The Human
Machine
How our body systems are
interconnected?
Contents Page
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Muscular System (Severi , Morris & Jacob)
The Skeletal System (Fredrik, Jamshed & Eun-Hwa)
The Respiratory System (Melker & Jinu)
The Digestive System (Danielle, Mira, Poy & Klaudie)
The Nervous System (Claire, Sevillana & Nana)
The Circulatory System (Miss Frolchenko)
Glossary
The Muscular System
Muscular System
In this report we will talk about how does the muscular system
work, the part of the muscular, how to take care of it, and what
normally goes wrong in the muscular system.
Parts of the muscular system
In the muscular system there are more than 600 muscles. There
are three kinds of muscles in the human body skeletal muscles,
cardiac muscles and smooth muscles. There are nearly 650
skeletal muscles in your body. The skeletal muscles are attached
to the skeleton. Smooth muscles are found in our digestive
system, bladder, blood vessels, respiratory organs and the female
uterus. Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart. Cardiac and
smooth muscles can stretch and contract.
How to take care of the muscular system?
If you want to have strong muscles you should exercise, but if you
don’t exercise you may have some problems with your Muscular
system and your muscles will be weak. When you exercise it build
thicker protein filaments, creating more fluid in the muscle cells.
You should exercise at least 75 minutes a weak but more exercise
would be better.
What normally go wrong with the muscular system?
The diseases that strike the muscular system are muscular dystrophy,
myasthenia gravis, ALS, and cerebral palsy. The effect of those diseases may
be really terrifying it may affect the whole body to function. The muscular
dystrophy weakens the musculoskeletal system and hamper locomotion.
How does the muscular system work?
The muscular system pumps blood throughout your body and helps
carry a heavy backpack. Skeletal muscle can move the body by pulling on
fibers. This fiber scientific name is tendon. When the muscles contracts, the
tendon is pulled and the bone moves. The smooth muscles are muscles that
are involuntary muscles because they are controlled automatically by the
nervous system. Cardiac muscles help the heart pump the blood in the heart
and out of it to go around the body.
Conclusion
An interesting fact is that it takes 42 muscles to frown and only 17 to
smile. Another interesting fact is that scientists believe eye muscles
may move more than 100,000 times a day. Take care of your
muscular system, try to be fit and strong.
Pictures & Diagrams of the Muscular System
The Skeletal System
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Did you know that the skeletal system is one of the most
important systems in your body, and without it you would a
blob. It is important because its main function is to protect your
organs in your body.
How do you keep your skeleton healthy?
To keep it healthy you have to drink and eat dairy products
because in it, it contains calcium. Some bones also create
calcium. You also keep your skeletal system healthy by
exercising.
What can go wrong?
Comminuted: The bone has been broken into many pieces.
Compound: When your bone has broken and the bone is
sticking out.
Green-stick: When a bone has been broken completely
The most likely bone for a kid to break is the radius or the ulna.
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What are joints?
It’s when your bones meet. The joint makes you being able to
move your elbow. Without it you would walk like a penguin and
if you tried to move it, it will hurt.
Fun facts
The smallest bone is the malleus, which is in your ear and your
ear has 6 bones. It is as big as one grain of rice. Your spine is
made up of 26 small bones. There are 22 bones in a human
skull. There are 58 bones in your legs and feet. 1/20 people in
the world have an extra rib.
Conclusion
If you don’t keep it strong it will be more likely that you will
break a bone.
Pictures & Diagrams of the Skeletal System
Pictures & Diagrams of the Skeletal System
The Respiratory System
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Introduction
In order to breath you need a respiratory system. You
need it to breath, to run, to swim and to sleep. The lungs
are the main part of the respiratory system, everyone is
born with 2 lungs.
The parts of the respiratory system
The parts that make up the respiratory system are: the
lungs, the trachea (windpipe), the nose (nasal cavity),
bronchi and diaphragm.
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How it works?
This system works by breathing air with oxygen in through your
nose, this travels down the trachea and into our lungs. The
oxygen in the air goes into our lungs and we must breath out
carbon dioxide that is poisonous for us.
Your lungs are made up of millions of elastic like sacs which fill
up with air and lets out the carbon dioxide.
The lungs pass the air into our blood, your heart then pumps
blood around your body. After the blood cells run out of
oxygen the blood cells go back to the lungs and the lungs give
them more fresh oxygen and they can travel around the body
again.
When we breath in (inhale) the lungs fill with oxygen (air) and
become bigger. The diaphragm, which is a strong muscle helps
us do this. This muscle also helps to push out the air we don’t
need.
Your lungs are like balloons filling up with air and letting the air
out just like when you let go of a balloon.
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What can do wrong?
If you smoke the smoke can damage your lungs and make it
harder to breath, you might even get lung cancer.
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Many people have asthma, this is a disease/ condition that
causes the tubes in the lungs to get inflamed and smaller. This
makes breathing harder and the person feels like they are
drowning and can’t get enough air.
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Many people get chest infections, this means they have some
mucus in their lungs. This can lead to pneumonia, which is very
serious.
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How can you take care of the Respiratory System?
In order to take care of your lungs and respiratory system you
should exercise regularly and drink enough water. If you get
sick you should visit your doctor to make sure it is not a serious
chest illness.
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You should not smoke or be near others who do. You should be
careful of pollution outside or factories that cause pollution.
Avoid the fumes from cars as well as this is poisonous.
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Conclusion
*The lungs have about as much air as a basketball.
*If you exercise your lungs get stronger and bigger.
*The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in
men.
*We lose half a liter of water a day through breathing. This is the
water vapor we see when we breathe onto glass.
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Pictures & Diagrams of the Respiratory System
The Digestive System
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Introduction
This Information Report is about the digestive system. This report will be explaining to
you about: The parts of the digestive system, How it works, What commonly goes
wrong and How you can take care of it.
Parts of the digestive system
The parts of the digestive system are:
Mouth, Teeth, Tongue, Esophagus, Liver,
Stomach, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Small Intestine,
Large Intestine, Appendix, Anus.
How it works
When you are chewing food your saliva also brakes down the food and makes it
smooth enough to go down the esophagus pipe. Then your tongue pushes a little
amount of the mashed-up food (bolus) in your throat. Your esophagus pipe is a 25centimeter long pipe. The food takes about 2-3 seconds to travel down your
esophagus pipe. After it passed the esophagus pipe it goes into your stomach. The
stomach stores food, brakes food down into liquid and passes it slowly to the small in
intestine. The small intestine is not small it is about 22 feet long (5.7m). The small
intestine takes the nutrients out of the food. The small intestine is conceded three
other organs the pancreas, liver and gallbladder which brake the nutrients down
even further. Then the food goes into your large intestine. The large intestine takes
the water out of the bolus and then it comes out of the anus.
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Things that go wrong with your digestive system.
Many things can go wrong with your digestive system. Here are the things that can
go wrong.
Choking
In our body you have two pipes down your throat. One pipe is for oxygen. In the
beginning of the pipe you have an epiglottis. An epiglottis is a flap that prevents
food going to your lungs. So how does choking happen? Choking happens when
your talking or laugh while your eating food and you swallow it the epiglottis doesn’t
close fast enough therefore it leads to choking.
Heart Burn
Heartburn happens when acid from your stomach goes into your esophagus. 25
million adults get heartburn. 40% to 80% of pregnant women get heartburn.
Heartburn is caused when you over eat or you drink alcohol. It can also be caused
when you smoke.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea is a watery poop. Diarrhea is caused when you eat too fast and your large
intestine and small intestine cant suck up all the liquid and nutrients. That’s why it
appears watery.
Throwing up
Throwing up happens when you are nervous or spinning very fast or you are sick or
you eat food with bacteria. Instead of the food going down to your anus it goes up
and comes out of your mouth.
Food poisoning
Food poisoning happens when you are eating something your not supposed to eat
such as raw eggs or raw meat or rotten food. You can get food poison. When you
get food poison you don’t feel good. Sometimes you throw up or have diarrhea.
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How can we take care of our digestive system?
We can take care of our digestive system by:
1.Eating healthy food and drinking a lot of water.
2.Eat less sugary and spicy foods.
3.Exercise.
4.When eating chew your food well and slowly so that it is easy to digest.
Conclusion
Now you know how to take care of your digestive system, what it is and
how it works. Without your digestive system you would die, so take good
care of it.
Pictures & Diagrams of the Digestive System
The Nervous System
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Introduction
The nervous system is one of the main systems in your body. It
controls how you act and react. It is very fragile and if you
damage it there are severe consequences.
Parts of the System
The parts of the nervous system are; cells, neurons, the spinal
cord and brain. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central
nervous system and the neuron in the nerves, which stretch out
across the whole body to make up the peripheral nervous system.
How it Works?
The nervous system works when the brain wants the body to
do something and the neurons in the nerves deliver the message
from the brain to other parts of the body through the spinal cord.
The neurons also send messages to the brain of how we feel and
then the brain sends the neurons with the message back so we
know how to act and react.
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What Can Go Wrong?
Tourette’s syndrome is a condition that affects a person’s
central nervous system and causes tics. Tics are unwanted
twitches, movements, or sounds that people should be able to
control, however they are not able to. It happens to many
people, especially children.
Epilepsy is another syndrome that causes seizures; severe
headaches and can make a person move their arms and legs
uncontrollably. This occurs to some children, babies and older
people.
Alzheimer’s disease affects your memory and causes you to
forget what has happened. Some symptoms of Alzheimer’s
disease are confusion and disorientation, personality changes,
hallucinations and delusions and problems with language and
speech.
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How do you take care of the Nervous System?
To take care of the nervous system you should eat fresh and
healthy foods with plenty of vitamins. It’s also effective if you
keep your brain active because your neurons will be operating.
Conclusion
The nervous system is a complicated system with tragic
consequences and that could be life threatening. If something
damages the nervous system it will not be able to heal itself
and will stay like that until scientists have found a way to cure
problems that happen in your nervous system.
Pictures & Diagrams of the Nervous System
The Circulatory System
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What is it?
This is a very important system made up of blood vessels
(arteries, veins and capillaries), you heart and lungs.
How does it work?
Blood flows through your body in a continuous circuit through a
special network of vessels thousands of kilometers long.
This special system gives every tissue in your body oxygen and
nutrients and carries away waste.
This system is powered by your heart, which is about the size of
your fist when it’s clenched.
Blood flowing through your lungs picks up oxygen and it travels
to the heart, which pumps it around your body.
As the oxygen rich blood travels through your body it releases
the oxygen into the surrounding cells and picks up carbon
dioxide (waste).The oxygen poor blood cells go back to your
heart which pumps it back into you lungs so they can pick
oxygen again.
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about Blood
Your blood is made up of millions of round red cells that float
along in a watery fluid called plasma, along with white blood
cells and platelets. Your blood transports oxygen, nutrients and
waste. It also fights infection and regulates your temperature
by distributing heat evenly around your body.
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Heart
Your heart is a muscular pump which sits between your lungs,
slightly tilted on the left side. It contracts faster than 1 time per
second. With each contraction, valves close to stop the blood
flowing backwards. This makes the thudding sound of your
heart beat.
Key Facts
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Red blood cells store oxygen
White blood cells detect and destroy micro-organisms that
cause disease.
Platelets stop leaks from blood vessels by making blood clot.
Plasma carries nutrients and hormones around the body.
Blood is a connective tissue, like bone and cartilage, but it is
liquid rather than solid.
Pictures & Diagrams of the Circulatory System
Pictures & Diagrams of the Circulatory System
Glossary
 Click
here to find an on-line glossary of
Body System related Words
 http://www.anatomy.usyd.edu.au/glossar
y/
 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/huma
n+body