Garibaldi
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Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and
loyalty that causes people to think of
themselves as a nation.
During the 19th and 20th centuries,
nationalism was a powerful force
throughout Europe.
Nationalism was a force that connected all
Italians.
Geography: The River Po divided north and
south and the Apennines Mountains divide east
and west.
 Illiteracy – as most of the population could not
read and write, nationalistic propaganda was
difficult to spread.
 The Pope - felt a united Italy would reduce his
rights in the Papal States.
 European powers such as France and Britain
did not want a unified and strong Italy
controlling the Mediterranean.
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Europe in the 19th Century:
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Geography
• Italy is isolated
• The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans.
• Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its
own ways, customs.
History
• Italians are very proud of their heritage,
including the Italian Renaissance.
• Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a
desire not to be conquered again  Italian unity.
Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour
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He was a member of the
Carbonari.
The Carbonari were a
secret group which used
violence to obtain what
it wanted.
He formed Young Italy,
made up of young
people whose job it was
to arouse enthusiasm for
a united nation.
Tried revolution but it
failed.
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Count Camillo di Cavour
was the “architect”
(planner) of PiedmontSardinia’s revolt against
Austria.
This revolt encouraged
other Italian states to
revolt.
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Garibaldi first invaded
Sicily, then urged them to
join Piedmont-Sardinia
under the leadership of
Victor Emmanuel.
Garibaldi handed over all
conquered lands to Victor
Emmanuel.
 1852,
Cavour became Prime Minister
 Worked toward rebuilding a thriving economy
so that Italy could unify (as a monarchy)
 Cavour aligned Sardinia with France
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Sardinia supported France in war with Russia &
gave them the provinces of Savoy & Nice
In turn, France supported Sardinia in its war
against Austria - (successful liberation)
 How
did Cavour help Sardinia break free
from the Austrian Empire?
Talk with Partner
30 seconds
Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian
unification, Mazzini “heart”
 Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of
Italy
 Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833
 Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee
Italy twice
 Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while
living in South America
 Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free
Italy from Austrian domination
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1854, Garibaldi returned for
good
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Cavour asked to lead part of
Sardinian army in war against
Austria
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After bitter fighting, Austrians
agreed to give up Lombardy,
retaining Venetia
•
Followers known as Red Shirts because of
colorful uniforms
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By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi,
Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily
•
September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops
conquered Naples
•
Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian
peninsula
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Garibaldi wanted a republic, but ultimately offered
the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king
Victor Emmanuel
 What
actions led Garibaldi to be called the
“sword” of Italian unification?
Talk with Partner
30 seconds
•
1861, territories held elections, all agreed to
unification
•
Holdouts were Venetia, still belonging to Austria;
Papal States, under French troops supporting
pope
•
1866, Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to
Italy
•
1870, Prussia forced French to withdraw from
Rome
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Italian troops entered Rome, completed
unification under King Victor Emmanuel