עִּ מָֹּו‬
‫עִּ מָ ּה‬
‫עִּ מָ נּו‬
with me
‫עַ ִּמי‬
my people
your people (ms)
with her
‫עַ ְמָך‬
‫עַ מֵּ ְך‬
ָּ‫עַ מ ֹו‬
‫עַ מָ ּה‬
with us
‫עַ מֵּ נּו‬
our people
with you (ms)
with you (fs)
with him
your people (fs)
his people
her people
‫עִּ מָ כֶּם‬
with you (mp)
‫עַ ְמכֶּם‬
your people (mp)
‫עִּ מָ כֶּן‬
‫עִּ מָ ם‬
‫עִּ מָ ן‬
with you (fp)
‫עַ ְמכֶּן‬
‫עַ מָ ם‬
‫עַ מָ ן‬
your people (fp)
with them (mp)
with them (fp)
their people (mp)
their people (fp)
Main difference:
hireq (with) vs. patakh
(people)
Note the difference between the direct object marker (listed first) and “with”
(listed second):
‫א ִֹּתי‬
‫א ְֹתָך‬
‫אֹתָ ְך‬
ָּ‫אֹתו‬
‫אֹתָ ּה‬
‫אֹתָ נּו‬
‫אֶּ ְתכֶּם‬
‫אֶּ ְתכֶּן‬
‫אתָ ם‬
ָּ or ‫אֶּ ְתהֶּ ם‬
‫אתָ ן‬
ָּ or ‫אֶּ ְתהֶּ ן‬
me
you (m. s.)
you (f. s.)
him
her
us
you (m. p.)
you (f. p.)
them (m. p.)
them (f. p.)
‫ִּא ִּתי‬
‫ִּא ְתָך‬
‫ִּאתָ ְך‬
ָּ‫ִּאת ֹו‬
‫ִּאתָ ּה‬
‫ִּאתָ נּו‬
‫ִּא ְתכֶּם‬
‫ִּא ְתכֶּן‬
‫ִּאתָ ם‬
‫ִּאתָ ן‬
with me
with you (ms)
with you (fs)
ָּ‫אֵּ תָּ\ אֶּ ת־‬
Direct Object Marker
with him
with her
with us
ָּ‫אֵּ תָּ\ אֶּ ת־‬
with, together with
with you (mp)
with you (fp)
with them (mp)
with them (fp)
Differences: vowels & dagesh
A resumptive pronoun is a pronoun that refers back to a
previously realized item within the same syntactic
structure. For example: “The man who died” (who is the
resumptive pronoun); “The girl to whom I spoke” (whom is
the resumptive pronoun).
In lesson 5 we learned that the word ‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬can be translated as who,
which, or that, depending on context. We will now learn how to create
the Hebrew equivalent of the English phrases to whom and for whom.
‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬is not usually combined with a preposition to create phrases such
as to whom or for whom. Instead, a pronoun is included in the relative
clause that ‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬introduces. Note the following examples:
ָּ‫רָּדּבֶּ ְר ִּתיָּל ֹו‬
ִּ ‫הָ ִּאישָּאֲ ֶּש‬
‫אָּממֶּ נָה‬
ִּ ַ‫הַ ּבַ יִּתָָּּאֲ ֶּשר יָצ‬
‫הָ ִּא ָשהָָּּאֲ ֶּשר ִּדּבְ רּוָּעִּ מָ ּה‬
Literal: the man who I spoke to him
Idiomatic: the man to whom I spoke
Literal: the house which he came from it
Idiomatic: the house from which he came
Literal: the woman who they spoke with her
Idiomatic: the woman with whom they spoke
In some cases, adverbs such as ‫ ָשם‬and ‫ ָשמָ ה‬can be used instead of a
pronoun. For example:
‫הַ כִּ סֵּ אָּאֲ ֶּשרָּי ַָשבָּשם‬
‫אָּשמָ ה‬
ָ ַ‫הַ ּבַ יִּתָּאֲ ֶּשר יָצ‬
Literal: the throne which he sat there
Idiomatic: the throne on which he sat
Literal: the house which he went thither
Idiomatic: the house to which he went
When ‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬refers to a verb’s direct object, the pronoun is optional.
For example:
‫רָּשכַ ְח ִּתיָּאֹתָֹּו‬
ָ ‫הַ סֵּ פֶּ רָּאֲ ֶּש‬
‫רָּשכַ ְח ִּתי אֹתָֹּו‬
ָ ֶּ‫הַ סֵּ פ‬
Literal: the book that I forgot it
Idiomatic: the book that I forgot
Literal: the book I forgot it
Idiomatic: the book that I forgot
Generally, ‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬corresponds with the relative pronouns who, which, or
that. In some cases, ‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬takes on a relative meaning such as that or
which. ‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬can also take the position of a subordinating conjunction
such as since or because.
The possible uses of ‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬as a relative pronoun or a subordinating
conjunction are extensive. For our purposes, be aware of these
possible uses as you determine how to translate ‫אֲ ֶּשר‬.
Note the translation values for ‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬in the following examples:
‫כַ אֲ ֶּשר‬
‫ַאחֲריָּאֲ ֶּשר‬
ֵּ
‫יַעַ ןָּאֲ ֶּשר‬
when, as, according as
after (or) after that/which
because (or) because that
The examples from the previous page are the most common
exceptions that you will encounter. Additionally, keep in mind that
the presence of ‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬is not required to introduce a relative clause.
‫ אֲ ֶּשר‬is more commonly found in prose than poetry. For example:
ָָּּ‫יָּמי־הּואָּי ְַר ִּשיעֵּ נִּי‬
ִּ ִּ‫הֵּ ןָּאֲ ֹדנָיָּיְהוִּ הָּ ַי ֲעזָר־ל‬
Behold, the Lord God will help me; who
is he that shall condemn me?
(Isaiah 50:9)