Artificial Intelligensia and the Search for
Meaning
Khurshid Ahmad,
Chair of Computer Science
Trinity College, Dublin, IRELAND
14th June 2013
Knowledge and Meaning
The key challenge in artificial intelligence, and indeed across
computing, is to be able to understand the subjective use of
language and other semiotic systems in areas of business,
governance, heritage, science and technology.
Subjective use of language has been studied under various
umbrellas: knowledge acquisition in decision support, sentiment
analysis in finance, digital heritage, requirements analysis.
In computing a rational approach to problem solving,
exemplified in formal methods, for example, has had to
encounter the same problem as in other areas like compliance in
governance, behaviour of financial markets, uncertainty in
medical decision making and others.
Knowledge and Meaning
My search for meaning is a random walk through various areas
of human enterprise:
1. decision making in life critical services (water);
2. assessment of affective contents of texts;
3. indexing of large collections of images (art collections,
biological cells, forensics).
This I have achieved through being involved in building systems
for:
a. information extraction systems (terms, ontology)
b. image classification systems based on neural nets
forecasting systems based on fuzzy aggregation
Knowledge and Meaning
My search for meaning is a random walk through various areas
of human enterprise with the help of a large number of
colleagues including Carl Vogel, Arthur Hughes, Tim Fernando
and Rozenn Dahyot of SCSS; Dermot Kelleher (now at Imperial
College) and Tony Davies of the Trinity Medical School; Colm
Kearney (now at Monash Uni) and Brian Lucey of the Business
School, and Andrea Zemankova (Slovak Academy of Sciences).
My colleagues, Daniel Isemann, Dara Javaherian, Stephen
Kelly, Xiubo Zhang and Aaron Gerow, have been helpful with
their intellectual skills and programming knowledge.
Knowledge and Meaning
Language is prolific: in a space of 500 years we have moved from
hot metal presses to a world of instant communication as in digital
librarires, blogs, twitter..
The subjective use of language, incorporating hedging and qualifiers,
metaphors and similes, creativity and oxymorons, selective use of
information, censoring and advocacy, helps and hinders.
Language expands to incorporate new realities, alternative
behaviours, new explanations, exorcising myths and fears, …
Language is highly parsimonious and ambiguous, when compared to
other semes
Knowledge and Meaning
Knowledge about and of persons, places, things, and events is
disseminated in language on a consensual basis.
This consensus is reflected in the preferential usage of words in a
language, preferential usage of visual signs in
images/pictures/scenes.
The consensus is recorded in the archives of a specialist domain
The archive has to be randomly sampled to find statistically
significant usage of key symbols.
These symbols are then used to generate higher level knowledge
atoms: interpretation of texts, images/scenes, time series.
Knowledge and Meaning: The
number seme
Human beings have developed complex systems of
communications and it is the interaction between these systems
that appears to help in the creation, storage, usage and deletion
of knowledge.
Number systems have been involving over many millennia: The
Nilitic measurments of land and water, The Hindu numerals
(with a ZERO), rational numbers, fractional numbers, imaginary
and transcendental numbers. Then we had ‘ordered’ collections
of numbers – time series invented in Japanese rice markets
(candlesticks) in the 14th century, and now econometrics.
The description of numbers in words and pictures is key to an
understanding of our world;
Knowledge and Meaning: The
number seme
The description of numbers in words and pictures is key to an
understanding of our world. APPLE Inc., share trading on NYSE
together with the volatility in prices. Japanese candlestick patterns
show when the opening price was less than closing price (RED) and vice
versa (GREEN). TEN minute trading sequences shown for June 2013;
Knowledge and Meaning:
Visual Semes
SMASH! Your head twists around
at speed, your eyes catch splinters of
porcelain skidding across the floor,
and you see a furry black tail
disappearing under the cupboard.
Your cat just spent one of its lives, and
cost you your favourite vase. For the
rapid orienting behaviour that allowed
you to catch a glimpse of the culprit
red-pawed, you can thank your
superior colliculi.
N.Holmes, C.Spence (2005)Multisensory Integration: Space, Time and Superadditivity
Current Biology, Volume 15, Issue 18, Pages R762-R764
Interaction in visual
processing
Natural Scene Categories Revealed in
Distributed Patterns of
Activity in the Human Brain –within and
across the visual system
Human subjects are extremely
efficient at categorizing natural
scenes, despite the fact that
different classes of natural
scenes often share
similar image statistics. (Walther
et al 2009:10573)
Dirk B. Walther, Eamon Caddigan, and Li Fei-Fei, and Diane M. Beck (2009) Natural Scene Categories Revealed in Distributed Patterns of
Activity in the Human Brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, August 26, 2009 • Vol. 29(34) pp 10573–10581
Interaction in visual
processing
Natural Scene Categories Revealed in Distributed Patterns of
Activity in the Human Brain
Dirk B. Walther, Eamon Caddigan, and Li Fei-Fei, and Diane M. Beck (2009) Natural Scene Categories Revealed in Distributed Patterns of
Activity in the Human Brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, August 26, 2009 • Vol. 29(34) pp 10573–10581
Knowledge and Meaning
What do we do with the
various semes (linguistic,
visual, tactile)?
How do the semes relate
to the mind and/or brain
What is the nature of meaning?
How are a sequence of
semes (words, shapes/
colours/textures) organised
into meaningful whole
(sentences, pictures)?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language
What are the
meanings of the parts
of sentences, pictures,
sculptures?
Knowledge and Meaning:
A multi-sensory world
Our brain, and perhaps that
of a collective of people,
generates its own projections
of a given ‘reality’:
accentuating, (censuring,
ignoring) what we (do not)
want to see/hear/know
Emergence of knowledge and
modes of communication
Multisensory Processing
Knowledge and Meaning
Agencement
Problems in finance and business are amongst the
hardest problems to be solved on computer
systems:
Economic actors can be viewed as nodes in a sociotechnical network or agencements – a network
comprising human beings, computer systems,
including algorithms, heuristics, communication
devices.
Hardie, Iain and Mackenzie, Donald. (2007) Assembling an Economic Actor:
The Agencement of a Hedge Fund,” Sociological Review Vol 55 (No. 1), pp 5780.
Words, Works and Worlds:
Hermeneutics and LSP
Interpertament
Texts are responses to
previous texts and the
texts are then responded
to in turn and the cycle
continues
Teubert, Wolfgang (2003).
Writing, hermenutics and corpus
linguistics. Logos and Language Vol.IV (no. 2) pp 1-17.
Knowledge and Meaning
Continual regulatory change of financial institutions is the
order of the day and will be so for some time to come.
Post 2008 regulatory change has resulted in a deluge of
legislation, procedures, compliance schemes, from a host of
organisations.
All change is accompanied by a change in ontology – what
there is – and language is a key device to rub out the old and
bring in the new.
We have been building tools for dealing with ontological
change in a range of disciplines, from anthropology to
environmental engineering, and from bacteriology and
immunology to nuclear physics and nano technology. And,
now finance
Knowledge and Meaning:
Terminology, slang and jargon, special language, a ‘slither’
of general language
Language for General
Purposes
Language for Special
Purposes
Terminology
Knowledge and Meaning:
Terminology, slang and jargon, special language, a ‘slither’
of general language
Language for General Purposes
(Exploratory work carried out by computer
scientists)
Language for Special Purposes
(Experimental Ontologies,
exploring logic and formal
reasoning in science)
Terminology
(Medical
Ontologies)
Knowledge and Meaning
Knowledge and Meaning
Rocksteady: A scaling affect analysis system that can be used, in
conjunction with quantitative information, like equity/commodity
prices, polling results, can be used to analyse and forecast changes
in the prices/polls.
The systems acquires text through RSS feeds, collates a corpus and
time stamps documents, and then carries out text analysis.
It uses an ontologically organised dictionary that comprises affect
on the one hand and domain specific terms on the other.
The results can be aggregated at different time scales.
Knowledge and Meaning
Knowledge and Meaning
Project Slándáil aims to
build and test a prototype
system managing disaster
emergencies by fusing
information available in
different modalities in
social media with due
regard to ethical and
factual data provenance.
The prototype will cover
three major EU languages:
English comprehensively,
and German and Italian to
a limited extent..
Knowledge and Meaning
The Ùraigh Project strategy is to design a software system which can
store and process big data (c. 10 TB per week) coming out of a noisy
data stream. Work involves cell biologists, grid computing, statistics.
Knowledge and Meaning
Knowledge and Meaning
Knowledge and Meaning
Knowledge and Meaning
dark
liquidity
pools
Secretive actions conducted by large
brokerages to make transactions
outside of the markets so that the
trades will not adversely affect the
price of large sections of stock.
Institutional investors commonly use
dark liquidity pools as a method of
concealing their investors or
investments. Because the prices of
these transactions are concealed,
investors are typically able to receive
a lower price.
The emergence of knowledge
action
The price movement and volume of a stock or overall market.
brokerage
Used interchangeably with broker when referring to a firm
rather than an individual. also called brokerage house or
brokerage firm.
transactions
(a) An agreement between a buyer and a seller to exchange an
asset for payment.
(b) In accounting, any event or condition recorded in the
book of accounts.
market
A public place where buyers and sellers make transactions,
directly or via intermediaries. Also sometimes means the
stock market.
trades
(a) A transaction of a security or commodity.
(b) The exchange of products and/or services without the use
of money. also called barter.
price
Cost, usually expressed in monetary terms.
The emergence of knowledge
Pre 19th
Century
MATTER
Gas Liquid  Solids
PostModern
Era
MATTER
Molecule  Atom
Atom  Electron+Nucleus
Nucleus Protons+Neutrons
+Mesons (Japanese
Electrons) +500 ‘Elementary
Particles’
1960’s
MATTER
Elementary Particles 
Leptons +Quarks
1970’s
Leptons (e.g. electrons)
1980’s
Quarks
Accessible through senses
Accessible indirectly through
sense: light spectrometers,
electron microscopes, ‘mass’
spectrometers, particle
accelerators (atom smashing
machines)
Accessible indirectly
PERMANENTLY CONFINED:
My particle is in a jail forever!!
The emergence of knowledge:
Fact and Fiction
Murray Gell-Mann found that the eightfold way could
really best be explained by a particle, undiscovered as
yet, that had three parts (hadrons), each holding a
fraction of a charge. He called them "quarks" with a
nod to James Joyce, whose novel Finnegan's Wake
contains the passage: "Three quarks for Muster
Mark!"
Fractional charge seemed an outrageous suggestion
at first, but proof came for his theoretical quarks in
1974.
Knowledge and Meaning:
Fact and Fiction
"Three quarks for Muster Mark!"
Fractional charge seemed an outrageous suggestion at first,
but proof came for his theoretical quarks in 1974.
The European Council for Nuclear Research is currently
spending 3,320 Million Swiss Francs ( 1.32 CH FR= 1 US $)
for building the Large Hadron Collider to look for the
elusive, the permanently confined quarks.
The European Investment Bank is investing Euro 300 Million
in the ‘enterprise’
We spoke and wrote slowly- c.
1930
We spoke and wrote slowly- c.
2008?
July 2008: The positive emotion accompanying sub-prime mortgage
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Subprime_Mortgage_Offer.jpeg/300px-Subprime_Mortgage_Offer.jpeg
We spoke and wrote slowly- c.
2011?
We spoke and wrote slowly- c.
2011?
http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/42280/?p=terms&conceptid=10025650
We spoke and wrote slowly- c.
2011?
http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/42280/?p=terms&conceptid=10025650
Knowledge and Meaning:
Roots of Rationalism
What can be said at all can be said clearly; and whereof one
cannot speak thereof one must be silent.
Ideal Language
1.1
One name for every simple
1.1.1 A name is simple symbol in the sense
that it has no parts which are symbols
themselves
1.1.2 Nothing which is not simple will have a
simple symbol
1.2
Never the same name for two simples
1.3
The symbol for the whole will be “complex”
containing the symbol for the parts
1.4
What is complex in the world is a fact.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1922/1971). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. London: Routledge & Kegan
Paul Ltd.
Our ever changing world
– Do theories change and, if so, why?
The history of any discipline shows major changes in the
discipline over a period of time. The underpinning theories in
a discipline appear to change as well. In physics, we have
moved from an indivisible atom (c. 1900) to a divisible atom
(c. 1920) comprising elementary particles (protons and
neutrons, c. 1935 ). The elementary particles, it turns out, are
in themselves comprise quarks (c. 1970’s) ……
There are two major theories of this change: First, new
theories appear through a process of iterative refinement – a
gradual process. Second, theories appear when suddenly
anomalies in existing theories are discovered and are
discarded.
Our ever changing world
– Do theories change and, if so, why? Iterative Refinement
Karl Popper tried to build a purely deductive approach
to science [and econometrics]. For Popper ‘all scientific
discussions start with a problem (P1), to which we offer
some sort of tentative solution – a tentative theory (TT);
this theory is then criticized, in an attempt at error
elimination (EE); and as in the case of dialectic, this
process renews itself: the theory and its critical revision
to new problems (P2)’ (Redman 1994:69).
P1  TT  EE  P2
It is possible, suggested Karl Popper, that science could
start anywhere.
Popper has influenced the development of econometrics.
Austrian born
philosopher and
logician; held chair
at LSE. Born 1902,
died 1994.
Redman, Deborah, A. (1994). Karl Popper’s Theory of Science and Econometrics:
The Rise and Decline of Social Engineering. Journal of Economic Issues. Vol 28
Our ever changing world
– Do theories change and, if so, why? Paradigm Shifts
A research paradigm (Kuhn 1970)
was defined originally
Paradigm
Shifts: by Kuhn to
'suggest
that some
accepted
What
is paradigm
shift anyway?
example of actual scientific practice
- examples which include law,
theory, application and
instrumentation together - provide
models from which spring
particular coherent traditions of
scientific research' (1970: 10).
American
philosopher and
sociologist of science;
held chairs at
Princeton and MIT.
Born 1922, died 1996
KUHN, T. S.(1970).The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Chicago Univ.
Press.
Our ever changing world
– Do theories change and, if so, why?
Theories are refined incrementally and in
some instances there is a paradigm shift of
revolutionary proportions.
Our ever changing world
– Do theories change and, if so, why?
Theories are refined incrementally and in some
instances there is a paradigm shift of revolutionary
proportions.
Our ever changing world
– Do theories change and, if so, why?
Knowledge and Meaning:
Language and other disciplines
Bertrand Russell’s Introduction to Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1922/1971). Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Knowledge and Meaning:
Language and other disciplines
Ahmad, Khurshid. (2013). MEANING AND ONTLOGICAL COMMITMENT: A SURVEY OF THE USE OF
THE TERM ‘SEMANTIC PRIMITIVE’ (In preparation).
Knowledge and Meaning:
Language and other disciplines
Ahmad, Khurshid. (2013). MEANING AND ONTLOGICAL COMMITMENT: A SURVEY OF THE USE OF
THE TERM ‘SEMANTIC PRIMITIVE’ (In preparation).
Knowledge and Meaning:
Limits of Rationality
Bechtel, William. (1988). Philosophy of Mind - An Overview for Cognitive Science.
(NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Hillsdale
Knowledge and Meaning:
Language and other disciplines
Bechtel, William. (1988). Philosophy of Mind - An Overview for Cognitive Science.
(NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Hillsdale
Language and Meaning
What you see/hear/touch is what you get? Perception
of sound/orthography & cognition of language!
• Language can be viewed as 'a communicative process
based on knowledge. Generally when humans use
language, the producer and comprehender are
processing information, making use of their knowledge
of the language and of the topics of conversation.
Language is a process of communication between
intelligent active processors, in which both the producer
and the comprehender(s) perform complex cognitive
tasks.
Winograd, Terry. (1983). Language as a Cognitive Process. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Inc.,
Language and Meaning
What you see/hear/touch is what you get? Perception of
sound/orthography & cognition of language!
Producer
Comprehender
Current Goals
Understood Meaning
Cognitive
Processing
Knowledge Base
Knowledge of the
language
Medium
Speech
or
Writing
Cognitive
Processing
Knowledge Base
Knowledge of the
language
Knowledge of the
situation
Knowledge of the
situation
Knowledge of the
world
Knowledge of the
world
Winograd, Terry. (1983). Language as a Cognitive Process. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Inc.,
Language and Meaning
What you see/hear/touch is what you get? Perception of
sound/orthography & cognition of language!
Stored
Knowledge
Phonlogical Rules
Processes
Phonological
Assigned
Structures
Sounds
Morphological Rules
Morphologi cal
Phonemes
Lexical
Morphemes
Dictionary (items)
Grammar Rules
Dictionary Definitions
Semantic Rules
Deductive Rules
Syntactic (Parsing)
Semantic
Reasoning
Words
Syntactic S tructures
Representation Structures
Inferential Rules
Winograd, Terry. (1983). Language as a Cognitive Process. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Inc.,
Information Asymmetry in Human
Transactions: Financial Trading
Information invariably comprises an element of
surprise.
Information flows when there is an asymmetry – the
writer knows more than the reader/listener.
The providers of information can present information
that blends facts and opinion.
It is important to understand the attitude of the writer
and how the attitude is expressed.
Information Asymmetry:
Noise Traders and Informed
Traders
Assume that there are two kinds of traders only in a market: informed traders and
noise traders. The noise trader fails to ascertain the true value of an asset and relies
on guesswork, heuristics, imitation of the informed trader, or prayer. The noise trader
misprices and the informed trader should see this as an opportunity to create a margin
through arbitrage. This arbitrage is not always possible and worse still the informed
tries to follow the noise trader.
Noise
Traders
Informed
Pessimistic Optimistic
Pessimistic
Herding
Short-sell
Optimistic
Buy
Herding
Behaviour and Financial
Markets
Experimental economists have reported mixed results on
rationality: people are often better (e.g. in two-person
anonymous interactions), in agreement with (e.g. in flow
supply and demand markets), or worse (e.g. in asset trading),
in achieving gains for themselves and others than is
predicted by rational analysis.
Patterns in these contradictions and confirmations provide
important clues to the implicit rules or norms that people
may follow, and can motivate new theoretical hypotheses for
examination in both the field and the laboratory.
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/smith-lecture.pdf
Affect, Emotion and Mood
Differentiation of Meaning and Affect Dimensions and
Scales
AFFECT CATEGORY
Putting a qualitative value on
entities
Showing how the depth or
shallowness of affect
Indicating the persistence of
affect
Implying a moral judgement
SCALE/VALUES
Positive/Negative
Strong/Weak
Active/Passive
Virtue/Vice
Sentiment Analysis
Sentiment analysis: a systematic,
computer-based analysis of written
text and speech excerpts, for
determining the attitude of the
author or speaker respectively in
relation to a specific topic.
Khurshid Ahmad (2011) (Ed.) Affective Computing and Sentiment Analysis: Metaphor, Ontology, Affect and
Terminology. Heidelberg: Springer.
Sentiment Analysis
Sentiment analysis systems were used first by
political scientists to understand the orientation
of political parties – through an analysis of party
manifestos
Scholars in economics and finance have used
opinion columns in financial newspapers to
estimate the impact of opinions and opinion
makers on prices and traded volumes of equities
Khurshid Ahmad (2011) (Ed.) Affective Computing and Sentiment Analysis: Metaphor, Ontology,
Affect and Terminology. Heidelberg: Springer.
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
• Oil is an important commodity and oil fields
and refineries are not where the consumers
are.
• Changes in oil price is critical to everybody
The oil
markets are
chaotic places
Oil traders
receive news
and rumours
from a variety
of sources.
2240 news items on oil  2.2 Million words
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
134 affect categories
including sentiment,
orientation, activity;
Selectable inputs (news
sources, social media)
Automatic report
generation
Real-time results
Self-learning lexicon
Drill-down capability at
every level
RockSteady  An affective
computing system developed and
tested at Trinity College, Dublin
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
• Oil is an important commodity and oil fields
and refineries are not where the consumers
are.
• Changes in oil price is critical to everybody
The oil
markets are
chaotic places
Oil traders
receive news
and rumours
from a variety
of sources.
March 2011 – Arab spring and Euro market crises
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
• Oil is an important commodity and oil fields
and refineries are not where the consumers
are.
• Changes in oil price is critical to everybody
The oil
markets are
chaotic places
Oil traders
receive news
and rumours
from a variety
of sources.
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
• Oil is an important commodity and oil fields and refineries are not
where the consumers are.
• Changes in oil price is critical to everybody
The oil
markets are
chaotic places
Oil traders
receive news
and rumours
from a variety
of sources.
Oil companies
are powerful
and important
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
• Oil is an important commodity and oil fields and
refineries are not where the consumers are.
• Changes in oil price is critical to everybody
The oil
markets are
chaotic places
Oil traders
receive news
and rumours
from a variety
of sources.
Oil companies
are powerful
and important
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
• Oil is an important commodity and oil fields
and refineries are not where the consumers
are.
• Changes in oil price is critical to everybody
The oil
markets are
chaotic places
Oil traders
receive news
and rumours
from a variety
of sources.
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
• Oil is an important commodity and oil fields
and refineries are not where the consumers
are.
• Changes in oil price is critical to everybody
The oil
markets are
chaotic places
Oil traders
receive news
and rumours
from a variety
of sources.
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
• Oil is an important commodity and oil fields
and refineries are not where the consumers
are.
• Changes in oil price is critical to everybody
The oil
markets are
chaotic places
Oil traders
receive news
and rumours
from a variety
of sources.
Behaviour and Commodity
Markets
• Oil is an important commodity and oil fields and refineries are not where the
consumers are.
• Changes in oil price is critical to everybody
The oil
markets
are
chaotic
places
Oil
traders
receive
news and
rumours
from a
variety of
sources.
Behaviour and Politics
•We
looked at
11
national
and 30
regional
news
papers
and TV
stations
•Irish Election Results: The repetition of names of persons, places,
ideas and events, is used sometimes for emphasizing the importance
of what a name represents. Similarly, the repetition of sentimentbearing words and phrases is used by writers and speakers to
articulate their feelings and attitudes. During an election campaign,
this repetition may have a bearing on the electability of politicians
and on the reputation of political parties. Using Rocksteady, we
analyzed a sample of the news published by Irish media between
27th Dec. 2010 and 21st Feb. 2011. We had analysed 3,024 news
items, comprising 1.86 million words, published within Ireland.
Behaviour and Politics
•We
looked at
11
national
and 30
regional
news
papers
and TV
stations
•Irish Election Results: The repetition of names of persons, places, ideas and events, is
used sometimes for emphasizing the importance of what a name represents. Similarly,
the repetition of sentiment-bearing words and phrases is used by writers and speakers
to articulate their feelings and attitudes. During an election campaign, this repetition
may have a bearing on the electability of politicians and on the reputation of political
parties. Using Rocksteady, we analyzed a sample of the news published by Irish media
between 27th Dec. 2010 and 21st Feb. 2011. We had analysed 3,024 news items,
comprising 1.86 million words, published within Ireland.
Behaviour and Politics
User-configurable dictionaries
Corpus linguistic methods for the automatic
extraction of a candidate terminology of a specialist
domain of knowledge.
Collocation analysis of the candidate terms leads to
some insight into the ontological commitment of the
domain community or collective. Examine use of
metaphors
The candidate terminology and ontology can be
easily verified and validated and subsequently may
be used in the construction of information
extraction systems and of knowledge-based
systems
User-configurable dictionaries
Otherwise
‘crude oil’
will be
NEGATIVE
kind of oil;
And a
HEDGE
FUND will be
something to
do with
sustaining
countryside
Patent being applied for the CiCui System
Regulatory Change & The Text Deluge
Patent being applied for the CiC
Regulatory Change & The Text Deluge
Content providers are building systems for
dealing with the deluge of laws, regulations, and
guidelines:
Thomson-Reuters Accelus Compliance Manager
and Wolter Kulwer’s Compliance Resource
Network are systems that provide access to the
shifting mass of regulation, often with multijurisdictional requirements.
FINRA’s guidance to the finance industry on the
use of website and social networking websites
(2010), for promotion of goods and services,
refers to 18 or so rules and regulations issued by
a number of different organisations (including
NASD, SEA, NYSE, and FINRA); any changes to
these rules will have to be incorporated in
compliance procedures related to the websites.
Patent being applied for the CiC
Identification of key
events and people in text;
disambiguation, risk
modelling.
Text categorisation
Lexical Analysis
Statistical Analysis * Disambiguation
Validation via
April O’Neal
and Experts
Semantic
Analysis
Collocation *
Colligation
Ontology Population
Terminology Alignment * Hierarchies
* Part-Whole Relations
Candidate Taxonomy/
Candidate Ontology
Ontology Encoding
Terminology and Ontology
Extraction System (CiCui)
being tested with input
from a major news
vendors on a continuous
loop;
Keyword Lists
Ontology Data Bases –
Patent being applied for the CiCui S
Lexical Analysis
Statistical Analysis * Disambiguation
Validation via April
O’Neal and Experts
Semantic Analysis
Collocation * Colligation
Ontology Population
Terminology Alignment * Hierarchies * Part-Whole Relations
Candidate Taxonomy/ Candidate Ontology
Ontology Encoding
Keyword Lists
Ontology Data Bases – Candidates for deep
ontology  CiCui System
Knowledge and Meaning