Design of UAV Systems
Objectives
Lesson objective • Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)
• Where are they headed?
• What are the challenges?
• Design
• Technology
Lesson expectations -
• Gain Familiarity
• Appreciate breadth of UAV design options
Notation - by our definition of UAVs as reusable
Yes =
c 2002 LM Corporation
UAV
No =
Introduction to UAVs
UAV
2-1
Design of UAV Systems
Amazing UAV facts
• The first reported heavier-than-air, powered flight was of
a UAV, over the Potomac River, by Dr. Sam Langley (1896)
• The first radio-controlled UAV flights were converted
Navy trainers, flown over Long Island (1917)
• The first mass production of UAVs was the Kettering
Bug, costing $400 and capable of carrying a 300 lb
bomb (1918)
• The British Queen Bee UAV was landed by dragging a
weighted antenna line on the ground, which then
pulled back the stick and the throttle (1935)
• 4 UAVs with 2000 lb bombs attacked the Japanese
merchantman, Yamazuki Maru, scoring two direct hits
(1944)
• Marilyn Monroe was “discovered” while working in the
Radioplane OQ-3 UAV factory (1945)
Source: McDaid and Oliver, “Smart Weapons”, Barnes & Noble 1997
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-1a
Design of UAV Systems
Pre-World War II
Historical comparison - US
World War II
• Manned aircraft
• Manned aircraft
- Reciprocating engines
- Recips mature
- Biplanes to monoplanes
- Structures mature
- Fabric to semi-monocoque
- First jets
• Unmanned
• Unmanned
- First unmanned vehicle
- First combat use
- First UAV
- First drones
1960s
1970s
1950s
• Manned aircraft
- Turbojets mature
- Advanced metalics
- Supersonics mature
• Unmanned
- First real systems
- UAVs stagnate
1980s
• Manned aircraft
• Manned aircraft
• Manned aircraft
- Turbofans mature
- Commercial FBW
- Full fly by wire
- First composites
- Composites mature
- Early digital systems
- First fly by wire
- Full digital systems
• Unmanned
- Complex analog systems
• Unmanned
- First combat UAV
• Unmanned
- Cruise missiles
- First research UAV
- UAVs go to war
- Tactical UAV (again)
- First tactical UAV
• Other - Unmanned space
1990s - Unmanned
2002 and on
1990s - Manned aircraft
- DARO Family of Vehicles - UAVs mature
- Co-cured composites
- Tactical UAVs (again)
- Manned/unmanned
- Pilots as managers
- USAF / DARPA UCAV
synergy,co-existence
- Netted systems
• Other - Reusable launchers
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-2
Design of UAV Systems
Pre War
Kettering Bug (1918)
Aerial Torpedo
UAV
Radioplane 0Q-2A
(1935)
UAV
Culver PQ-14B
(1940)
UAV
Target drones
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-3
World War II
Design of UAV Systems
V-1 Buzz Bomb
UAV
UAV
U.S. Buzz Bomb
USAAF BQ-7 (B-17F)
UAV
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-4
Design of UAV Systems
1950s
Strategic
Surface-to-Surface Missiles
Matador- 600 NMi Range
UAV
Mace - 1217 Nmi Range
USSR had similar types
of systems
Snark - 5497 NMi Range
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-5
Design of UAV Systems
Submarine
and Surface
Launched
Missiles
1950s (cont’d)
USSR also had
similar types
UAV
Regulus 1
Regulus 2
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/theater/regulus1.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-6
Design of UAV Systems
1960s
Reconnaissance UAVs
UAV
UAV
Lightning Bug
AQM-34
D21 Tagboard on
M12 Mother Ship
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-7
1960s - other
Design of UAV Systems
Launch and space systems
UAV
UAV
http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/imint/4cor1
http://www.fas.org
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-8
Design of UAV Systems
1970s
Combat UAVs - Have Lemon AQM-34
UAV
UAV
EO Maverick
EO Hobo
UAV
EO Maverick Attacking SAM Site
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-9
Design of UAV Systems
1970s
Boeing YQM-94A B-Gull
Reconnaissance
(Recce) UAVs
UAV
Teledyne Ryan YQM-96A R-Tern
Compass Cope High Altitude Long
Endurance (HALE)
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Endurance 28 hrs 11 min Un-refueled
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm
Introduction to UAVs
2-10
Design of UAV Systems
1970s
Cruise Missiles
Boeing AGM-86
UAV
General Dynamics BGM-109
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-11
Design of UAV Systems
1970s
Flight Research UAVs
UAV
HiMAT
YF-16 RPRV
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/index.html
XBQM-106
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
Self-Repairing
Flight Control Sys.
2-12
Design of UAV Systems
1970s
Tactical UAV - Lockheed Aquila
UAV
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-13
Design of UAV Systems
UAV
1980s
Cruise Missiles
General Dynamics AGM-129
GD
UGM-109C
GD BGM-109G
GD RGM-109C
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm
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Introduction to UAVs
2-14
Design of UAV Systems
1980s
Boeing Condor
UAV
HALE UAV
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-15
Design of UAV Systems
1980s
Tactical and Medium Endurance UAVs
UAV
Pioneer - USN/USMC
US Army Hunter
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm
GNAT-750
MR - UAV
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-16
Design of UAV Systems
1990s
DARO UAVs
UAV
Predator (Tier II)
Outrider (TUAV)
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/outrider.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm
Global Hawk (Tier II+)
Dark Star (Tier III-)
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm
2-17
Global Hawk & Predator
Design of UAV Systems
Size Comparison
http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-18
1990s - Tactical UAV
Design of UAV Systems
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm
UAV
Alliant Techsystems
Outrider
General Atomics
Prowler
US Army Selects
AAI Shadow 200
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
TRW/S-TEC
Sentry
2-19
1990s - VTUAV
Design of UAV Systems
NG Fire Scout selected
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm
UAV
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-20
Design of UAV Systems
1990s - Manned synergy
UAV
http://www.army.mil/armyimages.htm
UAV
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-21
Design of UAV Systems
1990s - Reusable launchers
UAV
UAV
http://www.fas.org
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-22
Design of UAV Systems
Next subject
Lesson objective • Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)
• Where are they headed?
• What are the challenges?
• Design
• Technology
Lesson expectations • Gain Familiarity
• Appreciate breadth of UAV design options
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-23
Today - DARPA/Army
Design of UAV Systems
Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR)
• Armed unmanned complement to manned systems
- Future Combat System
- RHA-66 Comanche
• Perform the most dangerous missions
- Strike and support
• $500M over four (4) phases
- First phase 12 months, four (4) contractors
- Many competitors
Plus...
Raytheon
Sikorsky
Lockheed Martin
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-24
Design of UAV Systems
Today - DARPA/USAF UCAV
X-45A
X-45B
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-25
Design of UAV Systems
Today - DARPA/Navy UCAV
AIR VEHICLE
• XX,XXX lb Gross Weight
• X,XXX lb Empty Weight
• High subsonic speed
• Med-high altitude
• XXX-XXXX nmi radius
• XXXX-XXXX lb payload
http://www.strange-mecha.com/aircraft/x/USN-X.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm
http://www.northrop grumman.com
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-26
Design of UAV Systems
Today - other DARPA
http://www.auvsi.org/members
http://www.vectorsite.net/avuav7.html
A-160 Hummingbird
http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html
• Hingeless, low disk-loading & RPM rigid rotor
• VTOL range > 2,000nm
• Endurance > 24-48 hours
http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-27
Design of UAV Systems
Today - Global Hawk
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm
• ACTD successfully completed
• Low rate initial production approved
- 17 air vehicles plus four mission and launch
control elements
• Full-rate production starts FY-06
- 2 UAVs per year through FY 09, 4 thereafter
• Assessing new payloads - signals intelligence
- Requires payload weight/volume increase
• Will remain unarmed
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-28
Today - Predator
Design of UAV Systems
• Predator A armed with Hellfire missiles
http://www.auvsi.org/members/us.cfm
• USAF orders 2 Predator B prototypes for evaluation
- Honeywell TPE-331-10T, flat-rated to 750shp
- 4,500kg take-off gross weight
- Max speed / altitude - 210 Kt / 50Kft
- 20m wingspan
Predator B
- Triplex systems
- 1,360kg fuel
- 340kg internal payload
- 1360kg external payload
- 6 store stations/14 Hellfires
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PAIS/HTML/FS-073-DFRC.html
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-29
Today - USMC
Design of UAV Systems
Affordably expendable UAV
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-30
Design of UAV Systems
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
Dragon Eye approach
2-31
Design of UAV Systems
Today - US Navy Roadmap
Today
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-32
Design of UAV Systems
Today - US Navy VTUAV?
(Source data : Janes - All the Worlds Aircraft; UAVs and Targets)
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-33
Design of UAV Systems
UAV
Tomorrow
Another generation of UAVs & UCAVS
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-34
Design of UAV Systems
Final subject
Lesson objective • Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus)
• Where are they headed?
• What are the challenges?
• Design
• Technology
Lesson expectations • Gain Familiarity
• Appreciate breadth of UAV design options
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-35
Design of UAV Systems Design and technology challenges
System Level
- Concepts of Operation
- Communications
availability/reliability
- Multi-UAV operations
- UAVs in manned airspace
Air Vehicle
- Reliability and Safety
- Very long endurance
- Survivability
- Cost
Mission control
- Reliability and Safety
- Operators per vehicle
- Multi-vehicle control
- Cost
c 2002 LM Corporation
Payloads
- Auto target recognition
- On board data processing
- Data compression
- Cost
Support system
- Reliability and Safety
- Logistics footprint
- Off base support
- Aerial refueling
- Cost
Introduction to UAVs
2-36
Design of UAV Systems
Example - Manned airspace
All countries have rules for how aircraft must operate in
their airspace.
• Most follow guidelines developed by the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO)
• Rules apply to two types of airspace
- Enroute airspace - the airways
- Terminal airspace - around airports
Airspace rules are based on manned aircraft experience
• The established system is complex and slow to change
Pilots, not ground controllers, have primary
responsibility for safe operation/separation of aircraft
• UAVs have ground (?) controllers not pilots
UAVs will have to fit into a pilot based system
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-37
Design of UAV Systems
c 2002 LM Corporation
Example - Logistics footprint
Introduction to UAVs
2-38
Design of UAV Systems
Example - Base operations
Main Base
Forward Base
Emergency Base
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-39
Design of UAV Systems
Question
What do these challenges have to do with
us (Aerospace Engineers)?
• UAVs are air vehicles, they fly like airplanes and
operate in an airplane environment
- They are designed like air vehicles
- They have to meet flight critical air vehicle
requirements
- Aerospace engineers understand the environment,
the requirements and the design challenges
• We know how to integrate complex, multi-disciplinary
systems
We provide leadership in development of air vehicle systems
- UAVs are simply our next air vehicle system challenge
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
2-40
Design of UAV Systems
c 2002 LM Corporation
Introduction to UAVs
Intermission
2-41