Let’s really begin!
Chemistry
Textbook:
第8版http://edu.cengage.co.uk/instructors/product.aspx?isbn=0495829927
第7版
http://college.cengage.com/chemistry/zumdahl/chemistry/7e/site_index.html
Chemistry animation:
http://www.wpunj.edu/icip/sec/CHEMgenANIM.htm
Chemistry for students:
http://www.chem1.com/chemed/genchem.shtml
Chemguide:
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/index.html#top
Google
http://www.google.com
Chemistry: Etymology
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Egyptian alchemy [3,000 BCE – 400 BCE], formulate early "element"
theories such as the Ogdoad.
Greek alchemy [332 BCE – 642 CE], the Greek king Alexander the Great
conquers Egypt and founds Alexandria, having the world's largest library,
where scholars and wise men gather to study.
Arabian alchemy [642 CE – 1200], the Arabs take over Alexandria; Jabir is
the main chemist
Chinese Alchemy [~1000 BC-present, Yin/Yang, I Ching, Five Elements,
Qi, Void, Nothingness, Taoism]
European alchemy [1300 – present], Pseudo-Geber builds on Arabic
chemistry
Chemistry [1661], Boyle writes his classic chemistry text The Sceptical
Chymist
Chemistry [1787], Lavoisier writes his classic Elements of Chemistry
Chemistry [1803], Dalton publishes his Atomic Theory
Chemistry: Definition
Alchemy (330) – the study of the composition of waters, movement, growth,
embodying, disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits
within bodies (Zosimos)
Chymistry (1661) – the subject of the material principles of mixt bodies (Boyle)
Chymistry (1663) – a scientific art, by which one learns to dissolve bodies, and
draw from them the different substances on their composition, and how to unite
them again, and exalt them to an higher perfection (Glaser).
Chemistry (1730) – the art of resolving mixtures, compound, or aggregate bodies
into their principles; and of composing such bodies from those principles (Stahl).
Chemistry (1837) – the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular
forces (Dumas).
Chemistry (1947) – the science of substances: their structure, their properties,
and the reactions that change them into other substances (Pauling).
Chemistry (1998) – the study of matter and the changes it undergoes(Chang).
90% Probability Contour
90-25% Probability Contours
Six sp3d2-Hybrid Orbitals
Six sp3d2-Hybrid Orbitals
Nodal Planes
Six sp3d2-Hybrid Orbitals
Contour plot of the Cooper-pair density
of vortex-antivortex states found in
Co/Pt magnetic dots.
the way you live,
Houses
hospitals
HighriseSs
Processed food and drink
medicine
Cell phone
the way you travel,
Cars
Trains
Airplanes
Ships
the way you learn,
Computers
Internet
E-classroom
Chemistry changes what you wear,
socks
clothes
shoes
raincoats
Caps and hats
the way you work,
Automation
Mass production
Work at home
the way you think,
Integrative thinking
Global thinking
Profound thinking
Prospective thinking
and many more ……
Why can you perceive?
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins through which ions can cross the membrane. Most channels are
specific for one ion; whereas that ion passes through relatively quickly, other similar ions pass through very
infrequently.[13] For example, although potassium and sodium ions have the same charge and differ only slightly
in their radius, potassium channels allow few sodium ions through, and vice versa. The pore through which the ion
passes is typically so small that ions must pass through it alone and single-file.[14] Channels are either fully open
or fully closed. When the channel is open, ions flow through it by passive transport, i.e., at a rate determined by
the membrane potential Vm and concentration difference across the membrane.[15] The action potential is a
manifestation of different ion channels opening and closing at different times.[16]
All-atom figure of the open potassium channel, with the potassium ion shown in purple in the middle. When the
channel is closed, the passage is blocked. A channel may have several different states (corresponding to different
conformations of the protein), but each such state is either open or closed. In general, closed states correspond
either to a contraction of the pore—making it impassable to the ion—or to a separate part of the protein stoppering
the pore.
For example, the voltage-dependent sodium channel undergoes inactivation, in which a portion of the protein
swings into the pore, sealing it.[17] This inactivation shuts off the sodium current and plays a critical role in the
action potential. Ion channels can be classified by how they respond to their environment.[18] For example, the
ion channels involved in the action potential are voltage-sensitive channels; they open and close in response to
the voltage across the membrane. Ligand-gated channels form another important class; these ion channels open
and close in response to the binding of a ligand molecule, such as a neurotransmitter. Other ion channels open
and close with mechanical forces. Still other ion channels—such as those of sensory neurons—open and close in
response to other stimuli, such as light, temperature or pressure.
Why can you see?
The rhodopsin or iodopsin in the outer segment absorbs a photon, changing the
configuration of a retinal Schiff base cofactor inside the protein from the cis-form to
the trans-form, causing the retinal to change shape.
This results in a series of unstable intermediates, the last of which binds stronger to
the G protein in the membrane and activates transducin, a protein inside the cell.
This is the first amplification step - each photoactivated rhodopsin triggers activation
of about 100 transducins. (The shape change in the opsin activates a G protein
called transducin.)
Each transducin then activates the enzyme cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase
(PDE).
PDE then catalyzes the hydrolysis of cGMP. This is the second amplification step,
where a single PDE hydrolyses about 1000 cGMP molecules. (The enzyme
hydrolyzes the second messenger cGMP to GMP)
With the intracellular concentration of cGMP reduced, the net result is closing of
cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in the photoreceptor membrane because
cGMP was keeping the channels open. (Because cGMP acts to keep Na + ion
channels open, the conversion of cGMP to GMP closes the channels.)
As a result, sodium ions can no longer enter the cell, and the photoreceptor
hyperpolarizes (its charge inside the membrane becomes more negative). (The
closing of Na+ channels hyperpolarizes the cell.)
This hyperpolarization means that less glutamate is released to the bipolar cell than
before (see below). (The hyperpolarization of the cell slows the release of the
neurotransmitter glutamate, which can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic
bipolar cells.)
Reduction in the release of glutamate means one population of bipolar cells will be
depolarized and a separate population of bipolar cells will be hyperpolarized,
depending on the nature of receptors (ionotropic or metabotropic) in the
postsynaptic terminal (see receptive field).
Why can you hear?
Why can you taste?
Why can you smell?
Olfactory epithelium
In vertebrates smells are sensed by olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium. The proportion of olfactory epithelium compared to respiratory epithelium (not innervated) gives an
indication of the animal's olfactory sensitivity. Humans have about 10 cm² of olfactory epithelium, whereas some dogs have 170 cm2. A dog's olfactory epithelium is also considerably more
densely innervated, with a hundred times more receptors per square centimetre.
Molecules of odorants passing through the superior nasal concha of the nasal passages dissolve in the mucus lining the superior portion of the cavity and are detected by olfactory
receptors on the dendrites of the olfactory sensory neurons. This may occur by diffusion or by the binding of the odorant to odorant binding proteins. The mucus overlying the epithelium
contains mucopolysaccharides, salts, enzymes, and antibodies (these are highly important, as the olfactory neurons provide a direct passage for infection to pass to the brain).
In insects smells are sensed by olfactory sensory neurons in the chemosensory sensilla, which are present in insect antenna, palps and tarsa, but also on other parts of the insect body.
Odorants penetrate into the cuticle pores of chemosensory sensilla and get in contact with insect Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) or Chemosensory proteins (CSPs), before activating the
sensory neurons.
[edit] Receptor neuron
The process of how the binding of the ligand (odor molecule or odorant) to the receptor leads to an action potential in the receptor neuron is via a second messenger pathway depending on
the organism. In mammals the odorants stimulate adenylate cyclase to synthesize cAMP via a G protein called Golf. cAMP, which is the second messenger here, opens a cyclic nucleotidegated ion channel (CNG) producing an influx of cations (largely Ca2+ with some Na+) into the cell, slightly depolarising it. The Ca2+ in turn opens a Ca2+-activated chloride channel, leading to
efflux of Cl-, further depolarising the cell and triggering an action potential. Ca2+ is then extruded through a sodium-calcium exchanger. A calcium-calmodulin complex also acts to inhibit the
binding of cAMP to the cAMP-dependent channel, thus contributing to olfactory adaptation. This mechanism of transduction is somewhat unique, in that cAMP works by directly binding to
the ion channel rather than through activation of protein kinase A. It is similar to the transduction mechanism for photoreceptors, in which the second messenger cGMP works by directly
binding to ion channels, suggesting that maybe one of these receptors was evolutionarily adapted into the other. There are also considerable similarities in the immediate processing of
stimuli by lateral inhibition.
Averaged activity of the receptor neurons can be measured in several ways. In vertebrates responses to an odor can be measured by an electroolfactogram or through calcium imaging of
receptor neuron terminals in the olfactory bulb. In insects, one can perform electroantenogram or also calcium imaging within the olfactory bulb.
The receptor neurons in the nose are particularly interesting because they are the only direct recipient of stimuli in all of the senses which are nerves. Senses like hearing, tasting, and, to
some extent, touch use cilia or other indirect pressure to stimulate nerves, and sight uses the chemical rhodopsin to stimulate the brain.
How to eat properly?
How to drink correctly?
Chemistry helps find the best
better half
Turn yourself into a genius via
knowledge, thinking and practicing
I hope you agree!
In tranquil night, in deep meditation,
I experience physical states, I feel chemical reactions…
I see lights, flames, colors, burning, excitation, explosion…
I see warmth, brightness, beauty, ease, stretch, softness, simplicity, tranquility…
I see chill, darkness, ugliness, stress, apprehension, violence, complexity, commotion…
I hear words not carried by voice or shape, reasons not derived from induction or reduction…
I hear declarations, demonstrations, interpretations….
靜夜，深思，物理狀態，化學變化……
光，火，色，燃燒，激發，爆炸……
溫暖，明亮，美麗，輕鬆，舒展，柔和，簡樸，寧靜……
冰凍，黑暗，醜陋，緊張，焦慮，暴烈，複雜，喧囂……
無聲無形之詞，無匯無衍之理……
宣告，演示，解說……
How a typical Gen Chem class is
composed?
• Introduction, terms, tables, diagrams,
equations
• Real Stories
• Chemistry in Plays, Movies and Novels
• Case Studies
• Questions and Exercises in Classroom
• Discussion
• Questions and Answers
• Quizzes