Concepts of Physical Activity and Sport in Society
What is the difference between the type of swimming taking place in these 3 photos?
Concepts of Physical
Activity in Society
At the end of the lesson you should be able to:
- Understand the concepts of play, leisure,
physical recreation, outdoor recreation, physical
education and sport.
- Give examples of each of the above
- Understand the difference between each of the
above concepts.
LEISURE
This is the continuum of choice in activities
Bodily needs
No choice
Work
Duties
Leisure
Choice
Leisure
Work
Duties
Bodily Needs
A typical breakdown of a
persons week.
The Leisure ‘Umbrella’
Leisure
Play
Physical
Recreation
Outdoor Sport
Recreation
Why has there been a growth in leisure time in the
last 50 years?
These activities can also be seen as a narrowing
process
Play
Physical
Recreation
Sport
What is it that changes as you move from
play to sport?
Leisure
• An activity, apart from the obligations of work,
family and society, to which the individual turns
at will.
• The time left over when practical necessities
have been attended to (i.e work, eating,
sleeping, housework etc.)
• An opportunity for relaxation
• Give some examples of leisure activities.
Name as many phrases/words as you can that
involve the word ‘play’
Play truant
Playful
Play the game
Playboy
Playing field
Play safe
Playgroup
Play the fool
Play
•
•
•
•
•
•
Enjoyable activity
Non serious
Non obligated
Spontaneous
Creative
Social
• Children play to master reality, adults play to
escape reality
• Can you give some examples of play?
Enjoyment
Time
Space
PLAY
Intrinsic value
Spontaneous
Non Serious
Choose 5 of these characteristics and define them
Play teaches you 5 main
values
Physical (eg hopping, catching)
Social (eg communication)
Cognitive (eg making up games and rules)
Moral (eg playing fair)
Environmental (eg safety)
Which of these are evident in the following
clip?
• How do we distinguish between play and reality?
• When players step outside the agreed game rules this
becomes reality. Fouls/violence in football for example.
• What is the difference between child and adult
play?
• Children play to increase mastery of reality
• Adults play to escape reality / stress release.
Can professional sports people really ‘play’ their
sport?
• Not really because it is their career but in some
situations it may be possible.
Physical Recreation
• The active aspect of leisure. Anything that
is done in your free time that is physical.
• To physically recreate is to take part in a
game or activity for it’s own sake, not for any extrinsic
reward.
• Where and when it takes place and who does it is
decided by the participants.
• Physical and mental enjoyment, stress relief,
relaxation, personal and spiritual development, health
and well-being
•
Give some examples of physical recreation
Examples of physical
recreation
Outdoor Recreation
• Appreciation and respect of the natural
environment
• A challenge with the natural environment
• Sense of adventure and risk
• Any activity using the natural environment e.g hills,
lakes and rivers for relaxation and pleasure, not just
playing a game of hockey outside for example
• Give some examples of outdoor recreation.
Examples of outdoor
recreation
• All outdoor activities have some risk
involved. This can extend along a
continuum.
Minimal risk
High risk
Low physical
intensity
Great
physical
effort, skill
needed
Pick 5 outdoor activities and place them on the continuum.
Some examples of risky outdoor activities.
From your list of outdoor
activities, name 3 safety features
for each 1 that prevents
injury/death.
Actual and Perceived Risk
• Actual Risk – When there is a genuine danger of
something occurring. For example if you are out on a
boat during a storm there is an actual risk of personal
injury.
• Perceived Risk – When there is no real chance of
personal injury occurring but risk is in a person’s head.
For example a fear of falling in abseiling though the
situation is totally safe.
• Think of 2 other examples for both actual and
perceived risk situations.
What other ways do teachers, instructors & leaders
try and reduce real risks?
The use of artificial facilities
Can you do outdoor activities indoors?
Yes!
Artificial activities are increasingly used to
simulate the natural environment.
•
Swimming baths for canoeing
• Artificial ski slopes
• Climbing walls.
Sport
• To be classed as a sport an activity must have the
following characteristics:
• High level of physical exertion required to perform
• Competitive
• Have a governing body
• High level of commitment and skill required
• When and where it takes place and who takes part is
decided by someone else.
• Participants often play for extrinsic rewards
• Sport can be a career for some people
• Explain whether you think these are sports or
not and why.
• Aerobics
• Chess
• Arm wrestling
• Body building
• Skateboarding
Sport
Amateurism v Professionalism
Amateur – Can be used as a derogatory term for something that is unsophisticated
(e.g. that organisation had an amateur approach).
Comes from the word amare which means ‘to love’. This suggests that amateur
sports are played for the love of the sport rather than for any extrinsic
payment/reward. Performers in amateur rewards can receive money through prize
winnings, sponsorship and endorsements however.
Bearing in mind that the Olympics involves predominantly amateur sports, think of
some examples.
Gentleman Amateurs – Certain wealthy individuals who excelled in games were
referred to as ‘gentleman amateurs’. They were from the upper-middle classes and
could afford to spend a lot of time away from their work playing sport for enjoyment.
Working class men, however, could not afford to spend a lot of time away from their
work in order to play, so at a time when spectator sport was growing, if they were good
enough, they played full time for payment so sport became their job. These people
were called ‘working class professionals. These people were very much looked down
on by the gentleman amateurs.
In cricket both ‘gentleman amateurs’ and ‘working class professionals played along
side each other but were very different. Major differences included.
• Different titles (gentleman v players).
• Different appearance of name (Smith, J for players / J. Smith Esq. For gentlemen).
• Ate, travelled and changed separately.
• Walked onto the field from separate entrances.
• Had different roles (gentleman took up the best positions / roles)
The Performance Pyramid
Excellence
Performance
Participation
Foundation
Fair Play / Sportsmanship
•Sportsmanship – Treating your opponent
with respect and as an equal, showing fair
play and good behaviour.
•Gamesmanship – The practice of beating
your opponent by gaining an unfair or
psychological advantage without actually
breaking the letter of the law.
Think of some examples of both concepts.
The Performance Pyramid Explained
•Foundation - At the foundation of sporting activity
in the UK there is physical education and sport for
young people. The main providers are schools, youth
groups and, increasingly, sports clubs.
•Participation – This includes health-related and
community sport - jogging, cycling, aerobics and the
gymnasium. Local authorities and private gymnasia are
the main providers.
•Performance – this applies to the smaller number of
people who progress to compete in sport in an
organised way. Voluntary clubs are the main providers
in this area, with support from the public and private
sectors.
•Excellence - Covers the very small minority of
people who compete at the highest level in national
and international competition. Performers at this level
are catered for by a wide range of organisations sports governing bodies, sports councils and private
sponsors.
The 4 ‘W’ Questions
These 4 questions determine what an activity is
defined as:
1. Who is taking part?
Adults or children?
2. When is it happening?
Strict or flexible time?
3. Where is it taking place?
Purpose built facilities or
back garden?
4. Why are they taking part?
Intrinsic or extrinsic?
What category do each of these
come under?
Think about the 4 W’s (who, why,
where, when) to work out whether it
is play, physical recreation, sport or
outdoor recreation)
BINGO
LEISURE
Society
Experiences
Obligations
Achieve
Activity
Competition
Collective
Individual
Spontaneous
Extrinsic
Sport
Physical
Outdoor
Character
Struggle
Work
Education
Competition
Awareness
Attitude
Self-consciousness
Crossword
Across
3. Any activity using the natural environment is called an ..........
activity
4. Initials of the National Curriculum subject involving the formal
inculcation of knowledge and values through physical activity.
6. Physical Recreation is the active aspect of ..........
8. Play mainly leads to intrinsic rewards in comparison to sport
which involves rewards which are .........
9. Playing for the school hockey team would be classified as what?
Down
1. The overall title of this area is .......... of Physical
Activity in Society
2. To be classed as a sport an activity must have a
...............
5. PE only takes place in what type of institutions?
7. This activity has most of the characteristics of a
sport but is traditionally perceived as a game.
CORRECT
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Wrong
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