Grade 3 Spanish: Curriculum 1 North Arlington Public Schools Curriculum Guide Content Area: World Language - Spanish Course Title: Spanish Grade Level: 3 Unit 1: Greetings, Feelings & Numbers (0-30) 9 weeks Unit 2: Classroom Objects 9 weeks Unit 3: Musical Instruments and Famous Hispanic Artists 9 weeks Unit 4: Family Members and Clothing 9 weeks Note: Units are 9 weeks in length because students meet once per week for the entire school year. Therefore, 9 weeks actually represents 9 sessions with periodic verbal participation grades, as well as individual and group assessments. This curriculum document also reflects the addition of projects and presentations. 2 Board Approved on: August 29, 2012 Unit 1 Content Area – World Language - Spanish Unit Title – Greetings, Feelings and Numbers (0-30) Target Course/Grade Level – Spanish: Grade 3 Unit Summary/Rationale – During this unit students will be re-introduced to greeting and expressions. They will be introduced to the geography of Spanish speaking countries including, location, capitol and the flag of the country. Furthermore, students will review and learn numbers 0-30, as numbers are an essential part of everyday life. In addition the students will discuss the Hispanic Heritage Month, the Day of the Dead, Christopher Columbus Day and La Navidad (Christmas.) Interdisciplinary Connections – The Spanish lessons involve academic subjects such as: Language Arts, Math, Science, Art, Social Studies, Music, Computers and Geography. Technology Integration – Lap top computer, overhead projector, smart board, Internet sites, DVD’s, CD’s, Power Point and visual aids. 21st Century Skills – 21st Century Themes – Global Awareness, Civic Literacy, Health Creativity/Innovation, Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, Literacy. Communication and Collaboration, Life & Career Skills, Technology, Media and Technology Skills. Learning Targets Standard(s) – 7.1 World Languages: All students will be able to use a world language in addition to English to engage in meaningful conversation, to understand and interpret spoken and written language, and to present information, concepts, and ideas, while also gaining an understanding of the perspectives of other cultures. Through language study, they will make connections with other content areas, compare the language and culture studied with their own, and participate in home and global communities. Cultural - Observing and participating in culturally authentic activities contribute to familiarization with cultural products and practices. (Topics and activities that assist in the development of this understanding should include, but are not limited to: authentic celebrations, songs, and dances.) Strand(s) – A: Interpretive Mode Proficiency Level- Novice Mid Content Statement(s) – The Novice-Low language learner understands and communicates at the word level and can independently identify and recognize memorized words and phrases that bring meaning to text. They can respond to learned questions, ask memorized questions, state needs and preferences, and describe people, places, and things. Cumulative Progress Indicator(s) (CPI) 3 7.1. NM.A.1 - Recognize familiar spoken or written words and phrases contained in culturally authentic materials using electronic information sources related to targeted themes. 7.1. NM.A.2 – Demonstrate comprehension of simple, oral and written directions, commands, and requests through appropriate physical response. 7.1. NM.A.3 – Recognize a few common gestures and cultural practices associated with the target culture(s). 7.1. NM.A.4 – Identify familiar people, places, and objects based on simple oral and/or written descriptions. 7.1. NM.A.5 – Demonstrate comprehension of brief oral and written messages using age- and levelappropriate, culturally authentic materials on familiar topics. Reading Standards for Literacy: ACTFL guidelines: Reading - Intermediate – Intermediate - Low Able to understand main ideas and/or some facts from the simplest connected texts dealing with basic personal and social needs. Such texts are linguistically noncomplex and have a clear underlying internal structure, for example, chronological sequencing. They impart basic information about which the reader has to make only minimal suppositions or to which the reader brings personal interest and/or knowledge. Examples include messages with social purposes and information for the widest possible audience, such as public announcements and short, straightforward instructions dealing with public life. Some misunderstandings will occur. Writing Standards for Literacy: Writing--Intermediate Intermediate-Low Able to meet limited practical writing needs. Can write short messages, postcards, and take down simple notes, such as telephone messages. Can create statements or questions within the scope of limited language experience. Material produced consists of recombination of learned vocabulary and structures into simple sentences on very familiar topics. In addition students will discuss the Hispanic Heritage Month, the Day of the Dead, Christopher Columbus Day and La Navidad (Christmas.) Unit Essential Questions Why it is important to greet people and how do you greet and say farewell to someone in Spanish? How do you express how you are feeling? What countries celebrate Columbus Day Holiday, and why? How is the Day of the Dead similar to Halloween? Unit Enduring Understandings There is a specific way to greet people in Spanish using culturally authentic expressions and vocabulary. Communicating in at least one other language helps to gain knowledge of other cultures. Greetings open doors to communication. The colors of the flag from Bolivia are red, yellow and green (Amarillo, azul y rojo.) The Day of the Dead and Halloween are celebrated around the same time (last day of October to first day of November), and involve legends and myths of the dead. Terminology: Hola, buenos días, buenas tardes, buenas noches ¿como te estás?,¿cómo te va?, ¿cómo te 4 sientes?, muy bien, excelente, mal, así-así, hasta luego, hasta mañana, hasta pronto, nos vemos, que te vaya bien, cuídate, veinte y uno, diecinueve, veinte y dos, veinte y cinco, treinta etc. 5 Goals/Objectives Students will be able to Pronounce some basic greetings and farewell expressions. Review and use greetings vocabulary. Use and pronounce numbers 0-30. Review and use numbers vocabulary. Add and solve some basic math problems in Spanish. Learn how many countries are in South America. Discuss Hispanic Heritage Month. Learning Activities/Instructional Strategies Singing the Spanish song “Buenos Días.” Review some basic greeting and farewell expressions illustrating with flashcards. Evidence of Learning (Formative & Summative) Review of vocabulary learned during class. Cut and glue greeting expressions flashcards. Group and Individual practice. Counting numbers in Spanish 1 – 30. Review the new vocabulary. Adding and subtracting numbers in Spanish. Quiz. Solving basic problems in Spanish. Informal teachers’ observation and students’ participation. Complete a handout by tracing the number words in Spanish. Explain why the official language in Brazil is not Spanish. Watch a video clip and explain the Hispanic Heritage Month. Singing of the Adiós Song. Talk about the Day of the Dead. Review La Navidad (Christmas.) Diverse Learners (ELL, Special Ed, Gifted & Talented) - Differentiation strategies may include, but are not limited to, learning centers and cooperative learning activities in either heterogeneous or homogeneous groups, depending on the learning objectives and the number of students who need further support and scaffolding, versus those who need more challenge and enrichment. Modifications may also be made as they relate to the special needs of students in accordance with their Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) or 504 plans, or English Language Learners (ELL). These may include, but are not limited to, extended time, copies of class notes, refocusing strategies, preferred seating, study guides, and/or suggestions from special education or ELL teachers. Resources - Useful teacher’s resources for elementary Spanish teachers such as: Discovery Learning, www.nnell.org, www.actfl.org etc., PowerPoint Presentations, Transparencies, Handouts, movies, etc. 6 Unit 2 Content Area – World Language Unit Title – Classroom Objects Target Course/Grade Level – Spanish: Grade 3 Unit Summary/Rationale – During this unit students will be introduced to classroom objects. They will be able to identify classroom objects and requests items from the class in the target language. In additions students will recall the Spanish speaking countries from South America and review some fun facts about them. They will also discuss Presidents’ Day and Valentines’ Day. Interdisciplinary Connections – The Spanish lessons involve academic subjects such as: Language Arts Literacy, Math, Science, Art, Social Studies, Music, Computers and Geography. Technology Integration – Lap top computer, overhead projector, smart board, Internet sites, DVD’s, CD’s, Power Point and visual aids. 21st Century Skills – 21st Century Themes – Global Awareness, Civic Literacy, Health Creativity/Innovation, Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, Literacy. Communication and Collaboration, Life & Career Skills, Technology, Media and Technology Skills. Learning Targets Standard(s) – 7.1 World Languages: All students will be able to use a world language in addition to English to engage in meaningful conversation, to understand and interpret spoken and written language, and to present information, concepts, and ideas, while also gaining an understanding of the perspectives of other cultures. Through language study, they will make connections with other content areas, compare the language and culture studied with their own, and participate in home and global communities. Cultural - Observing and participating in culturally authentic activities contribute to familiarization with cultural products and practices. (Topics and activities that assist in the development of this understanding should include, but are not limited to: authentic celebrations, songs, and dances.) Strand(s) – A: Interpretive Mode Proficiency Level- Novice Mid Content Statement(s) – The Novice-Low language learner understands and communicates at the word level and can independently identify and recognize memorized words and phrases that bring meaning to text. They can respond to learned questions, ask memorized questions, state needs and preferences, and describe people, places, and things. Cumulative Progress Indicator(s) (CPI) 7.1. NM.A.1 - Recognize familiar spoken or written words and phrases contained in culturally authentic materials using electronic information sources related to targeted themes. 7.1. NM.A.2 – Demonstrate comprehension of simple, oral and written directions, commands, and requests through appropriate physical response. 7 7.1. NM.A.3 – Recognize a few common gestures and cultural practices associated with the target culture(s). 7.1. NM.A.4 – Identify familiar people, places, and objects based on simple oral and/or written descriptions. 7.1. NM.A.5 – Demonstrate comprehension of brief oral and written messages using age- and levelappropriate, culturally authentic materials on familiar topics. Reading Standards for Literacy: ACTFL guidelines: Reading - Intermediate – Intermediate - Low Able to understand main ideas and/or some facts from the simplest connected texts dealing with basic personal and social needs. Such texts are linguistically noncomplex and have a clear underlying internal structure, for example, chronological sequencing. They impart basic information about which the reader has to make only minimal suppositions or to which the reader brings personal interest and/or knowledge. Examples include messages with social purposes and information for the widest possible audience, such as public announcements and short, straightforward instructions dealing with public life. Some misunderstandings will occur. Writing Standards for Literacy: Writing--Intermediate Intermediate-Low Able to meet limited practical writing needs. Can write short messages, postcards, and take down simple notes, such as telephone messages. Can create statements or questions within the scope of limited language experience. Material produced consists of recombination of learned vocabulary and structures into simple sentences on very familiar topics. Unit Essential Questions Why do I need to learn Spanish? Why is it important to learn classroom objects? Why is the official language in Belize English and not Spanish? Can you name a few countries where the official language is Spanish? How Latin countries celebrate Valentine’s Day. Unit Enduring Understandings Learning a second language expands one’s knowledge and understanding of the world we live in. A variety of supplies are necessary for the students to be successful at school. Belize is a former British country located in Central America where most of the populations speak English and Spanish is recognized and widely accepted as a second language. Brazil is located in South America and was a colony up Portugal until September 7th 1882 when the people declared independence but keep the cultural and lingual influence. Terminology: Pizarra, lápiz, pluma/bolígrafo, cuaderno, borrador, grapadora, cinta, mochila, papel, mesa, bandera, computador/computadora, pupitre, escritorio, puerta, sacapuntas, regla, pegante o pegamento, ventana, Sur América, Central América, el día de los presidentes, el día de San Valentín etc. 8 Goals/Objectives Students will be able to - Learning Activities/Instructional Strategies Identify classroom objects Singing the Spanish song “Hola ¿cómo estás?” vocabulary. Listening to the Spanish song “Objetos de clase.” Recognize and respond to classroom objects Review vocabulary by illustrating with vocabulary. flashcards. Request classroom objects when they need them. Sing song to review vocabulary words. Discuss President’s Day. Talk about Valentine’s Day. Cut and glue pictures in flashcards Complete a handout by tracing the words in Spanish. Evidence of Learning (Formative & Summative) Review of vocabulary learned during class. Group and Individual practice. Quiz. Informal teachers’ observation and students’ participation. Play bingo in order to reinforce new vocabulary. Classroom objects quiz. Exchange Valentine’s cards written in Spanish Singing of the Adiós Song. Diverse Learners (ELL, Special Ed, Gifted & Talented)- Differentiation strategies may include, but are not limited to, learning centers and cooperative learning activities in either heterogeneous or homogeneous groups, depending on the learning objectives and the number of students who need further support and scaffolding, versus those who need more challenge and enrichment. Modifications may also be made as they relate to the special needs of students in accordance with their Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) or 504 plans, or English Language Learners (ELL). These may include, but are not limited to, extended time, copies of class notes, refocusing strategies, preferred seating, study guides, and/or suggestions from special education or ELL teachers. Resources - Useful teacher’s resources for elementary Spanish teachers such as: Discovery Learning, www.nnell.org, www.actfl.org etc., PowerPoint Presentations, Transparencies, Handouts, movies, etc. 9 Unit 3 Content Area – World Language Unit Title – Music Instruments and Famous Hispanic Artists Target Course/Grade Level – Spanish: Grade 3 Unit Summary/Rationale – During this unit students will be introduced to musical instruments in the target language. The students will be able to explore typical musical instruments and famous Hispanic Artists from Spanish speaking countries. Students will develop an understanding for music, art and dance as well as gain knowledge about famous Hispanic figures. Interdisciplinary Connections – The Spanish lessons involve academic subjects such as: Language Arts Literacy, Math, Science, Art, Social Studies, Music, Computers and Geography. Technology Integration – Lap top computer, overhead projector, smart board, Internet sites, DVD’s, CD’s, Power Point and visual aids. 21st Century Skills – 21st Century Themes – Global Awareness, Civic Literacy, Health Creativity/Innovation, Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, Literacy, Communication and Collaboration, Life & Career Skills, Technology, Media and Technology Skills. Learning Targets Standard(s) – 7.1 World Languages: All students will be able to use a world language in addition to English to engage in meaningful conversation, to understand and interpret spoken and written language, and to present information, concepts, and ideas, while also gaining an understanding of the perspectives of other cultures. Through language study, they will make connections with other content areas, compare the language and culture studied with their own, and participate in home and global communities. Cultural - Observing and participating in culturally authentic activities contribute to familiarization with cultural products and practices. (Topics and activities that assist in the development of this understanding should include, but are not limited to: authentic celebrations, songs, and dances.) Strand(s) – A: Interpretive Mode Proficiency Level- Novice Mid Content Statement(s) – The Novice-Low language learner understands and communicates at the word level and can independently identify and recognize memorized words and phrases that bring meaning to text. They can respond to learned questions, ask memorized questions, state needs and preferences, and describe people, places, and things. Cumulative Progress Indicator(s) (CPI) 7.1. NM.A.1 - Recognize familiar spoken or written words and phrases contained in culturally authentic materials using electronic information sources related to targeted themes. 7.1. NM.A.2 – Demonstrate comprehension of simple, oral and written directions, commands, and requests through appropriate physical response. 7.1. NM.A.3 – Recognize a few common gestures and cultural practices associated with the target 10 culture(s). 7.1. NM.A.4 – Identify familiar people, places, and objects based on simple oral and/or written descriptions. 7.1. NM.A.5 – Demonstrate comprehension of brief oral and written messages using age- and levelappropriate, culturally authentic materials on familiar topics. Reading Standards for Literacy: ACTFL guidelines: Reading - Intermediate – Intermediate - Low Able to understand main ideas and/or some facts from the simplest connected texts dealing with basic personal and social needs. Such texts are linguistically noncomplex and have a clear underlying internal structure, for example, chronological sequencing. They impart basic information about which the reader has to make only minimal suppositions or to which the reader brings personal interest and/or knowledge. Examples include messages with social purposes and information for the widest possible audience, such as public announcements and short, straightforward instructions dealing with public life. Some misunderstandings will occur. Writing Standards for Literacy: Writing--Intermediate Intermediate-Low Able to meet limited practical writing needs. Can write short messages, postcards, and take down simple notes, such as telephone messages. Can create statements or questions within the scope of limited language experience. Material produced consists of recombination of learned vocabulary and structures into simple sentences on very familiar topics. Unit Essential Questions Unit Enduring Understandings Why are different instruments more popular in Cultural products vary from country to country other parts of the world? based on practices and the history of the country. What is Latin Music? It’s important to have a global understanding and a broad familiarity of influential figures around the Why is it important to learn about famous world to expand our knowledge. Hispanic Artists? Foreign language skills enhance and contribute to Who is your favorite Latin artist and why? future job opportunities. The study of foreign languages reinforces and integrates content from other disciplines. There are differences and similarities between the music of the United States and the music of the Spanish speaking world. Salsa music is a popular form of Latin American dance music characterized by Afro-Caribbean rhythms. Terminology: Guitarra, piano, guiro, maracas, saxofón, claves, bongos, congas, violin, tambores/tambor, Platillos, pandereta, marimba, flauta, xilófono, trompeta, trombón etc. Famous Hispanic Artists: Ricky Martin, Enrique Iglesias, Carlos Vives, Gloria Stefan, Shakira, Juanes, Juan Luis Guerra, Meter Gene Rodríguez (Bruno Mars) etc. 11 Goals/Objectives Students will be able to Identify different instruments by listening to music. Use, recognize and respond to musical instruments vocabulary. Share their favorite musical instrument. Students learn the history and cultural context of some Hispanic musical rhythms. Discuss different Hispanic Artists Learning Activities/Instructional Strategies Singing the Spanish song “Hola ¿cómo estás?” Review vocabulary by illustrating with flashcards. Evidence of Learning (Formative & Summative) Review of vocabulary learned during class. Group and Individual practice. Cut and glue pictures in flashcards Complete a handout by tracing the words in Spanish. Power Point Presentation on musical instruments. Video clips of Famous Hispanics Singers. Research and present a project on Famous Hispanic Artist assigned. CDs to listen to music. Share likes and dislikes on music and instruments. Play Sink or Swing game in order to reinforce vocabulary. Books and magazine pictures to explore famous Hispanic Artists. Singing of the Adiós Song. 12 Research project and oral presentation on a famous Hispanic Artist. Quiz. Informal teachers’ observation and students’ participation. Diverse Learners (ELL, Special Ed, Gifted & Talented)- Differentiation strategies may include, but are not limited to, learning centers and cooperative learning activities in either heterogeneous or homogeneous groups, depending on the learning objectives and the number of students who need further support and scaffolding, versus those who need more challenge and enrichment. Modifications may also be made as they relate to the special needs of students in accordance with their Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) or 504 plans, or English Language Learners (ELL). These may include, but are not limited to, extended time, copies of class notes, refocusing strategies, preferred seating, study guides, and/or suggestions from special education or ELL teachers. Resources - Useful teacher’s resources for elementary Spanish teachers such as: Discovery Learning, www.nnell.org, www.actfl.org etc., PowerPoint Presentations, Transparencies, Handouts, movies, etc. 13 Unit 4 Content Area – World Language Unit Title – Family Members and Clothing Target Course/Grade Level – Spanish: Grade 3 Unit Summary/Rationale – During this unit students will be introduced to family and clothing vocabulary in the target language. The students will learn family members and clothing, including representative Hispanic clothing. They will be able to describe clothing words by reviewing colors and family members by reviewing adjectives. Express likes and dislikes and have the opportunity to introduce their family to the class by bringing pictures and making family trees. In additions students will recall the Spanish speaking countries from Central America and review some fun facts about them. They will also discuss Mother’s Day and Cinco de Mayo. Interdisciplinary Connections – The Spanish lessons involve academic subjects such as: Language Art, Math, Science, Art, Social Studies, Music, Computers and Geography. Technology Integration – Lap top computer, overhead projector, smart board, Internet sites, DVD’s, CD’s, Power Point and visual aids. 21st Century Skills – 21st Century Themes – Global Awareness, Civic Literacy, Health Creativity/Innovation, Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, Literacy. Communication and Collaboration, Life & Career Skills, Technology, Media and Technology Skills. Learning Targets Standard(s) – 7.1 World Languages: All students will be able to use a world language in addition to English to engage in meaningful conversation, to understand and interpret spoken and written language, and to present information, concepts, and ideas, while also gaining an understanding of the perspectives of other cultures. Through language study, they will make connections with other content areas, compare the language and culture studied with their own, and participate in home and global communities. Cultural - Observing and participating in culturally authentic activities contribute to familiarization with cultural products and practices. (Topics and activities that assist in the development of this understanding should include, but are not limited to: authentic celebrations, songs, and dances.) Strand(s) – A: Interpretive Mode Proficiency Level- Novice Mid Content Statement(s) – The Novice-Low language learner understands and communicates at the word level and can independently identify and recognize memorized words and phrases that bring meaning to text. They can respond to learned questions, ask memorized questions, state needs and preferences, and describe people, places, and things. Cumulative Progress Indicator(s) (CPI) 7.1. NM.A.1 - Recognize familiar spoken or written words and phrases contained in culturally authentic materials using electronic information sources related to targeted themes. 7.1. NM.A.2 – Demonstrate comprehension of simple, oral and written directions, commands, and requests 14 through appropriate physical response. 7.1. NM.A.3 – Recognize a few common gestures and cultural practices associated with the target culture(s). 7.1. NM.A.4 – Identify familiar people, places, and objects based on simple oral and/or written descriptions. 7.1. NM.A.5 – Demonstrate comprehension of brief oral and written messages using age- and levelappropriate, culturally authentic materials on familiar topics. Reading Standards for Literacy: ACTFL guidelines: Reading - Intermediate – Intermediate - Low Able to understand main ideas and/or some facts from the simplest connected texts dealing with basic personal and social needs. Such texts are linguistically noncomplex and have a clear underlying internal structure, for example, chronological sequencing. They impart basic information about which the reader has to make only minimal suppositions or to which the reader brings personal interest and/or knowledge. Examples include messages with social purposes and information for the widest possible audience, such as public announcements and short, straightforward instructions dealing with public life. Some misunderstandings will occur. Writing Standards for Literacy: Writing--Intermediate Intermediate-Low Able to meet limited practical writing needs. Can write short messages, postcards, and take down simple notes, such as telephone messages. Can create statements or questions within the scope of limited language experience. Material produced consists of recombination of learned vocabulary and structures into simple sentences on very familiar topics. Unit Essential Questions Why do people wear different clothing in other countries and how does the way we dress reflect who we are? Why do most schools in Spanish speaking countries wear uniforms? How does your family influence your decisions and values? Why Cinco de Mayo is an important day for Mexican people? Unit Enduring Understandings People’s choices on fashion are influence by their culture and the weather of each country. Our clothing reflects ourselves and our culture. Most schools in Spanish-speaking countries required students to wear uniform. Hispanic grandparents are very well respected and tend to play traditional roles in the family. Family is the most important value that unifies the Latino community. Family is the single most important influence in a child’s life. Children depend on parents and family members to protect them and provide for their needs. Mother’s Day is a celebration that honors mothers in our society and it is celebrated around the word. Cinco de Mayo celebrates a great Mexican victory over French forces in 1862. It is celebrated in many countries with fiesta, food and fun. 15 Terminology: Familia: Madre/ mama, padre/ papa, padres, hermano, hermana, tío, tía, rimo, prima, primos, sobrino, sobrina, abuelo, abuela, abuelos, madrastra, padrastro, hermanastro, hermanastra, suegro, suegra, cuñado, cuñada, hijastro, hijastra etc. Ropa: Pantalón, pantalones, pantalones cortos, zapatos, zapatos tenis, camisa, camiseta, medias, calcetines, gafas, gafas de sol, gorro, sombrero, falda, bufanda, abrigo, chaqueta, guantes, cinturón, correa, vestido, traje de baño, ropa interior etc. Goals/Objectives Students will be able to Identify family members in Spanish. Learning Activities/Instructional Strategies Singing the Spanish song “Buenos Dias” Evidence of Learning (Formative & Summative) Review of vocabulary learned during class. Review vocabulary by using flashcards. Describe relationships with family members. Use, recognize and respond to clothing vocabulary. Express likes and dislikes. Cut and glue pictures in flashcards Describe typical Hispanics clothes. Family tree using Spanish vocabulary. Video clip on Spanish seasons and clothes. Describe clothing parts by Complete a handout by tracing the words in using colors. Spanish. Describe family members by using adjectives. Discuss Mother’s Day. Create a family tree and label all pictures in Spanish. Singing of the Adiós Song. Have a better understanding of Cinco de Mayo. 16 Group and Individual practice. Informal teachers’ observation and students’ participation. Quiz. Oral presentation on family tree. Diverse Learners (ELL, Special Ed, Gifted & Talented)- Differentiation strategies may include, but are not limited to, learning centers and cooperative learning activities in either heterogeneous or homogeneous groups, depending on the learning objectives and the number of students who need further support and scaffolding, versus those who need more challenge and enrichment. Modifications may also be made as they relate to the special needs of students in accordance with their Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) or 504 plans, or English Language Learners (ELL). These may include, but are not limited to, extended time, copies of class notes, refocusing strategies, preferred seating, study guides, and/or suggestions from special education or ELL teachers. Resources - Useful teacher’s resources for elementary Spanish teachers such as: Discovery Learning, www.nnell.org, www.actfl.org etc., PowerPoint Presentations, Transparencies, Handouts, movies, etc. 17