Technology In Action Chapter 5
System software & OS
• System software
• Operating systems:
– Kinds of systems
– Common desktop systems
– User interaction
– Manage the processor
– Manage memory
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Topics
• Operating systems:
– Manage hardware
– Interact with application software
– Start the computer
– Keep the computer organized
• Desktop and windows features
• Utility programs
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
System Software
Operating systems
• Control computer
functions:
–
–
–
–
Hardware
Memory
Application programs
System maintenance
• Provide user interface
System utilities
Programs that perform
computer housekeeping
tasks:
•Manage system
resources
•Improve efficiency
•Virus prevention
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Operating System Categories
• Four categories:
– Real-Time (RTOS)
– Single-User, Single-Task
– Single-User, Multitask
– Multi-user
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Real-Time Operating Systems
• Systems with a specific purpose and a
certain result
• Uses include:
– Industrial machines
– Robotic equipment
– Automobiles
– Video game consoles
– Home appliances
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Single-User Operating Systems
Single-task systems
• Perform one task at a
time
• PDAs:
– Pocket PC
– Palm OS
• MS-DOS
•
•
•
•
Multitask systems
Perform simultaneous
tasks
Windows
MAC OS
Linux
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Multi-user Operating Systems
• Known as network operating systems
• Allow access to the computer system by
more than one user
• Manage user requests
• Systems include:
– UNIX
– Novell Netware
– Windows Server XXX
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Desktop Operating Systems
• Operating system combined with the
processor is known as a platform
– Microsoft Windows / Intel
– Apple Macintosh / Motorola
• Desktop operating systems include:
– Microsoft Windows
– MAC OS
– UNIX
– Linux
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Microsoft Windows
• Market leader – 90% market share
Click to view the various Windows systems
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
XP
2000
ME
NT
98
95
3.x
1.0
2.0
(2001)
(2000)
(1993)
(1998)
(1995)
(1990(1985)
(1987)
1992)
Introduces
Fundamentally
First
widely
This
Includes
This
operating
upgrade
better
This
upgrade
This
upgrade
different
used
point-and-click
PCruns
Offers
a new
system
graphics
toWindows
Windows
to
NT
includes
operating
graphical
commands
user
with
multi-user
faster
capabilities
95 and
and
offers
additional
file
system
interface
a
mouse
with
and
(GUI)
desktop
as
and
introduces
Windows
more
98
improvements
protection
and
increased
operating
includes
modest
well
as
efficiently,
keyboard
includes
to
file security
incorporates
security,
system.
multitasking
power,
improved
introduces
shortcuts
system
and
Plug
and
Internet
Internet
performance,
Improved
capabilities
digital
and
the
backup
ability
Play media
and
toand
support.
Explorer
4.0,
and
point-and-click
desktop
features
and a
capabilities,
overlap
multimedia
customizable
multitasking
mouse
applications.
Internet
long
windows.
capabilities
file names,
taskbar,
and
scheduler.
operations
capabilities.
short-cut
(such as and
desktop
multitasking
right-click
Media Player).
features
capabilities.
menus, and a
cleaner
NEXT
desktop.
9
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
MAC OS
• First operating system with
point-and-click technology
• Excels in:
MAC OS X
– Graphics display
– Processing capabilities
– System reliability
– Document recovery
• Fewer software
applications
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
UNIX
• Multi-user, multitask operating system
• Used primarily with mainframes
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Linux
• Open-source operating
system
• Based on UNIX
• Stable system
• Free
• May be downloaded
through the Internet
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
What the Operating System Does
•
•
•
•
•
Provides user interface
Manages the CPU
Manages memory
Manages hardware
Coordinates application
software with the CPU
13
Technology In Action Chapter 5
The User Interface
• Enables you to interact with the computer
• Types of interfaces:
– Command-driven interface
– Menu-driven interface
– Graphical user interface
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Processor Management
• Controls the timing of events the
processor works on
– Interrupts
– Interrupt handler
– Interrupt table
– Stack
REQUEST
Operatin
Process
Process
g
3rd
1st
2nd
4th
System
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Memory Management
• The operating system allocates space in
RAM for instructions and data
RAM
Operating
System
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Virtual Memory
• Instructions and data are stored on the
hard drive when RAM is full
– Swap file
– Paging
– Thrashing
FULL
Operating
System
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Hardware Management
• Device drivers:
– Programs that enable the operating system to
communicate with peripheral devices
– Provided by the manufacturer of the device
• Plug and Play:
– Hardware and software standard
– Facilitates the installation of new hardware
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Software Application Coordination
• Application programming interfaces
(APIs):
– Blocks of code contained in the operating
system
– Coordinates the operating system with
software applications
• Similar toolbars and menus
– Microsoft Direct X
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Starting the Computer
The boot process
• Step 1: The basic
input/output system
(BIOS) is activated
• Step 2: A Power-onself-test (POST)
checks attached
hardware
• Step 3: The operating
system loads into
memory
• Step 4: Configuration
and customization
2
1
3
4
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Handling Errors in the
Process
Boot
• Non-system disk or disk error
– Remove the floppy from the drive
and press any key
• POST errors
– Single beep: Everything is loading
properly
– Series of beeps: Hardware
problem
• Safe mode
– Windows does not boot properly
– Uninstall any new devices or
software
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Click to view
Desktop features
The Desktop
B
MY DOCUMENTS
____________
C
MY
COMPUTER
____________
I
• Desktop features:TOOLBAR
_________
– Shortcut icons
–CUT
MyICONS
Documents
SHORT
_______________
A
– Start button
– Quick launch
– Open
OPEN programs
_________
PROGRAMS
_________
– Taskbar
TASKBAR
_________
START BUTTON
D ____________
F tray
– System
G
____________
E QUICKLAUNCH
– toolbar
___________
SYSTEM TRAY
H
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Start Menu
Click to view Start
menu features
USER NAME
____________
A
• Start menu
features
PINNED ITEMS LIST
_______________
B
MOST FREQUENTLY
_______________
USED LIST
C
ALL PROGRAMS
___________
BUTTON
D
USER LOG OFF
_____________
E
– User name
– Pinned items
_______________
SPECIAL FOLDERS
SYSTEM AREA
G _______________
– Frequently used
HELP
_______________
programs
– All programs
F
– User logoff
– Shutdown/Restart
SHUT
DOWN/RESTART
_______________
– Special
23
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folders/system/hel SLIDE
Technology In Action Chapter 5
Click to view
Window features
__________
TITLE
BAR
A
__________
MENU
BAR
B
TOOL
BARS
__________
C
VIEW OPTIONS
______________
D
____________
STATUS BAR
E
Window
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Title bar
Menu
Toolbars
View options
Status bar
Scroll bar
Sizing buttons
G
F
_______________
SIZING BUTTONS
SCROLL
BARS
____________
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
File Management
• The operating system provides an
organizational structure to the computer’s
contents
• Hierarchical structure of directories:
– Drives
• Folders
Subfolders
» Files
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Viewing and Sorting Files
Folders
and
• Windows Explorer views:
– Thumbnails
– Tiles
– Icon
– List
– Details
– Sorted and grouped
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Naming Files
• Filename:
– Name
assigned plus
filename
extension
• Filename
extensions:
– Used by
programs
Extensio
Type of
n Bioreport.doc
Document
.doc
Word processing
or
document
Bio report.doc
Application
Microsoft Word;
Corel Word
Perfect
.xls
Workbook
Microsoft Excel
.ppt
PowerPoint
presentation
Microsoft
PowerPoint
.mdb
Database
Microsoft Access
Secondary
.bmp
Bitmap image
folders
.zip
Compressed file
Filename
Windows
WinZip
C:\My Documents\
in Action\TIA Pics\
• File path:
.pdf TechPortable
Adobedotmatrix.gif
Acrobat
Drive
–
Primary
Location
of the .htm or
folder
file
.html
Document Format
Web page
Hypertext
Markup NEXT
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Working with Files
• File management actions:
– Open
– Copy
– Move
– Rename
– Delete
• Recycle bin
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Utility Programs
• Small application programs that perform
special functions:
– Manage system resources
– Create pleasant environment
– Improve efficiency
29
Technology In Action Chapter 5
Display Utilities
• Change the appearance of:
– Desktop
– Windows colors
– Font sizes
– Screen savers
– Screen resolution
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Add or Remove Programs
• Installation wizard
• Uninstall wizard:
– Do not delete programs
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
File Compression Programs
• Reduce the size of a file:
– Removes redundancies
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
System Maintenance Utilities
• Disk cleanup
• Disk defragmenter
• ScanDisk:
– Error checker
• Task manager
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
System Restore and Backup
• System Restore:
– Restores the system
settings back to a
specific date
• Backup:
– Creates a copy of
the hard drive to
another storage
device
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Technology In Action Chapter 5
Accessibility Utilities
• Utility manager:
– Magnify screen image
– Screen contents narration
– On-screen keyboard
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