
HW N-5 due Wednesday.

Theme for this week: The effect of
Nationalism on Europe in the mid to late 19th
century. How did nationalism help certain
areas in Europe to come together as united,
independent countries (like Italy and
Germany), and how did it tear apart some of
the largest empires in Europe (like the
Austrian Empire, Russian Empire and Ottoman
Empire?
A.
B.
Austria → Given
control over
Lombardy and
Venetia
Spain → Given the
kingdom of the two
Sicilies.
Giuseppe Mazzini – Led
nationalist group called
Young Italy (1831)
A.
•
Had a dream to create an
independent, united Italy
•
Attempted to create a Roman
Republic → failed!
•
The “soul” of Italian unification
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
– Largest and strongest Italian
kingdom.
Led by King Victor Emmanuel II
Prime Minister Camillo di
Cavour: Known to be “cunning”
(sly, tricky, very smart). The
“brain” of Italian unification.
Strategy: To conquer Venetia
and Lombardy from Austria
Victor Emmanuel
Cavour

“…Therefore, if we so ardently desire the
emancipation [unification] of Italy—if we declare
that in the face of this great question all the petty
questions that divide us must be silenced—it is
not only that we may see our country glorious
and powerful but that above all we may elevate
her in intelligence and moral development up to
the plane of the most civilized nations…”
Camillo di Cavour (1846)
According to Cavour, what would be one positive
result of Italian unification?
E.
France agrees to help
Piedmont-Sardinia fight
Austria.
F.
Piedmont-Sardinia wins,
takes over Lombardy (1858)!
G.
Other states in the North
now want to join PiedmontSardinia. Why?
Result - A unified northern
Italian kingdom!
H.
A.
B.
C.
Giuseppe Garibaldi – Wants
to free Sicily from Spain.
Led a nationalist army
known as the “Red Shirts.”
Eventually took control of
Southern Italy and headed
North.
Garibaldi is the “sword” of
Italian unification.

“Italians!...It is the duty of every Italian to succor [the Sicilian
rebels] with words, money, and arms, and above all, in person…
The misfortunes of Italy arise from the indifference of one
province to the fate of others. The redemption of Italy began
from the moment that men of the same land ran to help their
distressed brothers…
A band of those who fought with me the country’s battles
marches with me to the fight. Good and generous, they will fight
for their country to the last drop of their blood, nor ask for other
reward than a clear conscience….
To arms! Let me put an end, once and for all, to the miseries of
so many centuries. Prove to the world that it is no lie that
Roman generations inhabited this land.”
Giuseppe Garibaldi 1860
According to Garibaldi, what is the duty of every Italian? How
does his speech demonstrate nationalism.
A.
B.
Cavour arranges a
meeting between
Victor Emmanuel and
Garibaldi in Naples.
Garibaldi steps aside
in favor of Victor
Emmanuel becoming
the new king of a
unified Italy!

Whose contributions were most significant in
making Italian unification a reality:
◦ Mazzini (“the soul”)
◦ Cavour (“the brain”)
◦ Garibaldi (“the sword”)