Biology 1102
Lecture four
Slide 1 - Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Slide 2 – Examples of taxonomy of animals
Category
Haircap moss
Red oak
House fly
Herring gull
Wolf
Human
Kingdom
Plantae
Plantae
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
Arthropoda
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Musci
Angiospermae
Insecta
Aves
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Bryales
Fagales
Diptera
Charadriiformes
Carnicora
Primata
Family
Polytrichaceae
Fagaveae
Muscidae
Laridae
Caridae
Hominidae
Genus
Polytrichum
Quercus
Musca
Larus
Canis
Homo
Species
commune
robra
domestica
argentatus
lupus
sapiens
Slide 4 – Vertebrates
Slide 5 - Invertebrates
Slide 6 - asymmetry
Slide 7 – Symmetry of animals
Slide 6 – primary tissue layers
-Ectoderm is defined as the
outermost of the three
primary layers of an embryo;
produces the nervous
system, the epidermis and
epidermal derivatives, and
the lining of various body
cavities such as the mouth.
-Mesoderm - gives rise to
tissue including connective
tissue, muscle, circulatory
system and gives rise to the
notochord and neural tube
as well as the urogenital
system.
-Endoderm - gives rise to
various tissues including the
gastrointestinal tracks and
endocrine glands
Slide 9 - Coelom
Only animals
that develops
a mesoderm
will develop a
coelom
Slide 7 - Body cavities and designs
Slide 10 - Segmented animals – earth worms
Slide 12 – Non-segmented animals
Slide 13 – Sac vs. Tube-within-tube body plan
Slide 12 - Phylum Porifera – Sponge Bob
Slide 14 – Internal structure of a sponge
Slide 16 – Sponge continued
Slide 17 – Sponge reproductive methods
Sponges can reproduce either through asexual or sexual
means. Examples of asexual reproduction are given
below:
• Fragmentation – small part of the sponge may break
away (e.g. accident) and develop into a complete
mature organism
• Budding – a small out growth will appear along the side
of the sponge and will gradually increase in size
-
The outgrowth never really break away from the
original organism but will continue to branch out
and create a extremely large and complex
organism
Slide 18 – Gemmules of sponges
Gemmules are formed when the
environmental conditions gets tough.
The sponge proceed into a semidormant phase for protection and could
be considered as a form of asexual
reproduction. For example:
-The outer cluster of the
sponge cells forms a hard
outer covering around
others
-The clusters inside are
dormant and are protected
from the environment
-When the conditions are
right, the inner cluster of
dormant cells began to
divide (mitosis) and
establish a new colony of
sponge
Slide 19 – Sexual reproduction of sponges
Sexual reproduction of sponges proceeds as follows:
•
Amoeboid like cells produces both egg and sperm
•
The egg and sperm are released into the central cavity
and into the surrounding environment
•
The egg and sperm are released at different times to
insure that there will be no self fertilization (defeating
the purpose)
•
Once the egg is fertilized a zygote is formed
•
The zygote or also could be called a larva (pl. larvae) is
mobile and can relocate to a different location and
develops into another sessile filter feeder
•
Sponges are capable to regenerate a damaged part of
itself when needed. Even if it is chopped up or a major
piece of its body is lost, new sponges may grow and
appear in its place.
Slide 17 - Ctenophora
Slide 18 - Cnidarians
Slide 23 - Cnidocytes and nematocysts
Slide 23 – Cnidarians – distinct life cycles
Slide 24 – Nerve net
Slide 25 – Life cycle of a Jellyfish
Slide 26 – Sea anemone
Slide 27 - Class Anthozoa - corals
Slide 28 - Class hydozoa (Portuguese Man of War)
Slide 25 - Class hydozoa - hydra
Slide – 26 - Obelia
Slide 31 - Phylum Nemertea – Ribbon worms
Slide 28 - Phylum Platyhelminthes – class Turbellaria –planarians - flat worms
Slide 33 - Phylum Platyhelminthes - Turbellaria
Slide 29 - Phylum Platyhelminthes - class Trematoda - flukes
Slide 30 - blood flukes
Slide 31 – blood fluke eggs
Slide 33 - class Trematoda - flukes - Schistosoma haematobium
This man has advanced
schistosomiasis. Note the
distension of the collateral
veins due to portal
hypertension.
Slide 34 – liver fluke (sheep and moose)
Slide 35 – liver fluke human
Slide 36 – Human liver fluke life cycle
Slide 37 - Phylum Platyhelminthes - Class Cestoda – tape worms
Slide 42 – Human tapeworm lifecycle
Slide 43 – tapeworms in small intestines
Slide 44 – Tape worms and diet
Slide 41 - A nine year-old Brazilian boy, displaying the hookworms and tapeworms he expelled
Slide 38 – tape worm
Slide 39 – Tapeworms
Slide 40 – Tapeworms
Slide 45 - Phylum Nematoda – roundworms - Ascaris
Slide 46 – Ascaris life cycle
Slide 47 - Phylum Nematoda - Trichinella spiralis - Trichinosis
Phylum Nematoda – Trichuris trichiura – Whipworms
Whipworms in the intestines
Rectal prolaps
Embryonated eggs
Slide 49 – Whipworm life cycle
Slide 50 – Nematoda - Onchocera volvulus – Elephantiasis Lymphatic Filariasis
Slide 51 - Filariasis
Slide 52 – Onchocera life cycle