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Melanie McGovern
Anthony Totera
Jaylin Martinez
Period 5
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* The Endocrine System influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our
bodies.
* The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and
development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function and
reproductive processes.
* It is in charge of body processes that happen slowly, such as cell growth.
* The nervous system works with the endocrine system to help the body function
properly.
* The hormones and glands are the foundations of the endocrine system.
* The major glands that make up the human endocrine system include the:
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hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenal glands
pineal body
reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes)
pancreas
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*The adrenal glands are located in the retroperitoneum
superior to the kidneys, they are quadrilateral in shape
and are situated bilaterally.
* The adrenal glands are small organs that rest on top of each kidney.
* They play an important role in the body, producing numerous hormones that impact
our development and growth, affect our ability to deal with stress, and help to
regulate kidney function.
* It is comprised of two parts, the cortex and the medulla.
* The medulla, which is the inner part of the adrenal glands, produces the hormones
norepinephrine and epinephrine, which regulates the body's reaction to stressful
events.
* The cortex, which is the outer part of the adrenal glands, produces several
hormones that affect blood pressure and blood sugar levels, growth, and also some
sexual characteristics.
* Adrenal Glands Animation
http://catalog.nucleusinc.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=44444
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* Epinephrine (adrenaline)
* Norepinephrine (non adrenaline)
* Glucocorticoids
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“Fight or Flight” Hormone
*Adrenaline
*It is being constantly produced but in times of
danger, excitement, or stress the adrenal gland
produces much more
*Effects on the body:
* Increased physical strength
* Greater energy
* Heart is stimulated
* Raised blood pressure
* Constricts blood vessels
* Releases sugar in the liver
* Relaxes involuntary muscles while contracting others
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“Fight or Flight” Hormone
*Non Adrenaline
*This hormone balances Epinephrine.
It is also produced during times of
danger, excitement, or stress but its
job is to get the body back to regular
conditions.
*Effects:
* Increases blood pressure
* Stimulates respiration
* Decreases heart rate
* Constricts blood vessels in skin, muscles, and
the peripheral nervous system
* Decreases stimulation in airways and lungs
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“Stress Hormones”
* Hydrocortisone (also known as, cortisol
or cortisone) is the most abundant
form
* Best known for providing energy during
physical or emotional stress (like while
fighting illnesses or when your safety
is threatened).
* Effects:
* Releases sugar glucose
* Converts sugar, fat, and protein into
usable energy
* Suppresses immune responses
* Speeds up metabolism
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* A hormonal disorder that is caused by over exposure to too much
cortisol (a hormone that the adrenal gland creates).
* Symptoms:
* Upper body obesity
* Thin arms and legs
* Severe fatigue and muscle weakness
* High blood pressure
* High blood sugar
* Easy bruising
* Stretch marks
* Acne
* Bone loss
* This is diagnosed by your doctor
completing a physical exam and a
blood or urine or saliva test
* Depending on what caused the disease it can be treated by reducing
corticosteroid use, surgery, radiation therapy, or medications.
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* This disease is caused when the adrenal gland doesn’t produce
enough cortisol or aldosterone.
* Symptoms:
* Muscle weakness and fatigue
* Weight loss and decreased appetite
* Hyperpigmentation
* Low blood pressure, even fainting
* Salt craving
* Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
* Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting
* Muscle or joint pains
* Irritability
* Depression
* Body hair loss or sexual dysfunction in women
* This can be diagnosed by a blood test, ACTH stimulation test,
imaging test, or a hypoglycemia test.
* The disease can be treated by oral corticosteroids, corticosteroid
injections, or androgen replacement therapy.
* There are 2 Adrenal glands that sit on top of both of the
kidneys. They are orange and triangular shaped. The Adrenal
gland is about a ½ inch high and 3 inches long. Each of the
glands release hormones and do different jobs.
* Tumors of the pituitary gland (located in the brain) cause
problems in the adrenal gland
* Have been referred to as the kidney’s hat because of their
location and appearance
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* The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2013.
<http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/norepinephrine>.
* Kids Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2013.
<http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/body_basics
/endocrine.html>.
* Mayo Clinic. N.p., 11 Mar. 2013. Web. 11 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/DiseasesIndex/DiseasesI
ndex>.
* Medical Discoveries. N.p., 3 Oct. 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/EnzHo/Epinephrine.html>.
* Thompson, Gale. Human Anatomy and Physiology. N.p.: n.p.,
2010. Print.
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1.
Which organ are the Adrenal Glands located closest to?
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
The Brain
The Kidneys
The Lungs
The Pancreas
What are the two parts of the Adrenal Gland?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The cortex and medulla
The inner and outer
The epimysium and perimysium
The later and medial
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3.
Which of the following is NOT a disease caused by the adrenal
gland?
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
Cushing’s Syndrome
Addison’s Disease
Barlow’s Syndrome
Hypoglcemia
What are the hormones secreted by the Adrenal Gland ? Explain
what each of the hormones do .