Based on Draft Book
“Foundations for Information Systems:
Digital Libraries and the 5S Framework” by Edward A. Fox and
Marcos André Gonçalves
• See content of Preface in the next slides.
• See table of contents / outline, and then corresponding content, following.

Everything can change!

• Magazine : www.dlib.org
• Books : http://fox.cs.vt.edu/DLSB.html (1994)
– MIT Press: Arms, plus by Borgman, Licklider (1965)
– Morgan Kaufmann: Witten... (several), Lesk (2 nd edition)
• Conferences
– ECDL: www.ecdl2005.org
– ICADL: http://icadl2004.sjtu.edu.cn
– JCDL: www.jcdl2005.org
• Associations
– ASIS&T ACM DL SIG
– IEEE TCDL: www.ieee-tcdl.org (student awards, doctoral consortia)
• NSF : www.dli2.nsf.gov
• Labs : VT: www.dlib.vt.edu, http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/

• Preservation - so people with trust DLs
• Supporting infrastructure - networks, ...
• Scalability, sustainability, interoperability
• DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries, archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...
– Need tools & methods to make them easier to build

• Digital / electronic / virtual library
• Born digital, hybrid (digital/physical)
• Universal access (all people/places/times)
– Accommodate disabilities (color, visual, auditory)
– Mobile (office, home, laptop, PDA, mobile)
• Archiving, self-archiving
• Open (source, standards, archives)

• Various frameworks
– What, Why, How
– History, Current status, Future (research)
– Economics: open source, sustainability
– Social: users/patrons, management
– Technical: HCI, HT, IR, LIS, Web

CC2001 Information Management Areas
IM1. Information models and systems*
IM2. Database systems*
IM8. Distributed DBs
IM9. Physical DB design
IM3. Data modeling* IM10. Data mining
IM4. Relational DBs
IM5. Database query languages
IM6. Relational DB design
IM11. Information storage and retrieval
IM12. Hypertext and hypermedia
IM13. Multimedia information
& systems
IM7. Transaction processing IM14. Digital libraries
* Core components

Semester 1:
DL collections: development/creation
Semester 2:
DL services and sustainability
Digitization
Storage
Interchange
Digital objects
Composites
Packages
Metadata
Cataloging
Author submission
Spaces
(conceptual, geographic,
2/3D, VR)
Architectures
(agents, buses, wrappers/mediators)
Interoperability
Naming
Repositories
Archives
Architectures
(agents, buses, wrappers/mediators)
Interoperability
Services
(searching, linking, browsing, etc.)
Archiving and preservation
Integrity
Intellectual property rights mgmt.
Privacy
Protection (watermarking)
Documents
E-publishing
Markup
Multimedia streams/structures
Capture/representation
Compression/coding
Thesauri
Ontologies
Classification
Categorization
Bibliographic information
Bibliometrics
Citations
Content-based analysis
Multimedia indexing
Multimedia presentation, rendering
Info. Needs
Relevance
Evaluation
Effectiveness
Routing
Filtering
Community filtering
Search & search strategy
Info seeking behavior
User modeling
Feedback
Info summarization
Visualization

• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)

• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)
– Ch. 2: Streams
– Ch. 3: Structures
– Ch. 4: Spaces
– Ch. 5: Scenarios
– Ch. 6: Societies

– Ch. 7: Collections
– Ch. 8: Catalogs
– Ch. 9: Repositories and Archives
– Ch. 10: Services
– Ch. 11: Systems
– Ch. 12: Case Studies

– Ch. 13: Quality
– Ch. 14: Research Challenges
– A: Mathematical preliminaries
– B: Formal Definitions: Ss, DL terms
– C: Glossary of terms, mappings

• Pavel Calado, Yuxin Chen, Fernando Das
Neves, Shahrooz Feizabadi, Robert
France, Marcos Gon çalves, Nithiwat
Kampanya, S.H. Kim, Aaron Krowne, Bing
Liu, Ming Luo, Paul Mather, Fernando
Das Neves, Unni. Ravindranathan, Ryan
Richardson, Rao Shen, Ohm Sornil,
Hussein Suleman, Ricardo Torres, Wensi
Xi, Baoping Zhang, Qinwei Zhu, …

• Lillian Cassel, Debra Dudley, Roger
Ehrich, Joanne Eustis, Weiguo Fan,
James Flanagan, C. Lee Giles, Eberhard
Hilf, John Impagliazzo, Filip Jagodzinski,
Rohit Kelapure, Neill Kipp, Douglas
Knight, Deborah Knox, Aaron Krowne,
Alberto Laender, Gail McMillan, Claudia
Medeiros, Manuel Perez, Naren
Ramakrishnan, Layne Watson, …

• Brazil : FUA, UFMG, UNICAMP
• Case Western Reserve University
• Emory, Notre Dame, Oregon State
• Germany : Univ. Oldenburg
• Mexico : UDLA (Puebla), Monterrey
• College of NJ, Hofstra, Penn State, Villanova
• University of Arizona
• University of Florida, Univ. of Illinois
• University of Virginia
• VTLS (slides on digital repositories, NDLTD)

• Course: UNESCO, CETREDE, IFLA-
LAC, AUGM, CLEI, UFC
• Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, AOL, CAPES,
CNI, CONACyT, DFG, IBM, Microsoft,
NASA, NDLTD, NLM, NSF (IIS-9986089,
0086227, 0080748, 0325579; ITR-
0325579; DUE-0121679, 0136690,
0121741, 0333601), OCLC, SOLINET,
SUN, SURA, UNESCO, US Dept. Ed.
(FIPSE), VTLS

• JCR Licklider – undergrad advisor (1969-71)
– Author in 1965 of “Libraries of the Future”
– Before, at ARPA, funded start of Internet
• Michael Kessler – BS thesis advisor
– Project TIP (technical information project)
– Defined bibliographic coupling
• Gerard Salton – graduate advisor (1978-83)
– “Father of Information Retrieval”

• Why digital libraries?
• What are digital libraries (DLs)?
• Why is 5S helpful in a DL book?
• How do digital libraries work?
• History: Memex, 1990s, proliferation
• Related areas: LIS, linguistics, IR, AI, DBs, knowledge management, content management, probability/statistics

Same time, Same or different place

Different time and/or place

• National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly
• Knowledge and information are essential to economic and technological growth, education
• DL - a domain for international collaboration
– wherein all can contribute and benefit
– which leverages investment in networking
– which provides useful content on Internet & WWW
– which will tie nations and peoples together more strongly and through deeper understanding

• World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop
• Integrated “super” information systems: 5S:
Table of related areas and their coverage
• Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost
• Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery
• Disintermediation -> Collaboration
• Universities Reclaim Property
• Interactive Courseware, Student Works
• Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful

World
Nation
State
City
Community

Digital Libraries technology trajectory: intellectual access to globally distributed information
Digital content less more
Computing (flops)
Note: we should consider 4 dimensions: computing, communications, content, and community (people)

Borgman et al.:
Workshop Report on
Social Aspects of
Digital Libraries: http://www-lis.gseis.
ucla.edu/DL/

Using
Creating
Retention
/ Mining
Accessing
Filtering
Authoring
Modifying
Organizing
Indexing
Storing
Retrieving
Distributing
Networking

Editor Reviewer
Publisher
A&I
Consolidator
Library

Author Teacher
Reader
Editor
Reviewer
Learner
Librarian

•
•
•
A traditional SQL database has as its basic element data items in a relation:
–
–
–
– select name from employee, project where employee.deptnumber = “25” AND project.number = “100” databases exploit known structures and relations
DBMS retrieval is not probabilistic (Frakes,
Baeza-Yates, p. 3)

• The keyword is managed
– The WWW is not managed
• Some meta searchers (Yahoo, Lycos) attempt to add an organizational framework to their web holdings
– However, most are focused on keyword searching (i.e., Google)

• Another key difference is who controls the input into the system
– most meta searchers hunt down their holdings
• Lycos is short for Lycosidae lycosa (the “ ), which pursues its prey and does not build a web (Mauldin, IEEE Expert, 1/97)
– some (Yahoo) have humans in the loop for review and classification
• To date, DLs are generally more tightly controlled, and have a targeted customer set

Vector and/or
Boolean
Search
Engin es
(traditional IR)
WWW (http) Access
(most common)
Digital Library Services non-WWW
Access
(now uncommo n)
(searching, browsing, citation anlaysis usage analysis, alerts)
RDBMS
File
Sys tems
Other
Techno logies
Content
• “ “?
– WWW by itself has low archival
& management characteristics
• “ “
– In the same way that a card catalog is not a TL, a RDBMS is candidate technology for use in
DLs
• DL is the union of the content and services defined on the content

•
TL has as its focus physical objects
– even if the card catalog (metadata) is electronic, the purpose is to point you to a physical location
– trafficking in physical objects has both obvious and subtle implications
•
•
• object can exist only in 1 place if you have it, I can “
I have to go to the object, or wait for it to come to me

• DLs clearly better than TLs at:
– Dissemination, storing information variety
• However, TL objects are more survivable
– Who will archive the research information?
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
• the publishers?
• the institutions?
• the authors?
– Will the average DL object still be accessible in 10 years?
• take my digital preservation seminar in the spring!
image from: http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/rosetta.html

•
•
Digital Library
– removing the physical restriction has obvious benefits
• multiple access, multiple listings, electronic transmission
– also complicates many other issues...
• intellectual property, terms and conditions, etc.
Note that a TL offers additional social and educational benefits
– Most TLs also offer hybrid services too.

from Lesk, http://community.bellcore.com/lesk/columbia/session1/

• Where does publishing stop, and libraries begin?
– there has always been tensions between TLs and traditional publishers, but the roles were fairly well defined
– DLs can muddle the separation of these responsibilities
• result: conflict, and/or new models

publisher book store library archive responsibility over time

• “A digital library is an organized and focused collection of digital objects, including text, images, video, and audio, along with methods of access and retrieval, and for selection, creation, organization, maintenance, and sharing of the collection.”
• Witten & Bainbridge – “How to Build a
Digital Library” – Morgan Kaufmann 2003

• “Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities”
• Waters,D.J. CLIR Issues , July/August 1998
• www.clir.org/pubs/issues/issues04.html

• Issues and Spectra
– Collection vs. Institution
– Content vs. System
– Access vs. Preservation
– “Free” vs. Quality
– Managed vs. Comprehensive
– Centralized vs. Distributed

• NOT a “digitized library”
• NOT a “deconstruction” of existing systems and institutions, moving them to an electronic box in a Library
• IS a new way to deal with knowledge
– Authoring, Self-archiving, Collecting,
– Organizing, Preserving,
– Accessing, Propagating, Re-using

Digital Library Content
Content
Types
Text
Documents
Articles,
Reports,
Books
Video
Audio
Speech,
Music
Geographic
Information
Software,
Programs
Bio
Information
Images and
Graphics
(Aerial)
Photos
Models
Simulations
Genome
Human, animal, plant
2D, 3D,
VR,
CAT

Content Area Description
African-American cultural life
Agricultural crisis of late 19 th century
Codification of segregation laws
Configuration of white supremacy
Audio Digital Finding
Aid
6
1
4 6
1
MSS Other Photo Video MF Print Total
9
3
4
1
12
1
3 10
4
18
8
72
19
1 1 1
1
3
3
2
3 3 1
8
9
16
20
Cultural values and activities
Disenfranchising movements
Educational movements
Emergence of Holiness & Pentecostal Groups
Emergence of new musical forms
Emergence of organized groups expressing farmers concerns
…
Total Each Format
3
1
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
17
2
18
1
2
4
1
6
15
2
21
1
1
2
1
1
3
5
5
1
1
20
6
27
7
2
8
8
13
… … … … … … … … … …
41 14 51 161 38 133 13 79 301 831
71
15
98
10

• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)
– Ch. 2: Streams
– Ch. 3: Structures
– Ch. 4: Spaces
– Ch. 5: Scenarios
– Ch. 6: Societies

• Digital Libraries (DLs): what are they??
– No definitional consensus
– Conflicting views
– Makes interoperability a hard problem
• DLs are not benefiting from formal theories as are other CS fields: DB, IR, PL, etc.
• DL construction: difficult, ad-hoc, lack of support for tailoring/customization
• Conceptual modeling, requirements analysis, and methodological approaches are rarely supported in DL development.
– Lack of specific DL models, formalisms, languages

• help satisfy info needs of users ( societies )
• provide info services ( scenarios )
• organize info in usable ways ( structures )
• present info in usable ways ( spaces )
• communicate info with users ( streams )

5 Elements
Fire
Wood
Earth
Metal
Water

1. Can we formally elaborate 5S?
2. How can we use 5S to formally describe digital libraries?
3. What are the fundamental relationships among the Ss and high-level DL concepts?
4. How can we allow digital librarians to easily express those relationships?
5. Which are the fundamental quality properties of a DL?
Can we use the formalized DL framework to characterize those properties?
6. Where in the life cycle of digital libraries can key aspects of quality be measured and how?

Ss Examples
Streams Text; video; audio; image
Objectives
Describes properties of the DL content such as encoding and language for textual material or particular forms of multimedia data
Specifies organizational aspects of the DL content
Structures Collection; catalog; hypertext; document; metadata
Spaces Measure; measurable, topological, vector, probabilistic
Scenarios Searching, browsing, recommending
Societies Service managers, learners, teachers, etc.
Defines logical and presentational views of several DL components
Details the behavior of DL services
Defines managers, responsible for running DL services; actors, that use those services; and relationships among them

5S and DL formal definitions and compositions (April 2004 TOIS) relation (d. 1) sequence
(d. 3) graph (d. 6) measurable(d.12), measure(d.13), probability (d.14), vector (d.15), topological (d.16) spaces sequence
(d. 3) function
(d. 2) state (d. 18) language (d.5) tuple (d. 4)* event (d.10)
5S grammar (d. 7) streams
(d.9) structures
(d.10) structured stream (d.29) spaces
(d.18) scenarios
(d.21) societies
(d. 24) services
(d.22) digital object
(d.30) structural metadata specification
(d.25) descriptive metadata specification
(d.26)
(d.34)indexing service hypertext
(d.36) browsing service
(d.37) searching service (d.35) transmission
(d.23) collection (d. 31) metadata catalog
(d.32) repository
(d. 33) digital library
(minimal)
(d. 38)

• Archaeological DL
• Integrated DL
– Heterogeneous data handling
• Applies and extends the OAI-PMH
– Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata
Handling
• Design considerations
– Componentized
– Extensible
– Portable

Initial ETANA-DL Member Locations
Canadian University College
Walla Walla College
Willamette University
Andrews University
CWRU
Virginia Tech
Vanderbilt University
Mississippi State University
Map courtesy: www.enchantedlearning.com

View all

ETANA-DL Approach
• Applying and extending Digital Library (DL) techniques to solve key problems: making primary data available, data preservation, and interoperability
• Modeling archaeological information systems using
5S to better understand the domain and design the system and the supporting services
• Rapidly prototyping DLs that handle heterogeneous archaeological data using componentized frameworks:
– eliciting requirements
– refining metamodel and union schema
– modeling sites
– mapping
– harvesting
– providing useful services

Marking Items
Marking – writing notes for a specific user

Sender, Date,
Object OAI ID
Sender
Comments
Options:
View Record,
Add record to Items Of Interest,
Re-mark item (Redirect),
Unmark item (Remove item from list)
Marked Items Display

Discussions Page
Discussions about an object
View/Post messages, create new threads

Recommendations
Items recommended on the basis of similar interests

ETANA-DL Searching Service
Search

ETANA-DL Multi-dimensional Browsing
3 new sites
2 new types of artifacts

ETANA-DL Visual Browsing Service
By site
Visual Browse

Visual Browsing Nimrin:
Topographical Drawings
Full site
Square:
N40/W20
North west quadrant

Visual Browsing Nimrin : Square information
Square:
N40/W20
Locus: 86
Loci layout

Visual Browsing Nimrin : locus sheet

Visual Browsing
Bab edh-Dhra'
Cemetery
Pottery # 25

Visual Browsing
Bab edh-Dhra'
Cemetery
Pottery # 25

1. Historic and pre-historic societies (being studied)
2. Archaeologists (in academic institutes, fieldwork settings, or local and national governmental bodies)
3. Project directors
4. Technical staff (consisting of photographers, technical illustrators, and their assistants)
5. Field staff (responsible for the actual work of excavation)
6. Camp staff (e.g., camp managers, registrars, tool stewards)
7. General public (e.g., educators, learners, citizens)

• Social issues
1. Who owns the finds?
2. Where should they be preserved?
3. What nationality and ethnicity do they represent?
4. Who has publication rights?
5. What interactions took place between those at the site studied, and others? What theories are proposed by whom about this?

1.
Life in the site in former times
2.
Digital recording: the planning stage and the excavation stage
3.
Planning stage: remote sensing, fieldwalking, field surveys, building surveys, consulting historical and other documentary sources, and managing the sites and monuments
4.
Excavation
1.
Detailed information is recorded, including for each layer of soil, and for features such as pole holes, pits, and ditches.
2.
Data about each artifact is recorded together with information about its exact find spot.
3.
Numerous environmental and other samples are taken for laboratory analysis, and the location and purpose of each is carefully recorded.
4.
Large numbers of photographs are taken, both general views of the progress of excavation and detailed shots showing the contexts of finds.
5.
Organization and storage of material
6.
Analysis and hypotheses generation and testing
7.
Publications, museum displays
8.
Information services for the general public

1. Geographic distribution of found artifacts
2. Temporal dimension (as inferred by archaeologists)
3. Metric or vector spaces
1. used to support retrieval operations, and to calculate distance (and similarity)
2. used to browse / constrain searches spatially
4. 3D models of the past, used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins
5. 2D interfaces for human-computer interaction

1. Site Organization
1. Region, site, partition, sub-partition, locus,
…
2. Temporal orderings (ages, periods)
3. Taxonomies
1.
for bones, seeds, building materials, …
4. Stratigraphic relationships
1. above, beneath, coexistent

1. successive photos and drawings of excavation sites, loci, unearthed artifacts
2. audio and video recordings of excavation activities and discussions
3. textual reports
4. 3D models used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins.

• Forms groups of 2.
• Select a digital library you wish to build, improve, or study.
• As was done for ETANA, discuss it using the 5S perspective.
• Present a summary to the class and lead a discussion.

• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)
– Ch. 2: Streams
– Ch. 3: Structures
– Ch. 4: Spaces
– Ch. 5: Scenarios
– Ch. 6: Societies

• Multiple media types and representation
– See ch. 4 for IR (except some here for non-text)
– Standards for each, and for some combinations
• Text
– Character strings, encoding (Unicode)
– Morphology -> Stemming
– Syntax, semantics -> stop words
– ** POS tagging, phrases
• Images, Audio, Video, Graphics, Animation
– Capture, digitization, representation
– CBIR for each
• ** Compression, processing, analysis
• **Synchronization, rendering, presentation, interchange
– RealVideo, SMIL, QoS

Content Based
Information
Retrieval

• Image similarity is subjective
– Personal Interpretation
• Concept x Appearance

– Retrieve images with 50 percent of white colour and 50 percent of black colour

Query result
Query on Google using Sunset and Rio de Janeiro

Image Classification by shape

Image Classification by shape

VITAL Web Portal
Clicking on the thumbnail image from this screen will launch the VITAL Hi-
Res Image Navigator – a tool which provides for detailed examination of these wavelet compressed image files
Institutions have considerable flexibility in the way they present their collections – the examples here show two different approaches to presenting EAD (Encoded
Archival Description) metadata objects

VITAL Web Portal
MrSID and JPEG2000 wavelet compressed images can be stored in the repository and displayed to the user via the integrated VITAL Hi-Res
Image Navigator

The AMICO Library™

VITAL Web Portal
The AMICO Library in VITAL

Implementation Options
 The Fedora™ package
 Fedora™ open source software
(free)
 VTLS installation, training, and support

Implementation Options
 The Full VITAL package
 Fedora™ open source software (free)
 VTLS software and hardware extensions, with features and workflows
 VTLS installation, training, support, integration and documentation

Implementation Options
 VITAL Hosted Solution
 VTLS provides ASP services for your digital collections
 VTLS Professional Digital
Imaging Services
 Imaging services and project consulting can be combined with any of the above packages to provide a solution tailored to your needs

• Search in collections of fish images
• using combination of
• image properties (CBIR) and
• textual descriptions

• Query 1:
– List all metadata related to fish which were observed in the Amazon River
• Query 2:
– Retrieve images of fishes whose shape is similar to that in the example o Query 3: List all metadata related to fishes that were observed in the Amazon River and whose shape is similar to that in the example

• Retrieve fish descriptions whose shapes are similar to the one shown below , that belong to the “ Notropis” genre, that have large yes” e and that have been observed in the
“Tennessee River”

• There is no BIodiversity Information System which allow queries involving :
– Geographic data
– Species metadata
– Image Descriptors
• Existing systems:
– Metadada or
– Metadada + spatial data
– Images are stored as separate files
• With no possibilty of retrieval by content

Concentric Rings Pattern
Spiral Pattern

• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)
– Ch. 2: Streams
– Ch. 3: Structures
– Ch. 4: Spaces
– Ch. 5: Scenarios
– Ch. 6: Societies

• Digital Objects
– Documents, digitization, packaging (METS), interchange, standards, format conversion
– Genre: plays, encyclopedia, dictionaries, educational resources: courses (e.g., syllabi) and lessons
– Structural organizations (books, chapters, sections), excerpts/spans (mark, superimposed info)
• Metadata: standards, markup
• Knowledge Structures & Representations
– Databases, Schema, Ontologies, Thesauri, Lexicons, Authority files, Concept maps, Semantic networks
• Indexes
– Inverted files, signature files, R-trees, Quad trees, etc.
• Clusters & Classification Schemes

• Born digital
• Digitized version of “real” object
– Is the DO version the same, better, or worse?
– Decision for ETDs: structured + rendered
• Surrogate for “real” object
– Not covered explicitly in metamodel for a minimal DL
– Crucial in metamodel for archaeology DL

• MARC
• Dublin Core
• RDF
• IMS
• OAI (Open Archives Initiative)
• Crosswalks, mappings
• Ontologies
• Topics maps, concept maps

MARC ($50) Dublin Core (DC)
+ thesis

• 5S perspective: streams, structures, scenarios
• Authoring
• Rendering, presenting
• Tagging, Markup, DOM
• Semi-structured information
• Dual-publishing, eBooks
• Styles (XSL, XSLT)
• Structured queries

• 5S perspective: structures, streams, scenarios
• Extending database technology
• Structured and unstructured info
• Multimedia databases
• Link databases
• Performance, transaction processing
• Replicated storage, rollback/recovery

• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)
– Ch. 2: Streams
– Ch. 3: Structures
– Ch. 4: Spaces
– Ch. 5: Scenarios
– Ch. 6: Societies

• Retrieval models
– Boolean, extended Boolean
– Vector, LSI
– Probabilistic: classical, belief network, inference network, language models
• User interfaces and visualization

• 2D interfaces
• 3D interfaces
• GIS
• Other paradigms
• Stepping Stones and Pathways
– http://fox.cs.vt.edu/SSP/

• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)
– Ch. 2: Streams
– Ch. 3: Structures
– Ch. 4: Spaces
– Ch. 5: Scenarios
– Ch. 6: Societies

• Recall OO for streams – now have objects as well as scenarios – ex interface components
• Information Access
– Searching: ad hoc, filtering/routing
– Browsing: using an organization, using a visualization, using links (i.e., hypertext, hypermedia)
– Workflow: sessions, feedback, etc.
• Scenario-based Design
• Usability: goals, tasks, claims
• NOTE: this is covered in the outline

• Ch. 1. Introduction (Motivation, Synopsis)
– Ch. 2: Streams
– Ch. 3: Structures
– Ch. 4: Spaces
– Ch. 5: Scenarios
– Ch. 6: Societies

• User communities
– Authors, editors, teachers, students, readers
– Personal(ization), group(ware), community, global
– Accessibility, universal access
• Librarians: reference, acquisition, operations
• Research community
– Associations, conferences, publications, labs, projects
• Economics
– Copyright, intellectual property rights, digital rights management, authorization, authentication, security, privacy, self-archiving (eprints)
– Publishers, catalogers, distributors, sustainability
– Open source, commercial, hybrid