Biology
Midterm Review
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
What characteristics do all living things share?
1. Made up of cells
2. Based on universal genetic code
3. Obtain and use materials and energy
4. Grow and develop
5. Reproduce
6. Respond to environment
7. Maintain stable internal environment
(homeostasis)
8. Evolve-change over time
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
2. Birds flying south is an example of which
characteristic? Respond to environment
3. A food web is an example of which
characteristic? Living things need material
and energy
4. Define homeostasis. Organisms keep
everything inside their bodies within certain
limits
5. What is the smallest object a biologist can
study? The cell
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
6. Cells come in many shapes and sizes. What
does this specialization allow for? Allows
cells to perform different functions.
7. Would a scientist who studies one branch of
biology, like evolution, need to know about
any other branches of biology? Yes: the
branches of biology are interrelated.
8. Define scientific hypothesis. Explanation
based on observations that can be tested by
experiment or further observations
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
9. How many variables are tested during a
controlled experiment? A single variable
10.Define theory. Unified set of hypothesis that
may be revised or replaced
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
1. Name the three parts of an atom. Proton,
neutron, and electrons
2. Atomic number = number of protons
3. Atomic mass = protons + neutrons
4. When chemicals react with each other, atoms
are not created or destroyed, they are
rearranged.
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
5 a. Carbohydrates- glucose (single sugar)
b. Protein- amino acid
c. DNA- nucleotide
6. What two molecules are lipids made of?
Fatty acids and glycerol
7. What is the function of DNA? Store and
transmit genetic information.
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
8. What is the function of proteins
Help fight disease
Control rate of reaction
Move substances into/out of cell
9. Draw a graph for a reaction that absorbs
energy
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
10.What is a catalyst? Speeds up chemical
reaction by lowering the activation energy
needed
11.Are all catalysts enzymes? No enzymes are
biological catalysts
12. Is a catalyst “used up” during a chemical
reaction? No –they can be used again and
again
13.What is an enzyme? A biological catalyst and
they are proteins.
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
14.Enzymes work best at a specific temperature
and pH.
15.How do enzymes speed up a chemical
reaction? By lowering activation energy
16.What determines an enzymes function? Its
shape. All enzymes have a unique shape.
17.What is meant by the “lock and key” model?
Shape of enzyme and substrate “fit” each
other
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
1. List the levels of organization in a
multicellular organism from simplest to most
complex. Cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
2. What invention made the discovery of cells
possible? Microscope
3. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while
eukaryotic cells enclose their DNA in a
nucleus
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
4. What is the relationship between the nucleus
and the cytoplasm? The nucleus is an
organelle surrounded by the cytoplasm.
5. What is the function of the cell membrane?
Serves as cells boundary from its
environment
6. What is the function of the Golgi body?
Modifies, sort and packages proteins and
other materials for storage or release from
cell.
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
7. What is the function of the endoplasmic
reticulum? Protein synthesis
8. What is the function of the mitochondria?
Power house—produce ATP
9. What organelle is found in plants but not
animals? Chloroplast
10.Which two organelles are involved in energy
conversion? Chloroplast and mitochondria
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
11. Describe what happens during diffusion as
equilibrium is reached? Molecules continue
to move across the membrane in both
directions at equal rates.
12.What is osmosis? Diffusion of water
a. Why does an animal cell burst if placed in
fresh water? Water moves into cell due to
osmosis.
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
1. Draw and label an ATP molecule.
2. What is the difference between ATP and ADP?
ATP has 3 phosphates, while ADP has 2
phosphates
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
3. Define autotroph. Organism that makes its
own food
4. Define heterotroph. Organism that must
obtain energy from external sources
5. Write the overall equation for
photosynthesis.
Light
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6. What gas is given off? Oxygen
7. The energy needed to power photosynthesis
comes from the sun.
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
8. Is oxygen required for a candle to burn? Yes
9. What would happen to sugar production if
carbon dioxide is completely removed from a
plants environment? No sugar would be
produced.
10.Draw a graph that represents
the effect of temperature on
the rate of photosynthesis.
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
1. Write the overall equation for cellular
respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
2. Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
3. Cellular respiration releases the energy in
food molecules.
4. Cellular respiration is called aerobic because
it requires oxygen.
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
5. How do animals get the energy they need?
By breaking down food molecules gradually
and capturing their chemical energy
6. In what way are photosynthesis and cellular
respiration opposite? Photosynthesis
removes CO2 from the atmosphere, and
cellular respiration puts it back.
7. Glycolysis starts with what molecule?
Glucose
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
8. If oxygen is available, glycolysis is followed by
the Krebs cycle.
9. How many molecules of ATP are produced for
each glucose molecule? 36
10.Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
In muscle cells
Chapter 10 Cell Growth, Division and
Reproduction
1. Cells need to be small so they can move
needed materials in and waste products out
2. DNA is replicated during S phase of the cell
cycle.
3. Draw and label a typical chromosome.
Chapter 10 Cell Growth, Division and
Reproduction
4. What is the difference between cell division
and mitosis? Cell division is the process by
which a cell divides into two daughter cells.
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus.
5. List the phases of mitosis in order.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
6. During which phase of mitosis do the
chromosomes line up in the middle?
Metaphase
Chapter 10 Cell Growth, Division and
Reproduction
7. When are the chromosomes visible? During
cell division
8. Cancer is a disorder in which cells have lost
the ability to control their growth rate.
9. What are stem cells? Cells that have the
potential to develop into other cell types.
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
1. Mendel’s principles apply to all organisms.
2. Define alleles. Different forms of a gene
3. A heterozygous tall plant is crossed with a
short plant. What is the probability that an
F1 plant will be tall? 50%
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
4. Define homozygous. Having two identical
alleles for a particular trait
5. Define heterozygous. Having two different
alleles for a particular trait
6. Tt x TT What are the phenotypes of the
offspring? 100% Tall
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
7. If a plant is tt, what is true of its parents?
Both parents contributed a recessive allele
8. If an organism’s diploid number is 10, what is
its haploid number? 5
9. Gametes are produced by the process of
meiosis.
10.Mitosis produces diploid (2n) cells while
meiosis produces haploid (n).
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
11.Define crossing-over. Homologous
chromosomes pair up and exchange DNA
segments during meiosis I
12.How is meiosis I different from mitosis?
Meiosis I produces 2 haploid daughter cells,
but mitosis produces 2 diploid daughter
cells.