AP biology Cell organelle and transport study questions Ch. 6 & 7
Part one:
1. Read the interview with Bonnie Bassler and write at least five things you learned.
2. Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope,
transmission
electron microscope, and the scanning electron microscope.
3. List four differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Turn to page 109, then page 576 and fig. 28.2, then page 516 and fig 25.9. Give
three lines of evidence which support the endosymbiotic hypothesis. A
prokaryotic algae Prochloron was recently discovered. This algae contains both
chlorophyll a and b. No other prokaryotic organisms contain both of these
photosynthetic pigments, but all photosynthetic eukaryotes contain chlorophyll a
and b. Explain why supporters of the endosymbiotic hypothesis were happy to
hear of this discovery.
5. Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size.
6. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus, the nuclear envelope and
nuclear pores.
7. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome.
8. Explain how impaired lysosomal function causes the symptoms of storage
diseases.
9. Describe the types of vacuoles and explain how their functions differ.
Part two:
10. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe their structures and
functions and summarize the relationships among them.
11. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of
compartmentalization in mitochondrial function.
12. Identify the three functional compartments of a chloroplast, and explain the
importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function.
13. Explain the role of peroxisomes in the eukaryotic cell.
14. Describe the probable function of a cytoskeleton.
15. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their function.
16. Describe the development of plant cell walls.
17. Describe the structure and list some functions of the extracellular (ECM) matrix
in animal cells.
18. Describe gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes.
19. Answer #9 on page 124.
Membrane Questions:
1. Using a diagram show the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. Indicate the
following: phospholipids molecules, hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends, types of
membrane proteins and glycoproteins, and cholesterol. DRAW, not cut and
paste.
2. What does fig. 7.4 tell us?
3. What role do phospholipids, transport proteins, glycoproteins and cholesterol
serve in
membrane structure?
4. Read fig. 7.11 and explain why it is important.
5. Describe the processes of diffusion, i.e. how does the random movement of
molecules bring about an even distribution of molecules throughout a system?
6. Define osmosis.
7. Explain the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant and
animal cells.
8. Explain how the Na+/K+ ATPase enzyme (i.e. the sodium-potassium pump)
functions in cells.
9. Describe how transport proteins can function in symport, antiport, and uniport
transport
systems. Figure 7.18 shows antiport, 7.20 shows uniport, and 7.21 shows symport.
10. Discuss how specific necessary nutrients can enter the cell by way of diffusion,
osmosis,
facilitated diffusion, active transport, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis.
Cell Respiration Study Questions, Chapter 9
1. Describe the function of ATP in the cell.
2. List the three components of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules
to which it belongs. See page 66. Explain how ATP performs cellular work.
4. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges.
5. Define oxidation and reduction.
6. Using page 156, define ‘coenzyme.’ Describe how coenzymes NAD+ and FAD
function in the redox reactions in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron
transport chain.
7. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative
phosphorylation.
8. Describe where cell respiration (glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron
transport) occurs in the cell. Use figure 9.6.
9. Describe the reactants required for glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron
transport.
10. Define glycolysis.
11. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through
glycolysis using the role of glucose, ATP, NAD+, and pyruvic acid.
12. Explain why ATP is required at the beginning of glycolysis.
13. What are the products that are produced in glycolysis?
Due 12/4 ***12/4 is also last day for Journal Review #2
14. Identify where in glycolysis sugar oxidation is occurring, substrate-level
phosphorylation, and reduction of coenzymes taking place.
15. If oxygen is present in the cell at the time of glycolysis, what part of cell
respiration if continued?
16. Describe the redox reaction of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Use Fig 9.11.
17. Describe the reactions of Kreb’s cycle using roles of acetyl CoA, citric acid,
NAD+, and FAD.
18. What are the products that are produced in Kreb’s cycle? Use Fig. 9.12. Focus
only on the arrows pointing out of the cycle.
19. What is the importance of electron transport seen in the cristae membranes of
the mitochondria?
20. Explain how the exergonic slide of electrons down the electron transport chain is
coupled to the production of ATP by chemiosmosis using the roles of NADH+,
FADH2, cytochromes, oxygen, and ATP synthase.
21. Describe the process of chemiosmosis.
22. Explain how membrane structure of the mitochondria is related to membrane
function in chemiosmosis.
23. If no oxygen is present in the cell, why must glycolysis continue to either lactic
acid formation or alcoholic fermentation?
24. Describe the reactions of lactic acid formation and alcoholic fermentation.
25. Summarize the net ATP yield from the oxidation of a glucose molecule in both
anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
Photosynthesis Study Questions Chapter 10
Part 1:
1. Describe the structure of a leaf.
2. Describe the structure of the chloroplast.
3. Explain how the structure of the chloroplast is related to its function.
4. Write a summary equation for photosynthesis and compare to cell respiration.
5. Tell where the stages of photosynthesis occur on the chloroplast. See fig. 10.6
6. Name the reactants and products for each stage of photosynthesis.
7. Describe the role of water, light energy, pigments, and NADP in the light dependent
stage.
8. Explain the role of Redox reactions in photosynthesis.
9. Describe the relationship between wavelengths of light and energy.
10. Describe an absorption spectrum and an action spectrum.
Part 2:
11. List the wavelengths of light that are most effective for photosynthesis. See fig.
10.10.
12. Explain what happens when chlorophyll of accessory pigments absorb photons of
light.
13. Trace electron flow through Photosystems II and I.
14. Compare cyclic and noncyclic electron flow.
15. Describe differences between chemiosmosis occurring in the mitochondria with
photophosphorylation in the chloroplast. See fig 10.18.
16. Describe the role of carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH in the Calvin cycle. See fig.
10.19.
17. Describe what happens to Rubisco when the oxygen concentration is much higher
than carbon dioxide.
18. What is the major consequence of photorespiration?
19. Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations that minimize photorespiration.
20. Describe the fate of photosynthetic products.
Cell Communication Chapter 11
Part 1:
1. Describe the similarities of signal transduction of yeast and mammals. Explain why
these
similarities are important.
2. Define growth factors, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and growth regulators.
3. Explain why Dr. Sutherland’s first experiment with the epinephrine in solution with
glycogen
yielded no glycogen breakdown.
4. Describe the three stages of cell signaling. Include a detailed explanation of each
step.
5. Describe the transduction process from beginning to end, including the ligand and the
several possible outcomes of its binding to a receptor protein.
6. What is the purpose of an intracellular receptor? Where are they located? Define
transcription factors.
7. Describe the process of a steroid hormone interacting with an intracellular receptor.
8. Distinguish between G-protein linked receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion
channel
receptors. See fig 11.7.
9. Give an example of how a more complex signal transduction pathway might give
greater
opportunity for regulation and coordination than a simple pathway.
10. What is a ligand-gated ion channel? In which system of the body are they most
important? Explain.
11. Describe how both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of protein kinases can
be
equally important in signal transduction pathways.
Part 2:
12. Describe the role of second messengers; use examples of AMP and Ca2 to
emphasize their
importance.
13. Define cyclic AMP, adenyl cyclase, protein kinase A, and inhibitory G protein.
Describe
how these relate to cholera causing diarrhea.
14. What are the messengers inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and what role do
they
play in signal transduction pathways?
15. What are the differences between the cytoplasmic response to a signal and a
nuclear
response to a signal?
16. Describe how signal transduction pathways regulate the expression of genes and
how this
is useful. Give an example in your explanation.
17. Explain why cells have so many steps between the reception stage and the
response stage
in terms of amplification and specificity.
18. Describe the role of scaffolding proteins in the increased efficiency of cell signaling.
19. Draw and label the three types of membrane receptors and the steps that each
process
includes.
20. Explain how expressed genes or different cytosol concentrations of activated
proteins can so drastically affect the workings of the cell.
21. What are the functions of apoptosis in normal human development? When it goes
bad, what diseases can occur?
22. Answer #10 on page 227.
23. Answer #11 on page 227.