The Age of Jefferson
A Republican President
2. The Louisiana Purchase
3. New Threats From Overseas
4. The Road to War
5. The War of 1812
1.
Simple Kind of Man
• Walked to his inauguration
• Took off powdered wig
• Balanced government bureaucracy between
Federalists and Dem-Rep
• Cut down the size of the government
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–
–
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Decreased the army
Halted plans to expand the navy
Eliminated internal taxes
Reduces influence of National Bank
The South is Rising
• Jefferson takes office
in new capital city,
Washington, D.C.
• Federalists
involvement in
campaigns declining
– Did not want to appeal
to commoners for
support
New Economic Policies
 Laissez fair: a French
term meaning “let alone”.
 Jefferson not only wanted
to reduce the Federal
budget, but reduce Federal
involvement.
 Jefferson adopted a Free
Market where goods and
services are exchanged
with little regulation.
The Federalist Giveth and Jefferson
Taketh away!
 Jefferson repealed the exercise tax on Whiskey
 Also decreased the size of government departments
 The Navy and Army were decreased
 He allowed the Alien and Sedition to expire
Not Everything Federalist is Bad
 Jefferson did not discard all
Federalist policies.
 On the Advice of his
Treasury Secretary, Albert
Gallatin, he kept the Bank
of The United States.
 The federal government
also continued to pay off
state debts.
Strengthening the Supreme Court
 The Federalist, before Jefferson took office, wanted to keep
some of their own in power.
Packing the Court
• Judiciary Act of 1801
– Increases number of
federal judges by 16
• Adams sought to
appoint Federalist judges
before his term was over
– Midnight Judges –
Adams signed
appointments late in
the last day of his
administration
I Believe You Have My Commission
• William Marbury did
not receive his
commission
– James Madison –
Secretary of State
• Refuses to deliver the
commission
– Judiciary Act of 1789
required the Supreme
Court to order that the
papers be delivered
Please Don’t Sue, Please Don’t Sue…
Crap!
• Marbury sued Madison
to deliver the
commission
• Chief Justice Marshall,
a Federalist, now in a
tough spot
Avoiding a Train Wreck
• Marshall does not order Madison to deliver the
commission
• Instead Marshall declares:
– Madison should deliver the commission
– The Supreme Court does not have the authority to make
him because…
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional
• Judicial Review is established
– Authority of the Supreme Court to strike down
unconstitutional acts of Congress
judicial review
doctrine of exhaustion
judicial
Definitions (2)
1. A higher court's review of a lower court's (or an
administrative body's) factual or legal findings. Upon
the review, the court may issue a prerogative or
prohibitive order or may award damages.
2. The power of the Supreme court to decide
whether a law enacted by a legislature is
constitutional or not. All unconstitutional laws are de
facto null and void, until the constitution itself is
amended to accommodate them.
Important Facts
 Thomas Jefferson is considered a Democrat. What does the
term Democrat mean?
 Jefferson believed in a economic policy of laissez faire. What
does this term mean?
 Jefferson also believed in Free Market economy. What does
that mean?
Important Facts
 John Adams, in his last days of office, appointed 16 new
federal position. What were these positions?
 These appointments were rumored to have been done even
into the late hours of his last day. Theses appointments were
given what nickname?
 James Madison was sued for not delivering the Commission
of one of the above appointments? What was the name of
that Court Case?
Important Facts
 The Supreme Court has the power to decide whether laws
passed by Congress were constitutional and to reject laws
they considered unconstitutional. What term is defined here?
The Louisiana Purchase
Why was control of the Mississippi was important?
Describe how the United States purchased Louisiana
The results of Lewis and Clark’s Expedition.
Pinckney’s Treaty (or Treaty of San
Lorenzo)
 Thomas Pinckney was sent
to meet with the Spanish to
discuss the use of the Port
of New Orleans.
 The Spanish, in fear of an
joint US and UK attack,
agreed to almost all terms,
and gave the US full access
of the Mississippi and the
Port of New Orleans.
Jefferson is Alarmed
 Toussaint L’Ouverture led
a revolt of enslaved
Africans in French
controlled Haiti.
 This alarmed Jefferson,
because Louisiana was now
under French control he
worried Napoleon may try
to secure land in North
America.
The United States Buys Louisiana
Jefferson First Looks Into New Orleans
 Jefferson wanted to make
sure American farmers
would always be able to
ship their goods through
the port.
 Jefferson sent Robert
Livingston and James
Monroe to buy NO and
west Florida from
Napoleon. $10 million was
the max they could spend.
A Surprising Offer
 What happens next takes
 French Minister,
Talleyrand, took Livingston
and Monroe’s offer of $4
million as “Too Low”.
both men by surprise.
 Talleyrand comes back the
next day and asks if the US
would be interested in
buying all of Louisiana.
 Although they knew they
had no authority to buy
Louisiana, they made the
deal for $15 mil.
Constitutional?
 Jefferson worried that the
purchase overstepped the
authority of his office.
 In the end, he decided that
the Office did have the
power to make treaties and
had the Senate approve the
treaty per his request.
Planning an Expedition
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Time to Explore
 Meriwether Lewis was chosen by Jefferson to explore the
new territory, and he chose William Clark as his second in
command.
 Group of about 50 men joined.
 Soldiers
 Woodsmen
 Scientist
 Some where picked up later
 York, an enslaved African American who had been Clark’s companion
since boyhood
Sacajawea
Sacajawea served as a guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark, but she provided
safety to. Sacajawea was a Shoshone Indian. Sacajawea, her husband, baby agreed
to join the expedition.
New Threats From Overseas
We will look at the benefits and risks of overseas trade.
2. Describe how the French and the British violated U.S.
neutrality
3. Discuss why Jefferson implemented an embargo
1.
Empress of China
This was the first U.S. ship to trade with China. The post Revolution overseas
trade was booming for the U.S. Traders bought furs from the Native
Americans and traded with the Chinese.
Trading Around the World
 Clever Yankee traders kept
a sharp lookout for new
goods and markets.
 In New England traders cut
ice into blocks, packed
them in sawdust and traded
the ice to India for silk and
spices.
Conflict With the Barbary States
 Traders ran the greatest
risk in the Mediterranean
Sea.
 Pirates from the Barbary
States, the nations along
the coast of North Africa,
attacked passing vessels.
 To protect American ships,
the U.S. paid a yearly
tribute, or bribe to the
rules of the Barbary States
such as Tripoli.
The Philadelphia
In 1801, Tripoli increased its
demands. Jefferson refused to
pay and Tripoli declared War.
Jefferson ordered a blockade of
Tripoli, but during the blockade
the USS Philadelphia ran
aground.
To keep Tripoli from using the
ship against us, Naval Officer
Stephen Decatur had his men
burn the ship.
Battle of Tripoli
American Marines marched 500 miles to launch a surprise attack on Tripoli.
In 1805, the ruler of Tripoli signed a treaty promising not to attack again.
Jefferson Tries and Embargo
• Embargo: a ban on trade
• Jefferson hoped the Embargo Act of 1807
would hurt France and Great Britain.
– It did hurt them, but it hurt us more
– Exports dropped off by $80 million
– Merchants began to smuggle goods
Jefferson realized the Embargo did not work. He
replaced it with the milder Nonintercourse Act,
which only ban trade with France and Great Britain
The Road to War
Conflicts between white settlers and natives
increase.
The War Hawks push for war against Great Britain
Conflict with Native Americans
About 900,000 white settlers moved west of the
Appalachians.
They hunted and farmed on Native lands
Settlers had ignored treaties signed with the U.S.
Little Turtle of the Miami tribe led an armed resistance
against many of the white settlers and U.S. military.
Armed with British muskets and gunpowder, the Native
resistance drove back white settlers from the area.
The Battle of Fallen Timber
 George Washington had
sent General “Mad
Anthony” Wayne into the
Ohio Valley.
 Thinking that Wayne would
have problems fighting
there because of the
terrain, the Natives did not
give enough thought to his
troops.
Treaty of Greenville
 Having been defeated easily
by Wayne’s army. The leaders
of the Miami Tribe signed the
treaty.
 They gave up land that would
later become part of Ohio.
 In return, they received
$20,000 and the promise for
more money if they kept the
peace.
Tecumseh’s Confederation
 Tecumseh
 Prophet
William Henry Harrison
Governor of the Indiana Territory. Convinces many of the native American
Chiefs to sign away their land. Three million acres worth.
Tecumseh’s Confederacy
 Tecumseh believed that the only way for the Natives to
protect themselves they must form a Confederacy.
 Tecumseh and his brother Prophet began a reform movement
of the Shawnees to rid all traces of “white civilization”
 They warned that the “Great Spirit” was angry with all the
Tribes for abandoning traditional practices.
 Tecumseh traveled through the southwest to win followers, but
many chiefs had already received their payments.
Battle of Tippecanoe
In 1811, in Tecumseh’s absence, Prophet led an attack
on Harrison. Harrison struck back.
Battle of Tippecanoe
While Tecumseh was away trying to organize Indians in the South
Prophet led a surprise attack on William Henry Harrison’s
troops.
Both Prophet’s and Harrison’s troops suffered heavy
casualties
In the end Harrison’s troops defeated the Natives and
destroyed Prophetstown.
Harrison became a national hero
WAR HAWKS
 John C. Calhoun, SC
 Henry Clay, KY
A Push for War
 Henry Clay
 Stirred by a sense of
Nationalism, devotion to
one’s country, the War
Hawks pushed for war
with Great Britain.
 Clay was upset with the
British actions of
impressment and arming
the natives.
Congress Declares War
The British formed a blockade to prevent the US from trading with
France
A brief naval battle broke out between the two, and the US won.
This only increased the cries for war.
At last President Madison gave into War fever!
In June of 1812, he asked congress for a declaration of War.
Americans would soon learn that declaring war was much easier
than winning
Declared & Unprepared
Jefferson’s cuts to the military had left the US unprepared
for War.
-The navy had only 16 ships
-The Army was small and ill equipped
-Few officers knew about warfare
-There were few regular troops and the Army depended
on volunteers.
-The government offered money and land to volunteers
-Many volunteers were untrained and many deserted
New England Protest
 New England Federalist,
out of fear of the US
gaining land in Canada and
Florida, protested the war.
 They felt that new states
would hurt their economy.
They convened at the
Hartford Convention
and threatened secession if
the War continues.
Fighting at Sea
 Isaac Hull, captain of the USS
Constitution
 The Constitution was able to
defeat the British ship the
HMS Guerriere.
 The Constitution tore holes
in the side of the Guerriere
and blew off both mast.
British cannon bounced off
the Constitution giving it the
nickname “Old Ironside”
 This victory cheered
Americans but did little to
help the war effort.
War in the West
 General William Hull,
Commander of U.S. Forces
 One of the goals of the War
Hawks was to conquer
Canada.
 They were convinced that
Canadians would welcome
the chance to remove
themselves from British
control and join the
Americans.
Invasion of Canada
-General William
Hull moved American troops from Detroit into
Canada.
-They did not expect much a fight
-Canadians had only a few untrained troops, but were led by clever
British general, Isaac Brock
-Brock paraded his soldiers in Red Coats
-Americans thought the Canadians were being aided by
experienced British troops.
-Brock’s scare tactics worked, and Hull retreated from Canada
Battle of Lake Erie
 Oliver Hazard Perry
 In 1813 US set out to win
control of Lake Erie.
 Having no fleet, Perry
designed and built his own
ships.
 During the fight, Perry lost
his ship, rowed to another
ship.
 Americans eventually won
the battle.
“Burning Down the House”
The White House, August
24th, 1814
The Roof, The Roof, The Roof is on fire!
In 1814, British troops were raiding and burning towns all
along the Atlantic coast
Many believed this was in retaliation for the US burning
legislative buildings and Governors Mansion in the Battle of
York.
Washington DC, lost the White House, Capitol, and other
legislative buildings. Madison was forced to flee.
Dolly Madison
 Dolly Madison was still in
the White House as the
British began to burn it.
 She had a portrait of
George Washington
removed from the wall to
save it.
Battle of Fort McHenry
In the US defense of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, this flag continued to fly during
the battle inspiring Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner.
Battle of New Orleans
This was considered Jackson’s and the United States greatest
victory of the war to date.
Oh, The Irony
The Battle of New Orleans
-US defeated a superior army under General Andrew
Jackson.
-Hundreds of British Soldiers were killed to just a
handful of American soldiers.
-The US had fought with great skill and Bravery, but
there is just one problem
THE WAR WAS ALREADY OVER!
The Treaty of Ghent
Prior to the Battle of New Orleans, the Treaty of Ghent was signed on
Christmas Eve 1814 declaring Armistice (end to fighting).
Terms of the Treaty
 The day of the Treaty did not bring resolve at all. It was not
until years later that an agreement was made.
 1. 1815, a commercial treaty re-opened trade.
 2. 1817, Rush-Bagot agreement limited the # of Warships on
the Great Lakes.
 3. 1818, British-American commission set the northern
boundary of the Louisiana Purchase @ the 49th parallel
extended as far west as the Rockies.