http://www.greatachievements.org/
CS and IT
Terrance E. Boult
El Pomar Professor of Innovation and Security
Department of Computer Science
University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
Parts of this talk graciously provided by Prof. Ed Lazowska
Outline




Why Study CS
CS Overview
Some of the Great Ideas of CS
CS/IT and the myth of offshoring
Computer Scientist Sub-specialties
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Computer Engineer (Firmware Engineer)
Computer System Analyst
Software Engineer
Network Engineer
Database Administrator
System Administrator
Software Developer/Programmer
Application Programmer/Developer
Game Developer
Web programmer
Why Study Computer Science?
 Variety of job titles
■ Software Engineer (Applications or System), System
Programmer, System Engineer, System Analyst/Programmer,
Database Administrator, Network Systems and Data
Communication Analyst, Network Programmer/Administrator,
Web Developer/Administrator, Computer Scientist, and
Information Technology Specialist.
 A Bachelor's degree in computing is required for high-pay IT
positions.
■ According to U.S Department of Labor Statistics and Predication, very
good opportunities are expected for college graduates with at least a
bachelor’s degree in computer science and with practical work
experience.
Why Study Computer Science?
 Fast–growing IT jobs
■ According to the U.S Government Labor Department job statistics and
predications, the professional IT workforce is projected to add over a
million new jobs between 2004 and 2014, an increase of about 30
percent.
■ According to the U.S Government Labor Department job statistics and
predications, software engineers are projected to be one of the fastest
growing occupations over the period 2004-2014.
■ Money Magazine May 2006 : Software Engineer is the #1 best job and
the forecasted 10-year job growth is 46.07%.
■ CNNMoney.COM quotes an ACM study as saying that “Despite all the
publicity in the United States about jobs being lost to India and China,
the size of the IT employment market in the United States today is
higher than it was at the height of the dotcom boom.”
Why Study Computer Science?
■ A CNN article ranks the 10 top-paying jobs (excluding
medical doctors). 5 of which were jobs for which a
computer science degree would be a great preparation. The
average salary is between $61,250–$81,140 as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Computer System Software Engineer - $81,140
Biomedical Engineer - $70,520
Physician Assistant - $69,250
Computer Applications Software Engineer- $76,310
Environmental Engineer - $67,620
Computer System Analysis - $67,520
Database Administrator - $61,950
Physical Therapist - $61,560
Network Systems and Data Communication Analyst - $61,250
Hydrologist - $60,880
Projected Science & Engineering Job Openings
(new jobs plus net replacements, 2004-2014)
81%
Engineers
22%
Social Scientists
9%
Computer specialists
59%
Life scientists
4%
Physical scientists
4%
US Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2005
http://w w w .bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/11/art5full.pdf
Mathematical scientists
2%
Why Study Computer Science?
 Creativity
 Intellectual Challenge
– Programming is extremely challenging
– CS applied to other fields is a different intellectual
challenge.
 Helping Others
– Produce artifacts which make people’s lives easier
 Flexibility
– Telecommuting, working at home, …
 Lifelong Learning
– Computer scientists must master a moving target.
Why computer science &
engineering?
 Impact
– Advances in computing drive advances in all other
fields
– Advances in computing power the economy
• Not just through the growth of the computing industry – through
Multi Factor Productivity Growth throughout the economy
– Advances in computing change the way we live, the
way we work, the way we learn, the way we
communicate
 Unbelievably cool intellectual opportunities
Exponential progress
Exponential Growth
Internet Hosts
450,000,000
400,000,000
350,000,000
300,000,000
250,000,000
200,000,000
Internet Hosts
150,000,000
1,000,000,000
100,000,000
100,000,000
50,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1975
1973
1971
1
1969
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1975
1973
1971
1969
0
Exponential progress
Exponential progress
Exponential progress
Exponential Growth makes many
predictions look foolish
 “I think there is a world market for maybe five
computers” -- Thomas J. Watson, founder
and Chairman of IBM, 1943
Makes many predictions look
foolish
 “Computers in the future may weigh no more
than 1.5 tons” -- Popular Science, 1949
Makes many predictions look
foolish
 “There is no reason anyone would want a
computer in their home” -- Ken Olsen,
founder and President of Digital Equipment
Corporation, 1977
Makes many predictions look
foolish
 “640K ought to be enough for anybody” -- Bill
Gates, founder, Chairman, and CEO of
Microsoft, 1981 [disclaimed]
CS and Intellectual opportunity
 “… the software industry is going to
make more breakthroughs in these next
10 years than it's made in the last 30 …
software is really going to transform not
just what we think about as the
computer industry, but the way that
everything is done …”
W. Gates
CEO Microsoft
Intellectual opportunity
Computer-enhanced
driving
Flattening
the world
A teacher
for every learner
Re-architecting
the Internet
Harnessing
parallelism
Transforming
Entertainment and art
Transforming other fields
of science and engineering
Intellectual opportunity
Security/Biometrics
Personalized
Health care
Medical Imaging
Transforming the
nation’s defense
Sensor Networks
Who are Computer Scientist?
 They are you and me…
– Successful business owners
– Politician
– Home makers
– Academicians
– World-Class Athletes
– Poets/Artist/Musicians
Computer Science:
What can I do with this major?
 Arts
–
–
–
–
Film reproduction
Animation
Computer Enhanced Graphics
Art-based Games
 Business
–
–
–
–
–
Model Forecasting
Process Improvements
Information Technology (IT)
Business Infrastructure (Network/Communications)
Help Desk/Application Support
Computer Science:
What can I do with this major?
 Entrepreneurial
– Custom PC Engineer (gaming/media
station/graphics workstations)
– Equity Speculation (stock trader)
– SOHO IT (small office/home office)
– Software Developer
– Web Developer
Computer Science:
What can I do with this major?
 Health Research
– Improved web-based support for trauma recovery
– Software for assessing and coping with Mental
Impairment
– Clinically relevant Compression for Improved
teleradiology
– Vascular Modeling for blood flow
– 4D Heart modeling with SPAMM-MRI
Computer Science:
What can I do with this major?
 Security
– Network Intrusion/Denial of Service/Malacious Attacks
– Biometrics (face recognition/iris scans/fingerprint)
– Forensics (identification/cause of death/age-progression)
 Telecommunications
–
–
–
–
–
Call Center
Mobile Devices/Instant Messaging
VoIP (Voice Over IP)
File sharing (Lime Wire/Napster…)
POD Casting/Video Streaming
Outline
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
Why Study CS
CS Overview
Some of the Great Ideas of CS
CS/IT and the myth of offshoring
Computing Systems
 Computer: A machine that is designed to perform
operations that are specified with a set of
instructions called a program.
 Hardware: the computer equipment, such as the
keyboard, the mouse, the terminal, the hard
disk, and the printer.
 Software: the programs that describe the steps
that we want the program to perform.
Computer Hardware
 CPU
– Central Processing Unit
– Processor + ALU(Arithmetic logic unit)
 Internal Memory
– Read-only Memory(ROM)
– Random-access Memory(RAM)
 External Memory
– Hard-disk
– Removable Media (Floppy/DVD/Flash Stick)
Internal organization of a
computer
Types of computer
 Personal Computer(PCs)
– small inexpensive computers
– commonly used in offices, homes, and
laboratories
– microcomputer
 Workstation
– minicomputer or mainframe computer
– small enough to fit on a desktop
 Super computer
– the fastest computer
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Operating System
– provides an interface between the user and
the hardware
– in which the user can select and execute
the application software
– Contains drivers/interface for devices
– contains many utilities to perform functions
such as printing files, copying files and
listing files.
Software tools
• word processor (Microsoft word, 한글)
• spread sheet (Lotus 1-2-3, Excel…)
• database management system (MySQL, Oracle,
dBase IV, Paradox,…)
• CAD package (AutoCAD, AutoSketch, CADKEY,…)
• mathematical computation tools and graphic
tools (MATLAB, Mathmatica, MATHCAD, Maple)
• Graphics/Image Tools (Paint, Photoshop,
Gimp)
Executing a Computer Program
1. Compiling
–
–
source program
object program
2. Linking and Loading
3. Executing
4. Debugging
 Compiling:
– Translate high-level language into machine language
– source program: the original program written by
high-level language such as C++
– object program: the machine language version of
source program
 Linking and loading
– Linking: link the other necessary machine language
statements to the object program
– Loading: load the program into memory
 Debugging
– a process to correct errors(often called bugs) in a
program
– compile-time error: syntactic errors
– run-time error: logic errors
Software Life-Cycle Phases
(assuming problem is already identified)
Life Cycle
Definition
Specification
Coding and modular testing
Integration and testing
Maintenance
Percent of Effort
3
15
14
8
60
Outline
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Why Study CS
CS Overview
Some of the Great Ideas of CS
CS/IT and the myth of offshoring
Basic “CS” building Blocks
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Computer Organization and the Binary Numbers
Stored/structured Programs
Symbolic Algorithm Design, e.g. text programming
Numeric Algorithm Design, E.g. Floating Point
Algorithm Complexity (running time)
Computability and Non-computability
 Software Engineering: Large Scale programming
 Computational Modeling of complex phenomenon
Important “CS” Paradigms
– Simulation (and gaming)
– Machine Translation (compilers/interpreters)
– Virtual Environments for Computing
– Computer Communications
– Object-Oriented
– Relation Databases
– Services Oriented Computing
– Parallel Computation
– Artificial Intelligence
Great Ideas of CS and IT
Required reading from
http://www.cs.gmu.edu/cne/itcore/
 For those seeking more depth check out
Great Ideas in Computer Science: A Gentle
Introduction. 2nd Edition by Alan W.
Biermann
The Internet
 Key Questions:
– How to send a message to someone? How to send a
book or document? How to find the address of a person
or object? How to guarantee delivery when network
connections are unreliable? How to deliver mail or objects
to addresses over unpredictable routes?
 Key CS Ideas:
–
–
–
–
Survivable networks
IP Networks: TCP/IP and UDP/IP
Distributed Naming and Domain Name Schema
Hyperlinks and the Web
Interfaces
 Questions:
– How do I tell the computer what to do? How does the
computer translate my command into action? How does
the computer let me manipulate facsimiles of objects?
How do we show/manipulate 3D objects in the
computer? How do we make it so different programs can
reuse the same software?
 Key Ideas:
–
–
–
–
Command sets and shells
Windows, icons, menus, mouse, pointers
3D “rendering pipelines”, shaders
Application Programmer Interfaces(API) and software
Libraries
Information Security
Questions:
– How to prevent unwanted people from accessing my
files? How to prevent sensitive information from flowing
out of my system? How to prevent someone from
sabotaging my system? My information? How to converse
in secret? How to sign an electronic document?
 Key Ideas:
–
–
–
–
Access control
Flow control
User authentication
Signed and secret communication
Virtual/Abstract Machines
 Questions: How does the computer set a command
program into execution? How can a computer be
divided into smaller identical computers (orcopies of
the original computer)? How can programs like Java
applets be universally portable?
 Key Ideas:
–
–
–
–
IBM VM model
Java VM model
Unix VM model
Layers model
Virtual Memories
Questions:
– How does the computer incorporate many storage media
into a single memory system? How to organize memory
so that I don't have to reprogram anything if I add or
remove storage devices? How to keep track of objects so
they can be addressed at high speed regardless of
location? How to speed up a computation when memory
is too small to hold everything?
Key Ideas:
– Two-level (Multi-level) address mappings
– The cache principle
– Name spaces for just-in-time sharing
Concurrent Processes
Questions:
– How to prevent two processes from entering a race that
makes their combined result unpredictable? How to
decide reliably which of two events has occurred first
when only one event can be processed at a time? How to
ensure that sharable memory objects are used by just
one process at a time? How to prevent a group of
processes from being halted by a deadlock? How to
simulate many processes with a computer having only
one computing engine?
 Key Ideas:
– Arbiters, Critical sections, Deadlock detectors,
Semaphores
– Time sharing
Social Computing
•
•
•
•
online communities
media-centric
web-based interaction
small cognitive overhead
‣
‣
‣
‣
collaborative tagging, folksonomies
online collaborative gaming
collaborative filtering
recommendation/trust networks
CS/IT reshapes business
Bridging human and computational processes
Business processes
(organisations, markets,
services, products)
Value
Creation
IT drives a novel
set of transformations:
What consequences
for society and business?
Economics
Complex
Systems
view
Research focus
Towards “Service Science”
Formal models
Services
Economics
Data + Models ->
Science of
Services?
AI
Interfaces
Agent-based/
behavioural
economics
Services in the large:
How to manage millions of
online services?
Outline
 Why Study CS
 Some of the Great Ideas of CS
 CS/IT and the myth of offshoring
IT is Evolved from a Support Tool into a Source of
Competitive Advantage...
Development Exhausted Or New Future Push To Be Expected?(1)
Source of
differentiation
and advantage
IT
role
Airlines
Retailing
Financial
Services
Automotive
Health Care
Support core
business
processes
Support
back office
Copyright © The Boston Consulting Group
1960's
1970's
1980's
1990's
2000's
2010's
IT evolution over time
IT needs to be linked with business strategy to generate value for the business
54
Copyright © The Boston Consulting Group
Outsourcing in Retrospect
 Outsourcing IT has been used by
organizations for a long time
– ADP (1949)
– CSC (1959)
– EDS (1963)
 Drivers – Cost effectiveness, Avoid buying
expensive machines, Avoidance of building
in-house IT Skills, Access to special skills and
functional capabilities
Methods of Outsourcing
Outsourcing traditionally involves the transfer of non-core competencies to
an organization which specialises in the provision of that service.
Outsourcing generally has two key objectives for an organization:
Cost Savings – these are achieved either through lower labor costs
within the outsourced organization;
• Quality/Efficiency Gains – by outsourcing to a company which
specializes in a particular function, there will be process improvements
and a greater level of quality and service by using a specialized
workforce when compared to in-house resources.
There are currently three main recognized models of outsourcing;
Onshore – the outsourcer will be located in the same country as the
client and may deploy some resources onsite at the client;
• Offshore – uses an offshore based provider (e.g. India, Sri Lanka,
Mexico, South Africa, etc.) to take full advantage of reduced labor costs
and large pools of skilled resources. Management and IP can be tricky.
• Nearshore – similar to offshoring but utilizes organization s closer to
home e.g. Eastern Europe for UK firms, Canada/Mexico for US. The
proximity of the outsourced organization balances the fact this is likely
to cost more than offshoring;
Onshore Outsourcing
Onshore Outsourcing does not tend to generate large reductions in
labour costs and so the key driver tends to be to benefit from the
expertise of the third party provider.
Key Advantages:
• Expert Services – companies are able to outsource some of their noncore competencies to an organization who specialises in the provision
of those services. This therefore ensures the right level of skilled
resources to carry out the processing;
• Focus on Core Competencies – the client is free to focus on their key
business areas that affect their bottom line without having to be
concerned about the non-core competencies;
• Business Environment – working within a business environment and
support function that everyone is comfortable with.
Onshore Outsourcing
Key Disadvantages;
• Reliance on Supplier – in order to realize any of the benefits of this
type of arrangement the supplier must be a proven expert in the field
and have expert resources to support the client. Due to the lower cost
savings the client will be looking for large scale process/quality
improvements;
• IT Requirements – to leverage the benefits it is likely to be necessary
for the client to have a common IT infrastructure across all operations,
which may require some large scale IT investment as part of the
initiative;
• Minimized Cost Savings - the cost savings of this type of model are
likely to be minimal.
Offshore Outsourcing
The Offshore model offers the greatest benefits to clients in terms of cost
savings, availability of skilled resources and time zone advantages
Key Advantages:
• Cost Savings – due to lower wage costs and the economic structure of
many offshore locations, organization s tend to be able to make much
greater cost savings by outsourcing processes to an offshore location;
• Time Zone Benefits – the different time zones allow companies who
have outsourced offshore to potentially benefit from a 24-7 operation
and to have offshore processing done outside of the client’s standard
hours;
• Availability of Skilled Resources – offshore countries tend to have large
scale skilled resource pools making it simple for clients to scale up their
operations.
Offshore Outsourcing
The Offshore model offers the greatest risks to clients in terms of
IP, Security, lack of control and management effort needed.
Key Disadvantages;
• Data and IT Security – clients have to be aware of potential risks with
client data and confidentiality and this will often drive the set up of the
IT infrastructure and may restrict some processes from migrating
offshore;
• Geopolitical Risks – companies need to assess the stability of the
Country when considering an offshoring initiative as this could impact
their agreements with suppliers;
• Lack of Control – some companies perceive a lack of control from
having their outsourced operations so far away.
• Time-zone management issues: difficulty managing and keeping in
sync shared information/resources across non-overlapping “shifts”
International Outsourcing:
An Emotional Debate
"What's going on with this offshoring of American
jobs to India and China is nothing but terrorism –
economic terrorism.“
Frank LaGrotta, Pennsylvania House of Representatives,
March 2004
“The savings produced through worldwide sourcing
are invested in new products and services, in new
market expansion, and, most importantly, in
creating new jobs and increasing real wages for
American workers.”
Harris N. Miller, President, ITAA, March 2004
US Real GDP per Worker Grew 254%:
More Goods & Services or Less Employment?
7.0
Real GDP
Total Employment
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
2002
Major concern by early 1960s that “automated factories”
would create vast production worker unemployment.
From Dwight Jaffee’s talk at Understanding Global Outsourcing, Conf. 2004
2003
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
1958
1956
1954
1952
1950
1948
1.0
Last 55 Years: Stable Unemployment Rate
and Rising Labor Force Participation
Unemployment Rate (Left Axis)
Labor Force Participation Rate (Right Axis)
12
68
11
10
66
9
8
64
7
6
62
5
4
60
3
2
58
1
Displaced workers have left no trace in terms of a rising
unemployment rate or a falling labor participation rate.
From Dwight Jaffee’s talk at Understanding Global Outsourcing, Conf. 2004
2003
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
1958
1956
1954
1952
1950
56
1948
0
The Observational Equivalence of
Technological Change and Offshoring
 Although the US experience of last 55 years is
dominated by technological change, not offshoring,
they are observationally equivalent.
 Ingram/Krugman parable tells of US entrepreneur
creating consumer goods from wheat and lumber.
Moral: same result with technology or offshoring.
 Robert Feenstra demonstrates that technological
change and imported intermediate imports have
identical effects in raising labor productivity.
From Dwight Jaffee’s talk at Understanding Global Outsourcing, Conf. 2004
Service Sector Jobs Lost to
Offshoring
 Bardhan, Jaffee, & Kroll [2003] demonstrate that
6 service jobs were created for every production
job lost in US computer manufacturing.
But are we now losing these service jobs?
 Service offshoring uses occupations, not
industries. Ex: call center operators, software
developers, etc.
 Core features of jobs “at risk” to offshoring:
– Face to face contact not required.
– Communication based on telephone or broadband.
– Scripted or semi-automated data related services.
From Dwight Jaffee’s talk at Understanding Global Outsourcing, Conf. 2004
No Empirical Effects (yet) on
Wages in “At-Risk” Occupations
Table 5
Occupations
All Occupations
At Risk Occupations, Total
Business/Finance Support
Computer and Mathmatical
Graphics/Design/Writing
Office Support
Medical/Legal/Sales
Average Annual Wage, At-Risk and Total Occupations
Code
1999
2000
2001
2002
May 2003
31,571
32,890
34,020
35,560
36,210
35,035
37,724
39,162
40,380
41,486
13-xxxx
46,934
50,049
52,559
55,517
57,775
15-xxxx
54,930
58,050
60,350
61,630
63240
17-, 27-xxxx
38,999
40,742
42,023
43,268
43,419
43-xxxx
26,966
28,741
29,791
30,561
30,951
Misc.
27,107
28,319
29,249
30,411
31,211
Wages relative to US All Occupations
At Risk Occupations, Total
1.11
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.15
Business/Finance Support 13-xxxx
1.49
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.60
Computer and Mathmatical 15-xxxx
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.73
1.75
Graphics/Design/Writing
17-, 27-xxxx
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.22
1.20
Office Support
43-xxxx
0.85
0.87
0.88
0.86
0.85
Medical/Legal/Sales
Misc.
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
Source: Occupation Employment Survey (OES), Bureau of Labor Statistics
There is no sign (yet) that offshoring is creating falling wages
(either absolute or relative) in “at-risk” occupations
From Dwight Jaffee’s talk at Understanding Global Outsourcing, Conf. 2004
Projected Science & Engineering Job Openings
(new jobs plus net replacements, 2004-2014)
81%
Engineers
22%
Social Scientists
9%
Computer specialists
59%
Life scientists
4%
Physical scientists
4%
US Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2005
http://w w w .bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/11/art5full.pdf
Mathematical scientists
2%
Outsourcing can provide fair
globalization between countries
Imports and Exports of Computer and Information Services and
Other Business Services, 1986-2003 (in billion current US$)
India
United States
80
80
Exports
-40
-40
-60
-60
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook 2004.
2003
2002
2001
2000
E
1999
-20
Trade Balance
1998
2003
2002
2001
2000
0
1999
0
1998
20
1997
20
1996
40
Imports
1996
Trade Balance
40
-20
Exports
60
1997
Imports
60
Jobs Lost to Technological Change
or Offshoring: Conclusions
 Job losses are essential response to
technological change (Schumpeter’s “creative
destruction”) and to offshoring (Rodrik’s “no
pain, no gain”).
 US labor markets reveal remarkable flexibility
in creating new jobs in response to jobs lost
to the forces of technological change and
offshoring.
From Dwight Jaffee’s talk at Understanding Global Outsourcing, Conf. 2004
Outsourcing & national policy responses
Cushion the labour market effects and re-employ
workers who lost their jobs:
 Skill-bias makes transition of workers from one job to
another difficult.
 Consequences of outsourcing similar to those of
technical change.
 No easy solution available, but a number of tools:
– Skills upgrading crucial as a long-term strategy;
– role for active labour market policies, with their limitations (Auer
et al. 2004);
– social protection may be necessary to make outsourcing
politically viable.
From “International Outsourcing: Trends and Policy Issues”Malte Lübker Policy Integration Department, ILO, 2005
Off shoring and IT’s future
• Off shoring has benefits for receiving countries, but
can also bring value gains to sending countries.
• We should not call for an end of outsourcing, try to
stop, nor endorse protectionism.
• We should concentrate on making outsourcing
compatible with goals of fair globalization, decent
work and improving value for everyone.
• We need to educate people to survive the
transitions. Learn to adapt or be obsolete.
• We should fight only by adding more value, in other
ways, than the labor savings generates.
Innovation as the value driver
 "Innovation generates the productivity that
economists estimate has accounted for half
of U.S. GDP growth over the past 50 years.
...
 It’s not only about offering new products and
services, but also improving them and making
them more affordable."
From Innovate America
Education needs for 2020
The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) report
Educating the Engineer of 2020 concludes:
 “If the United States is to maintain its economic
leadership and be able to sustain its share of high
technology jobs, it must prepare for this wave of
change. While there is no consensus at this stage, it
is agreed that innovation is the key and
engineering is essential to this task; but engineering
will only contribute to success if it is able to continue
to adapt to new trends and provide education to the
next generation of students so as to arm them with
the tools needed for the world as it will be, not as it
is today.”
Innovation importance growing
A 2006 survey by the Business Roundtable found:
 
33% of opinion leaders and 18% of voters said
improving U.S. science and technology capabilities
to increase U.S. innovation and competitiveness is
our country’s single most important objective;
 
62% of both groups said that addressing this
problem is equally important to other challenges
such as national security, transportation, health
care, energy and the legal system;
 
76% of opinion leaders and 51% of American
voters rank a focus on education as the most
important way to solve the problem;
But there is a problem
 Only 5% of the survey parents said they would try to
persuade their child toward careers in STEM
(Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics), while 65% said they would allow the
child to pursue whatever career path he/she prefers
and 27% said they would encourage the child to
pursue a STEM career but balance it with the child’s
preference.
 In a 2003 national survey commissioned by GE,
only 9% of college students polled indicated
that they felt the United States is doing enough
to foster innovation among young people.
Production of Engineers (1999)
- National Science Foundation
Country
BS Engineers
+ CS
Percent of
Grads - Eng.
China
195,354
44.30%
India
145,000
15.44%
Japan
103,440
19.43%
Russia
82,409
14.85%
US
60,914
5.08%
South Korea
45,145
22.09%
Five years later . . . .
 China graduated 650,000 engineers in 2005.
– 2,000 considered to be “world-class”
– The half considered equivalent to average US
graduates
– Half are engineers in “name” (e.g. auto mechanical
engineer)
 Prediction – Asia will have 90% of all
practicing engineers by 2010.
- Asia Section, The Economist, 2004, p. 35
Opposite Trend Occurring in US
2004 Reports by ASEE and NAE concluded that:
“US engineers lead the world in innovation. This great
national resource is at serious risk because America has
an engineering deficit.”
 While U.S. college graduation rates increased by 26%
from 1985 to 2000, graduation rates for engineers
decreased by 23 percent during the same period.
 88% of K-12 teachers believe that engineering is
important for understanding the world around us while
only 30% of teachers feel that their students could
succeed as engineers.
Reference: "Engineering in the K-12 Classroom: An Analysis of Current
Practices and Guidelines for the Future" (http://www.engineeringk12.org)
U.S. Engineering
Enrollment by
Level and by
Year
Downward
Trend Since
1993
Source:
Science & Engineering
Indicators – 2002
Undergraduate
Downward
Trend Since
1983
Graduate
Graduate
Bachelor
Degrees
Earned in
S&E
Fields
Source:
Science & Engineering
Indicators – 2002
U.S. University Trends in Defense-Related
S&E Graduate Student Enrollment (1994-2001)
*Source: National Science Foundation – Graduate Students and Post Doctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2001
Science Disciplines
23000
Aliens with
Temporary Visas
U.S. Citizens + Permanent
Resident Aliens
18000
U.S. Citizen + Perm
8 Yr. Delta
1994 / 2001
Physics
Chemistry
13000
Math/Applied
Computer Sciences
8000
3000
Computer Sci.
Math/Applied
Chemistry
Physics
Computer Sci.
Math/Applied
Chemistry
Physics
-2000
+14.1%
-9.9%
-27.2%
-25.3%
Table I-2
U.S. University Trends in Defense-Related S&E
Graduate Student Enrollment (1994-2001)
*Source: National Science Foundation – Graduate Students and Post Doctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2001
Engineering Disciplines
20000
Aliens with Temporary
Visas
U.S. Citizens + Perm.
Resident Aliens
U.S. Citizen + Perm
8 Yr. Delta
15000
1994 / 2001
Aerospace
Chemical
Electrical
10000
Engineering Science
Industrial/Manufacturing
Mechanical
5000
Metallurgical/Materials
Nuclear
Nuclear
Metallurgy/
Materials
Mechanical
Engineering
Sciences
Industrial/
Mfg.
Electrical
Chemical
Aerospace
Nuclear
Metallurgy/
Materials
Mechanical
Industrial/
Mfg.
Engineering
Sciences
Electrical
Chemical
0
Aerospace
-18.9%
-33.0%
-26.2%
-29.7%
-32.1%
-49.1%
-24.7%
-21.7%
-5000
Table III
Access, VPN and RATS
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