Tehnologija transporta tekućih tereta
Liquid Cargo Handling Technology
Sem: V (Year: 3rd)
Literature
http://www.pfri.uniri.hr/~bernecic/

ISGOTT – International Safety Guide for Oil and Terminals (4th edition)

SIGTTO – Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals (3rd
edition)

Tanker Safety Guide Liguefied

Cargo Operating Manuals

Machinery Operating Manuals

Lectures (presentations) + exercises
Exams - Units

3 (Three) colloquium exams + 1 exercises exam;

1st – LNG / LPG carriers - exam

2nd - Chemical Tankers - exam

3rd - PC and VLCC – exam

15 hrs of exercises on VLCC, LNG / LPG and Ch. Tk. Cargo handling CB simulator
models – exam

Final evaluation

(One colloquium can be corrected)
Gas Carriers Types

Fully pressurised ships

Semi-presurised ships

Ethylene ships

Fully refrigerated LPG ships

LNG ships
Fully pressurised LPG-s

The simplest (for LPG or amonia)

Fitted with tanks type “C” (pressure vessel)

Carbon steel tk-s up to 20 bar

No thermal insulation required

No reliquefaction plant required

No secundary barrier reguired

Hold space ventilated w. Air

Discharging by pumps or compressors

Loading heater (for loading fm. fully refrigerated terminals)
Semi-pressurised ships

“C” tanks – max. working press. 5-8 bar

Secondary barrier not required

Low temp.steel up to – 48 oC (for most LPG and chemical gas
cargoes)

Can be made from special aloy steel or aluminum – for
ehylene (- 104 oC)

Reduced tk.thickness – refrigeration plant & insulation
required (for LPG, vinyl chlorid, propylene and butadiene)

Discharging/loading throught refrigirated or pressurised
facilities
Ethylene ships
For ethylene (-104) or LPG-s or Chemical Gases
 Tanks type “C”, „B” or „A - prismatic”
 No secondary barrier required for type „C” tanks (dominate)
 Partial secondary barrier required for type „B” tanks




Complete double hull required for all cargoes below – 55 oC
(for tanks type “A”)
The hull can not be used for secondary barrier (- 104)
High-capacity reliquefaction plant and insulation fitted
Fully refrigerated ships

For large quantities of LPG or amonia or petroleum products

Types of tanks:
Not found
general
favour w.
Ship
operators
 Independant tanks w.single hull and DBT and hopper tk (type “A”
cargo containment system (CCS) free standing up to 0.7 bar)
 Independant tanks w.double hull
 Integral tanks (incorporating a double hull)
 Semi-membrane tanks (incorporating a double hull)

Have up to 6 tanks fitted w.longitudinal bulkhead and transverse wash plates

Reliquefaction plant and insulation fitted

Cargo heaters and booster pumps often fitted – for discharging into
pressurised facilities
LNG ships

For Methan: - 161 oC, Types of tanks:
 Mark III
 No. 96
 CS 1
 Moss Rossenberg Spherical – type “B”
 IHI SPB Tank – prismatic

Double hull troughout cargo lenght

Cargo boil-off is burned as fuel

Hold spaces around tanks inerted continuosly (except in the case
of spherical Type “B”- may be filled w. dry air)
Propulsion types

Diesel engines (4 stoke or 2 stroke) with or w.out R.P.
(for all LPG-s) – LPG BOG for use in diesel engines
onboard the ship is prohibited

For LNG Carriers:

Steam Turbine Propulsion Plant

Gas Turbine PP

Combined Gas Turbine – Steam Turbine PP

2 stroke Slow speed DE or 4 stroke DE w. RP

Dual Fuel Diesel Electric Plant (4 stroke DE)

Dual Fuel Diesel (2 stroke slow speed engine)
Burning Gas?

Gas is „clean” and „grean”

Lower emissions of carbon, SOx and Nox

BOG needs to be burned of or reliq. (must not go to
atmosphere)

All non-steam ships need a GCU for backup gas disposal

Enviromental and safety issues have to be tackled
Parno – turbinsko postrojenje
Sporookretni motor s u.z.uk.
Plinsko turbinsko postrojenje
Dual Fuel DE Plant
Sporookretni motor na DF
Slow Speed Diesel Solution

High thermal efficiency

Traditional ship propulsion system

Same emissions as conventional oil tanker

Requires reliqefaction plant (RP) and Gas Combustion
Unit (GCU)

LPG ships have similar machinery

Benefit for crew sourcing
Dual Fuel Diesel Solution (4 st DE)

Direct replacement for the steam boiler
and turbine system

Higher efficiency than steam

Can burn HFO, MDO or Gas

Flexibility of operation with electric
drives

Maintenance possible at sea and in port
Dual Fuel Diesel Solution (4 st DE)
Dual Fuel Diesel Electric (DFDE)
Gas Turbine Solution

Simple Cycle – not efficient but very small

Combined Cycle – aero derivative and industrial

Waste heat recovery and steam turbo-alternator

R-R, GE and Siemens have differing solutions

Different but share benefits and challenges

Potential for extra cargo is yet unproven

Very low maintenance on board

Only feasible if burning gas
COGES Plant Rolls - Royce
Combined Cycle Gas Turbines
Hybrid Solution MHI
•
•
•
•
Combines diesel engines and steam turbines
Direct drive propeller with Contra Rotating Pod
Reliquefaction plant for base BOG
Excess BOG produces steam for electricity
Substitute Propulsion
Systems