Basic Research Skills:
Referencing &
Bibliography Making
June 12–14, 2012
LRC – Graduate School
Prepared by:
Nirvana G. Ramos
Graduate School Librarian
REFERENCING
Referencing refers to citing
authorities or support for an
argument, especially in a book or
paper.
“Referencing,”
Your
Dictionary,
http://www.yourdictionary.com/referencing (accessed April 12,
2012).
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Books
Journals
Newspapers
Theses and Dissertations
Hand – outs
Websites
Online Articles
What to Remember
when REFERENCING
or CITING?
•provide a reference when
you quote from or
paraphrase another work
CITING REFERENCES
• Titles should be italicized.
• Titles of books in English are normally capitalized.
• Titles of books in other languages are usually
written in lower-case letters.
• Titles of journals and newspapers are normally
capitalized in all languages.
For example:
Provinces of Early Mexico
Pueblos de indios y educación
Journal of Latin American Studies
Historia Mexicana
INFORMATION TO BE RECORDED
BOOKS
- Authors; Ed.; Trans; Comp
- Title
- Edition
- Place of publication
- Publisher
- Year
- Page
PERIODICALS
- Author of the Article
- Title of the Article
- Title of the Periodical
- Date of Issue
- Volume
- Issue Number
- Page
INFORMATION TO BE RECORDED
THESES/DISSERTATION
SEMINAR HAND-OUTS
- Author
- Title of the Thesis/Diss.
- Institution/School
- Year
- Page
- Speaker
- Topic
- Seminar Title/Theme
- Place
- Date
INFORMATION TO BE RECORDED
ARTICLE IN AN
ONLINE JOURNAL
- Author of the Article
- Title of the Article
- Title of the online journal
- Volume number
- Issue No.
- Date of Issue
- URL
- Date Accessed
WEBSITE
- Who was quoted
- Title of the Quoted Article
- Website’s name
- URL
- Date Accessed
INFORMATION TO BE RECORDED
WEBLOG
ENTRY / COMMENT
- Blogger
- Topic
- The blogspot
- Date comment was posted
- URL
- Date Accessed
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Carter and Barker (2010) describe
bibliography as a twofold scholarly
discipline -- the organized listing of
books (enumerative bibliography) and
the systematic, detailed description of
books as physical objects (descriptive
bibliography).
“Bibliography,”
Wikipedia:
The
Free
Encyclopedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography (accessed April 12, 2012).
Bibliography and Its Importance
• shows the breadth of your research
• guides readers of your work into the
field;
• help readers to locate the sources
“Library Research Skills Tutorial,” University of London Research
Library Services,
http://www.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/tutorial/reference/ (accessed April
13, 2012)
SYSTEMS AND CONSISTENCY
• Before adopting any system make sure
that your university follows this set of
rules and does not require another
system.
• Whatever system you choose or are
asked to use, the most important thing is
to be consistent.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOTES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In terms of order/arrangement:
• BIBLIOGRAPHY – entries are given by
alphabetical order according to the author's
last name, or by the first word of the title if
the author is not known, omitting 'The' or
'A/An' .
• NOTES – entries are arranged according to the
sequence it was used in each chapters.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOTES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In terms of placement in theses/dissertations:
• BIBLIOGRAPHY – is found or placed at the end
part of the whole thesis before the
appendices.
• NOTES –
– Footnotes - placed at the bottom of the pages that
contains the material they refer to
– Endnotes - end of each Chapters.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOTES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In terms of Author Entry :
• BIBLIOGRAPHY starts with author’s last name
Ex. McNamara, Carter
• NOTES starts with author’s first name
Ex. Carter Mcnamara
Note: For two or more authors, only the first author will follow
the format entry of having the last name first.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOTES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In terms of punctuation mark used (for
Turabian style):
• Notes
– uses comma after the author’s name; no
punctuation mark after the title
– Place of Publication, Publisher and copyright year
is enclosed in a parentheses
• Bibliography
– uses period after the author’s name and after the
title
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NOTES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In terms of indention:
• Notes – uses first line indention
• Bibliography – uses hanging indention
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR BOOKS
SINGLE AUTHOR/EDITOR
N
Richard Swinburne, The Evolution of the
Soul (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997),
23.
B
Swinburne, Richard. The Evolution of the Soul.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR BOOKS
TWO OR THREE AUTHOR/EDITORS
N
Joe Weixlmann and Houston A. Baker, Jr.
eds., Black Feminist Criticism and Critical
Theory (Greenwood, FL: Penkeville Publishing
Company, 1988), 56.
B
Weixlmann, Joe and Houston A. Baker, Jr. eds.
Black
Feminist Criticism and Critical
Theory.
Greenwood, FL: Penkeville
Publishing Company, 1988.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR BOOKS
MORE THAN THREE AUTHOR/EDITORS
N
William McPherson et al., English and
American Literature: Sources and Strategies for
Collection
Development
(Chicago:
American
Library Association, 1987), 67.
B
McPherson, William,
Stephen Lehmann, Craig
Likness, and Marcia Pankake. English and
American
Literature:
Sources
and
Strategies
for Collection Development.
Chicago: American Library Association, 1987.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR BOOKS
EDITOR,COMPILER, OR TRANSLATOR INSTEAD OF
AUTHOR
N
Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of
Homer
(Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1951),
91-92.
B
Lattimore, Richmond trans. The Iliad of
Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1951.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR BOOKS
EDITOR,COMPILER, OR TRANSLATOR
IN ADDITION TO AUTHOR
N
Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems,
ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf
(Chicago: University
of
Chicago Press,
1995), 22.
B
Bonnefoy, Yves.
New and Selected Poems.
Edited by John Naughton and Anthony
Rudolf. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1995.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR BOOKS
CHAPTER OR PART OF A BOOK
N
Andrew Wiese, “’The House I Live In’: Race,
Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in
the Postwar United States,” in The New Suburban
History, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 101102.
B
Wiese, Andrew. “’The House I Live In’:
Race,
Class, and African American Suburban
Dreams in the Postwar United States.” In
The New Suburban History, edited by Kevin
M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2006.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR BOOKS
PREFACE, FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION,
OR SIMILAR PART OF A BOOK
N
James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein;
or,
The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
Wollstonecraft
Shelly (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1982),
xx-xxi.
B
Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or,
The Modern Prometheus, by
Mary
Wollstonecraft
Shelly, xi-xxxvii. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1982.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR BOOKS
BOOKS PUBLISHED ELECTRONICALLY
N
Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The
Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press,
1987),
http://presspubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
(accessed June 25,
2011).
B
Kurland, Philip B., and
Ralph Lerner, eds. The
Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago
Press,
1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
(accessed June 25, 2011).
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR PERIODICALS
ARTICLE IN PRINT JOURNAL
N
Andrew Feffer, “Pragmatism, Feminism,
and Democracy: Rethinking the Politics of
American History,” Journal of American History
89 (March 2003): 1612.
B
Feffer, Andrew. “Pragmatism, Feminism,
and
Democracy: Rethinking the Politics of
American History.” Journal of American
History
89 (March 2003): 1612 - 1615.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR PERIODICALS
ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL
N
Mark A. Hlatky et
al.,
“Quality-of-Life and
Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after
Receiving Hormone
Therapy:
Results
from the Heart
and
Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study
(HERS) Trial,”
Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (2002),
http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo
(accessed
January 7, 2004).
B
Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and
Mary A. Whooley. “Quality – of - Life
and
Depressive
Symptoms in Postmenopausal
Women after Receiving
Hormone
Therapy:
Results from the Heart and
Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study
(HERS) Trial.”
Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5
(2002), http://jama.amaassn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo
(accessed January 7, 2004).
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR PERIODICALS
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
N
Steve Martin, “Sports-Interview Shocker,”
New Yorker, May 6, 2002, 84.
B
Martin,Steve. “Sports-Interview Shocker.” New
Yorker, May 6, 2002.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR PERIODICALS
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
N
William S. Niederkorn, “A Scholar Recants
on His ‘Shakespeare’ Discovery,” New York
Times,
June 20, 2002, Arts section,
Midwest edition.
B
Niederkorn, William S. “A Scholar Recants on
His ‘Shakespeare’ Discovery.” New York
Times,
June 20, 2002, Arts section,
Midwest edition.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR REVIEWS
BOOK REVIEW
N
James Gorman, “Endangered Species,”
review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth
Gilbert, New York Times Book Review, June 2,
2002, 16.
B
Gorman,
James.
“Endangered Species.”
Review of The Last American Man, by
Elizabeth Gilbert. New York Times Book
Review, June 2, 2002.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR UNPUBLISHED
MATERIALS
THESIS OR DISSERTATION
N
Marilou C. Lapuz, “Entrepreneurial Skills
and Attitudes of High School Seniors,” (PhD diss.,
Naga College Foundation, Naga City, 2010), 113.
B
Lapuz, Marilou C. “Entrepreneurial
Skills and
Attitudes
of
High School Seniors.”
PhD dissertation, Naga College Foundation,
Naga City, 2010.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR UNPUBLISHED
MATERIALS
PAPER PRESENTED AT A MEETING OR CONFERENCE
N
Estrella M. Domingo, “Book Care, Repair and
Conservation,” (paper presented at the seminar on
Disaster Management in Libraries, Aquinas
University, Legaspi City, October 7-9, 2009).
B
Domingo, Estrella M. “Book Care, Repair and
Conservation.” Paper
presented at the
seminar on Disaster Management in Libraries,
Aquinas University, Legaspi City, October 7-9,
2009.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR INTERNET SOURCES
WEBSITE
N
Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees,
“Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 20002010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public
Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
B
Evanston
Public
Library Board of Trustees.
“Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 20002010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public
Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategicplan- 00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR INTERNET SOURCES
WEBLOG ENTRY OR COMMENT
N
Peter Pearson, comment on “The New
American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration,” The
BeckerPosner Blog,
comment
posted
March 6, 2006,
http://www.becker-posnerblog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html
#080052 (accessed March 28, 2006).
B
Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://www.beckerposner-blog.com/ (accessed March 28, 2006).
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR INTERNET SOURCES
E-MAIL MESSAGE
N
John Doe, e-mail message to author, October
31, 2005.
B
Doe, John. E-mail message to author, October
31, 2005.
SAMPLE NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FORMAT FOR INTERNET SOURCES
ITEM IN ONLINE DATABASE
N
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, ed. John
Bostock and H.T. Riley, in the Perseus Digital Library,
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgibin/ptext?lookup=Plin.=Nat.=.dedication (accessed
November 17, 2005).
B
Perseus
Digital
Library.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ (accessed
November 17, 2005).
WHY DO WE
NEED TO TAKE
NOTE
It is very useful to add notes of your
readings to the bibliography, they will
help you remember why a particular
reading is important and how you can
use it during the writing up.
FORMS of
NOTE TAKING
• Direct quotation – exact copy of a
portion of the original text
• Summary – a brief statement of the
original material in your own words.
SYSTEM OF NOTE TAKING
•Enter on the card the
information you will need
•Be certain that you have
recorded accurately the page
number
•Enter either the section of
your outline or the area of your
subject to which the
information is relevant
DIRECT QOUTATION
Musical Setting – Novels
III.A.
Smith Grover, ed.
p.821
Aldous Huxley to Leonard Bernstein, 4 Apr. 1957
“…I am writing to ask if you would be at all
interested in reading a dramatic version of my
novel Brave New World, which I have recently
made, with a view to a musical setting.”
SUMMARY
Musical Setting – Novels
III.A.
Smith Grover, ed.
p.821
Aldous Huxley wrote to Leonard Bernstein on
April 4, 1957, to ask him to consider setting a
reading a dramatic version of Brave New
World to music.
Introduction of Quotations
Acknowledged
Acquiesced
Added
Addressed
Admitted
Advised
Advocated
Affirmed
Agreed
Alleged
Announced
Answered
Argued
Articulated
Asked
Assented
Asserted
Assured
Attested
Avowed
Begged
Boasted
Bragged
Called
Charged
Chided
Claimed
Introduction of Quotations
Commanded
Commented
Complained
Conceded
Concluded
Concurred
Confessed
Confided
Contended
Contested
Continued
Contradicted
Counseled
Countered
Debated
Decided
Declared
Decreed
Demanded
Denied
Denounced
Described
Dictated
Directed
Disclosed
Divulged
Elaborated
Introduction of Quotations
Enjoined
Entreated
Enunciated
Equivocated
Exclaimed
Exhorted
Explained
Granted
Held
Hesitated
Hinted
Imparted
Implored
Indicated
Inferred
Informed
Inquired
Insinuated
Insisted
Interjected
Interrogated
Intimated
Lamented
Lectured
Lied
Maintained
Mentioned
Introduction of Quotations
Narrated
Noted
Objected
Observed
Ordered
Petitioned
Pleaded
Pointed out
Preached
Proclaimed
Pronounced
Proposed
Protested
Proved
Queried
Questioned
Quibbled
Quipped
Quoted
Ranted
Read
Reasoned
Rebutted
Recited
Introduction of Quotations
Recognized
Recounted
Refuted
Regretted
Reiterated
Rejoined
Related
Remarked
Reminded
Remonstrated
Repeated
Replied
Reported
Reprimanded
Requested
Responded
Revealed
Ruled
Stated
Stipulated
Suggested
Supplicated
Supposed
Swore
Introduction of Quotations
Talked
Testified
Thought
Told
Translated
Urged
Uttered
Vowed
Warned
REFERENCES
“Bibliography.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography
(accessed April 12, 2012).
Campbell, William Giles, Stephen Vaughan Ballou
and Carole Slade. Form and Style: Theses,
Reports, Term Papers. 8th ed. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 1990.
“Library Research Skills Tutorial.” University of
London
Research
Library
Services.
http://www.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/tutorial/reference/citi
ng1.asp (accessed April 19, 2012).
REFERENCES
“Referencing.”
Your
Dictionary.
http://www.yourdictionary.com/referencing
(accessed April 12, 2012).
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research
Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. Chicago:
University
of
Chicago
Press.
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/ma
nual/index.html (accessed June 25, 2011).