What Could Divide People,
even Families?
What Brings Us Together?






1911 Revolution
1916-1928 Warlord Era & Jiang Kai-shek’s Northern
Expedition (1926 to 1928)
• KMT-CPC split
1927–1937 Encirclement Campaigns and the Long March
(1934-1936)
Xi’an Incident 1936 (Zhang Xueliang & Yang Hucheng)
1937-1945 Anti-Japanese War or the Second SinoJapanese War
1945 – 1949 the Civil War or Liberation War
求同存异【qiútóngcúnyì】 seek
common ground while reserving
differences.

What separate
people, even
families?

What could bring
people together?
Three Big Mountains





Deng Xiaoping’s quick
wit on his height
Old Three
Imperialism
Feudalism
Oligarchic or
bureaucratic capitalism





New Three
1. Education (tuition
three times higher than
the world’s average
2. Medicare
3. Housing
蜗居【wōjū】 <formal>
humble abode; a snail’s
house
Three Big Mountains
A Difficult Task even for the Foolish Old Man
Education (Tuition)/Medical/Housing
Father of the Nation
Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)


Known as the father
of modern China.
Influential in
overthrowing the Qing
(Manchu) dynasty
(1911);
he served as the first
provisional president
of the Republic of
China (1911–12) and
later as de facto ruler
(1923–25).
Sun Yat-sen tribute in the
Tiananmen Square, 2005.
The emblem of the Guomintang
The Blue Sky with a White Sun
Red Flag for the National Party

The
Guomindang/Kuomintang
traces its ideological and
organizational roots to the
works of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a
proponent of Chinese
nationalism, who founded
China Revival Society in
Honolulu, Hawaii in 1894. In
1905, Sun joined forces with
other anti-monarchist
societies in Tokyo to form
the Tongmenghui or the
Revolutionary Alliance.
Sun Yat-sen’s ideals
nationalism, democracy, and equality
the Three People’s Principles 450


Sun Yat-sen based his idea of revolution on three principles:
nationalism, democracy, and equality. These three principles, in
fact, were elevated to the status of basic principles: the Three
People's Principles. The first of these held that the Chinese
government should be in the hands of the Chinese rather than
a foreign imperial house. Government should be republican and
democratically elected. Finally, disparities in land ownership
should be equalized among the people, wealth more evenly
distributed, and the social effects of unbridled capitalism and
commerce should be mitigated by government.
To establish a government of the people, by the people, and for
the people
Sun Yat-sen’s Vision of New China





In Sun's theory of democracy, government would be divided into five
separate branches: the executive, legislative, judicial, the censorate,
and the civil service system.
The latter two branches pri’marily functioned as a check on the first
three, which are the more familiar branches of government to
Westerners. The latter two were also traditional branches of the
Chinese government and functioned independently. The civil service
had been around since the Han period and the censorate had been
created by the Hong Wu emperor at the beginning of the Ming
dynasty (1368-1644).
This form of government, however, was never really instituted in
Nationalist China.
The Censorate (御史台 yùshǐtái, later 都察院 dūcháyuàn) was a toplevel supervisory agency in ancient China, first established during the
Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bhe1EnfU5c&feature=related
中華民国国歌三民主義 (San Min Chu-i)


Official Translation
San Min Chu-i,
Our aim shall be:
To found, a free land,
World peace, be our stand.
Lead on, comrades,
Vanguards ye are.
Hold fast your aim,
By sun and star.
Be earnest and brave,
Your country to save,
One heart, one soul,
One mind, one goal.

三民主義，吾黨所宗，

以建民國，以進大同。

咨爾多士，為民前鋒；

夙夜匪懈，主義是從。

矢勤矢勇，必信必忠；

一心一德，貫徹始終。
1911 Revolution
A turning Point in Chinese History


Prelude to the revolt
In 1910, banks from four
countries (Britain, France,
Germany, and America)
pressed the Qing government to
borrow money to fix railroads;

The loans, with strings
attached, and the subsequent
disbanding of the provincial
railway companies caused a
furor.

Nationalists were indignant
over the foreign loans.

The Xinhai Revolution
or Hsinhai Revolution
(Chinese: 辛亥革命;
pinyin: Xīnhài Gémìng),
also known as the 1911
Revolution or the
Chinese Revolution,
began with the Wuchan
Uprising on October 10,
1911 and ended with the
abdication of Emperor
Puyi on February 12,
1912.
Wuchang Uprising
October 10, 1911
Provinces That Declared
Independence





Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang,
Guizhou, Jiangsu, Anhui, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong,
Sichuan, etc.
On January 1st, 1912, in Nanjing, Sun was elected as
provisional president of the Republic of China
On February 12, the last emperor Puyi gave up his throne;
Thus ending the dynastic system once and for all.
Multiple uprising before 1911;
The Last Emperor

Puyi (simplified Chinese: 溥仪; traditional
Chinese: 溥儀; pinyin: Pǔ yí) (7 February 1906
– 17 October 1967), of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro
ruling family, was the last Emperor of China.
He ruled in two periods between 1908 and
1917, firstly as the Xuantong Emperor (宣統
皇帝) from 1908 to 1912, and nominally as a
non-ruling puppet emperor for twelve days in
1917. He was the twelfth and final member of
the Qing Dynasty to rule over China proper.
The Last Emperor, 1987

written by Mark Peploe and
Bernardo Bertolucci.
Independently produced by
Jeremy Thomas, it was
directed by Bertolucci and
released in 1987 by
Columbia Pictures. Puyi's
life is depicted from his
ascent to the throne as a
small boy to his
imprisonment and political
rehabilitation by the Chinese
Communist authorities.
Romance between Dr. Sun Yat-sen
and Song Qingling

She was born to the wealthy
businessman and
missionary Charlie Soong
who became rich by selling
Bibles in China. Educated
in US, Madam Sun
graduated from Wesleyan
College, the world's oldest
women's college in the
world. She married Sun Yatsen in Japan on 25 October
1915 regardless of her
parents’ disapproval.
博爱【bó'ài】 universal fraternity
(or brotherhood); universal love.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum (中山陵)
Nanjing China
Two First Ladies from the Same Family
The Soong Sisters (film), 1997


Song Meiling
(1898– 2003) was a First Lady
of the Republic of China, the
wife of former President
Chiang Kai-shek. She was a
politician and painter. The
youngest and the last surviving
of the three Soong sisters, she
played a prominent role in the
politics of the Republic of
China. She shrugged off the
shadow of her sister Song
Qinglinig during the Xi’an
Incident in 1936


Song Qingling
(1893 – 29 May 1981), also
known as Madame Sun Yatsen, was amongst China's most
significant political figures of
the early 20th century. She was
the Vice Chairman of the
People's Republic of China.
She was the first non-royal
woman to officially become
head of state of China, acting
as Co-Chairman of the
Republic from 1968 until 1972.
She again became head of state
in 1981, briefly before her
death, as President of China.
The Soong Sisters (1997)
A film directed by Mabel Cheung


The Soong Sisters (宋氏三姐妹) were three Hainan
Chinese women who were, along with their husbands,
amongst China's most significant political figures of the
early 20th century. They each played a major role in
influencing their husbands, which, along with their own
positions of power, ultimately changed the course of
Chinese history.
Their father was American-educated Methodist minister
Charlie Soong, who made a fortune in banking and
printing. Their mother was Ni Kwei-tseng. Their three
brothers were all high ranking officials in the Republic of
China government, one of whom was T. V. Soong.
Romance of the Three Sisters
Romance of the Chinese Revolution
Separation and Reunion
among the Three Sisters

Throughout their lifetimes, each one of the sisters followed her
own belief in terms of supporting the Kuomintang (KMT) or the
Communist Party of China. In the 1930s, Soong Ai-ling and her
sister Mei-ling were the two richest women in China at the time.
Both of them supported the Nationalists, while Soong Chingling later sided with the CPC.

In 1937 when the Second Sino-Japanese war broke out, all
three of them got together after a 10 year separation in an effort
to unite the KMT and CPC against the Imperial Japanese army.
Soong Ai-ling devoted herself to social work such as helping
wounded soldiers, refugees and orphans. She donated five
ambulances and 37 trucks to the army in Shanghai and the air
force, along with 500 leather uniforms.
A political marriage
Jiang Jieshi and Song Meiling

She graduated from
Wellesley with honors in
1917 with a degree in
English literature. She
met Chiang Kaishek in
1920, who divorced his
first wife and promised to
later convert to
Christianity in order to
win her hand in
marriage. Since the
marriage, she became
known as Madame
Chiang.
Warlord Era (1916-1928)
Comparable to the Warring States Period



Yuan's ( Yuan Shikai ) death in 1916
plunged China into the warlord era,
which lasted for about 10 years.
infighting among regional warlords,
These new breed of warlords had
foreign connections
Yuan Shikai
Declared himself as Emperor
1 January 1916 – 22 March 1916


Yuan Shikai made
his name by training
the new army and
controlling tax in
Korean Peninsula
After the 1911
Revolution, became
President of the
Republic of China
Yuan Lin Memorial Archway
袁林牌坊, Anyang, Henan Province
Jiang’s Northern Expedition


The Northern Expedition (Chinese: 北
伐; pinyin: běi fá) was a military
campaign led by the Kuomintang (KMT)
from 1926 to 1928. Its main objective
was to unify China under the
Kuomintang banner by ending the rule of
local warlords. It led to the demise of the
Beiyang government and the Chinese
reunification of 1928.
East Asia 462-463
Beiyang government
Connected to Foreign Investments

The Beiyang government (Chinese: 北洋政府; pinyin:
běiyáng zhèngfǔ) or warlord government collectively
refers to a series of military regimes that ruled from
Beijing from 1912 to 1928 at Zhongnanhai. It was
internationally recognized as the legitimate Government
of the Republic of China. The name comes from the
Beiyang Army which dominated its politics with the rise of
Yuan Shikai who was a general of the Qing government.
Though Yuan's death fractured the army into competing
factions, the government was always under the control of
Beiyang generals with a "constitutional" or civilian facade.
National Flag 1912-1928
Five Ethnic Groups in Harmony

Five races under one union (traditional
Chinese: 五族共和; pinyin: wǔzú gōnghé,
literally "five races or five ethnic groups
together in harmony") was one of the major
principles upon which the Republic of China
was originally founded. This principle
emphasized the harmony of the five major
ethnic groups in China as represented by the
colored stripes of the Five-Colored Flag of the
Republic: the Han (red), the Manchus (yellow),
the Mongols (blue), the Hui (white), and the
Tibetans (black).
Genera’lissimo
Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正 / 蔣介石 (1887 – 1975)

He became the
commandant of
Kuomintang's Whampoa
Military Academy and took
Sun's place in the party
when the latter died in 1925.
In 1928, Chiang led the
Northern Expedition to unify
the country, becoming
China's overall leader. He
served as chairman of the
National Military Council of
the Nationalist Government
of the Republic of China
(ROC) from 1928 to 1948.
The Whampoa Military Academy
and its Motto 黄埔军校

The Whampoa Military
Academy emblem
includes its motto, which
was first proclaimed by
Sun Yat-sen at the
Whampoa Academy's
opening in 1924. It
translates into
"Fraternity, Dexterity,
Sincerity."
The military academy


The military academy was officially opened on June 16, 1924
under the Kuomintang (KMT), but the first lessons began on
May 1, 1924. The inauguration was on Changzhou Island
offshore from the Whampoa dock in Guangzhou, thus earning
its common name. During the inaugural ceremonies, Sun Yatsen delivered a speech that was later to become the lyrics of
the national anthem of the Republic of China.
The original Whampoa Military Academy existed from 1924 to
1926, over 6 terms it enrolled more than 7,000. However,
Chiang Kai-shek purged the Chinese Communist Party during
the Northern Expedition. The academy was moved to the newly
established capital in Nanjing after the defeat of the warlords in
1928. The academy moved again to Chengdu during the
Japanese invasion.
Commander-in-Chief
1926 - 1928

Chiang Kai-shek,
Commander-in-Chief
of the National
Revolutionary Army,
emerged from the
Northern Expedition
as the leader of
China.
The Beiyang government

The Beiyang government (Chinese: 北洋政府
; pinyin: běiyáng zhèngfǔ) or warlord
government collectively refers to a series of
military regimes that ruled from Beijing from
1912 to 1928 at Zhongnanhai中南海. It was
internationally recognized as the legitimate
Government of the Republic of China. The
name comes from the Beiyang Army which
dominated its politics with the rise of Yuan
Shikai who was a general of the Qing
government.
The Beiyang Army in training
北洋軍 under Beiyang Government
Jiang Jieshi vs. Three
Hegemons/Warlords



Wu Peifu, occupied Hunan, Hubei,
Henan, part of Hebei, 200,000;
Sun Chuangfang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang,
Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, 200,000
Zhang Zuolin, Generalissimo of the
Military Government, three provinces in
the NE, Rehe, Chahar (Province),
Beijing, Tianjing, and Shandong,
300,000
“Banner Changing” in the NE
东北易帜

Huanggutun Incident

皇姑屯事件

On June 4th, 1928
Warlord Zhang
Zuolin’s train was
exploded;
Zhang Xueliang
changed his flag and
converted himself to
Jiang Kai-shek for
unification with
300,000 troops;


Zhang Xueliang
Banner Changing 1928
The May 4th Movement, 1919
The broader use of the term "May Fourth Movement"
often refers to the period during 1915-1921,
usually called the New Culture Movement.



On May 4, 1919,
3,000 students from
Beijing University
converged in
Tiananmen Square to
protest the terms of
the Treaty of
Versailles.
Twenty-One
Demands
East Asia 459
"The Big Four" during the Paris Peace Conference
(from left to right, David Lloyd George, Vittorio
Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson)




From left, UK Prime
Minister Lloyd
George,
Italian Prime Minister
Orlando,
French Prime
Minister
Clemenceau,
US President Wilson
Paris Peace Conference, 1919





In January 1919, news reached Beijing that the
conference decided to transfer all the German
privileges on Shandong from to Japan.
Reason; In 1898, two German missionaries were
murdered in Shandong;
Germany pressed the Qing government to sign a
treaty for a 99 years lease of the northern/southern
part at Jiaoao, now Qingdao 青岛市—Qingdao beer;
Germans were defeated as a result of World War I
(1914-1918)
Japanese were defeated as a result of World War II
(1939-1945)
Two Sino-Japanese Wars
1894 to 1895; 1937 to 1945


The first war was
over the dominance
of Korean Peninsula;
China lost Taiwan,
the biggest treasure
island;



On September 18,
1931, invasion of
three provinces in
the NE of China,
Marco Polo Bridge
Incident on July 7th,
1937;
Full scale invasion of
China;
Mukden Incident
September 18, 1931


The Mukden Incident
九一八事变（又稱瀋陽
事變；日本稱满洲事变
was an early event in the
Second Sino-Japanese
War, although full-scale
war would not start until
1937. On September 18,
1931, near Mukden (now
Shenyang) in southern
Manchuria, a section of
railroad owned by
Japan's South
Manchuria Railway was
dynamited.
the establishment of Manchukuo

The Imperial Japanese Army, accusing
Chinese dissidents of the act, responded
with the invasion of Manchuria, leading
to the establishment of Manchukuo the
following year.
Fumimaro Konoe
近衞 文麿 1891-1945
Prime Minister of Japan

In 1938, unable to
obtain Chinese
recognition of
Manchukuo, the
Japanese
government declared
Jiang’s regime
illigitimate and
vowed to destroy it.
Zhang Xueliang’s Retreat
Foreshadowing the Xi’an Incident

English occasionally: Peter
Hsueh Liang Chang) (3
June 1901 (according to
other accounts in 1898 or
1900) in Haicheng County,
Fengtian province of China
– 14 October 2001 in
Honolulu, Hawaii, United
States), nicknamed the
"Young Marshal" (少帥),
became the effective ruler of
Manchuria and much of
North China after the
assassination of his father
Zhang Zuolin by the
Japanese on 4 June 1928.
Jiang Jieshi and Sun Zhongshan

Chiang Kai-shek was
appointed by Sun
Yat-sen as
Commandant of the
Whampoa Military
Academy.
Dr. Sun Zhongshan’s Successor

Chiang Kai-shek,
who assumed the
leadership of the
Kuomintang (KMT)
after the death of
Sun Yat-sen in 1925
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek

Commandant
Chiang Kai-shek
inspecting cadets
of the Whampoa
Military Academy.
Russian Advisor


Vasily Blyukher/ Blücher,
Commander of Soviet volunteer
forces
From 1924 to 1927 Blücher was a
Soviet military adviser in China,
where he used the name Galen
(after the name of his wife, Galina)
while attached to Chiang KaiShek's military headquarters. He
was responsible for the military
planning of the Northern
Expedition which began the
Kuomintang unification of China.
Among those he instructed in this
period was Lin Biao
Xi’an Incident
December 12, 1936
Zhang Xueliang & Yang Hucheng
Song Meiling Merged as a Key Player


Madam Jiang flew to
Xi’an with her elder
brother Song Ziwen.
Soong May-ling (宋美齡,
1897–2003) Moved to
the United States after
Chiang Kai-shek's death.
Arguably his most
famous wife. She bore
him no children.
Delicate Triangle
Sworn Brothers

The young marshal
fell in love with Song
Meiling in 1925 in
Shanghai at a
cocktail party
National Anthem of PRC
Lyrics: Tian Han 1934; Music: Nie Er (1935)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wvyITD2stg






Arise! All who refuse
to be slaves!
Let our flesh and blood become
our new Great Wall!
As the Chinese nation
faces its greatest peril,
All forcefully
expend their last cries.
Arise! Arise! Arise!
Our million hearts beat as one,
Brave the enemy's fire,
March on!
Brave the enemy's fire,
March on!
March on! March on! On!





起来！
不愿做奴隶的人们！
把我们的血肉，
筑成我们新的长城！
中华民族到了
最危险的时候，
每个人被迫着
发出最后的吼声。
起来！起来！起来！
我们万众一心，
冒着敌人的炮火，前进
冒着敌人的炮火，前进
前进！前进！进！
Song Meiling Visited US

Soong May-ling
(right) with Eleanor
Roosevelt during a
1943 visit
The First Lady’s Improvised Speeches


http://www.youtube.com/v/TRF2WTNwo
0M&hl=zh_TW&fs=1 1937
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61bV9
-zeCrA&feature=related 1943
The First Lady Charmed America

On February 18,
1943, she addressed
both houses of the
U.S. Congress.
Comments from the New York Times


The New York Times:
As a fluent English speaker, as a Christian, as a model of
what many Americans hoped China to become, Madame
Chiang struck a chord with American audiences as she
traveled across the country, starting in 1930s, raising
money and lobbying for support of her husband's
government. She seemed to many Americans to be the
very symbol of the modern, educated, pro-American
China they yearned to see emerge -- even as many
Chinese dismissed her as a corrupt, power-hungry
symbol of the past they wanted to escape.
Visit Wellesley

1943 photo taken
during a visit to
Wellesley.