Name _______________________________________
Period ______
Musculoskeletal Unit Test
Study Guide
Information on these study guide items may be found in your journal, text pages (which you
have in your binder) and also you binder handouts. Remember, you have the whole glossary in
your binder as page 3, additional terms in the back of your science journal and some of the
vocabulary is on page 16 of your journal in your own words.
Lesson 18- overview
Cartilage- the firm tissue found at the ends of bones at the joints
Joints- the places where bones meet
Tendons- connect muscles to bones.
When a muscle contracts, it pulls the tendon, which pulls the bone. The bone moves in
the direction in which it is pulled. When the bones needs to be moved in the opposite
direction, an opposing muscle contracts and pulls the other way. This is why most
skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs. For example- biceps and triceps, or hamstrings
and quadriceps.
Ligaments- connect bones to another bone at joints
Readings in this chapter, in the text, to review:
 Life in the Bone Zone, pages 155-157
 Spies-two Working As One, pages 158-159
Lesson 19- Joints and Movement
Types of moveable joints- see pictures on pages 163-164 in text
1) Plane joints- also known as gliding joints, are found in areas where the bones are flat.
These joints allow slipping or gliding movements. Found: ankle & wrist
2) Ball-and-socket joint- allow movement in all directions, circular motion, found at the
shoulders and hips
3) Pivot joints- allows limited rotation of one bone against another, found where neck joins
the head and where radius and ulna meet, just below the elbow
4) Saddle joints- found where the thumb meets the palm, each bone has both convex and
concave surfaces that join, like a person sitting on a saddle, limited side to side motion
5) Hinge joint- moves back and forth or open and closed , like a door hinge, found in the
elbow or knee
6) Fixed joint- in cranium (skull) where bones fused together as you grew
Readings in this chapter, in the text, to review:
 Spies- What Kind of Joint is this?, pages 165-167
HBS Lesson 20 - 21
Bones – support and protect your body, born with 270 bones in your body but as you age the
bones fuse together into 206 bones, fuse together by cartilage which turns into bone =
ossification (growth plates- active area where ossification happens)
Cartilage – found at the ends of bone usually where bones come together
- Flexible, slippery tissue which protects & cushions bones at the joints
- Found- tip of nose & external ears
2 major functions of cartilage:
1. cushions bones that could rub together
2. allows bones to slide across their surfaces without rubbing against each other
Synovial fluid – lubricates joints
Tendons – connect muscles to bones
Ligaments – connect bone to bone
Muscles – primary function is to allow movement
3 types of muscle:
1. Cardiac- found in heart, never tires
2. Skeletal- muscles attached to skeletal system, i.e. biceps, pectoral… these tire the
fastest of the 3 types
3. Smooth- tire but not as quickly as skeletal, found in organs, mostly in digestive tract
(peristalsis)
Involuntary and Voluntary –
*voluntary means you control the muscle (walking, moving arms), *involuntary means it
happens by itself, you have no control (heart beating)
Muscle Fatigue - when there is not enough oxygen and nutrients to muscles and the muscles
tire out
Lactic Acid- used by body to supply energy, body converts glycogen and glucose into lactic acid
Anaerobic- without Oxygen
Aerobic- with Oxygen
Strain- when a muscle or tendon is injured
Sprain- when a ligament is injured
Readings in this chapter, in the text, to review:
 Repetitive Stress Injury p. 177-178
 Spies: Command Central p. 179-181