FISHING
1
Key Terms
Pelagic fish: such as salmon and tuna that
live and feed in the open ocean.
Ground fish: such as cod and sole that live
and feed near the bottom of the sea.
Shellfish: mollusks and crustaceans such
as oysters, shrimp, and lobsters
Balance of trade: difference between value
of exports and value of imports.
2
Key Terms
Surplus: if imports exceed exports, there is a
trade deficit.
Continental shelf: gently sloping outer edge of a
continent, that extends below the surface of the
ocean to a max. depth of about 200m.
Fishing banks: shallow area on the continent
shelf that provides a feeding and spawning
ground for fish.
Plankton: microscopic plants and animals eaten
by small fish and shellfish.
3
Key Terms
Inshore fish: commercial fishing that takes
place within a few km’s of shore. Small
boats go to sea and return each day.
Offshore fishery: uses boats longer than
25m. They stay at sea for several days
before returning.
Sustained Yield Management: using a
renewable resource at a rate that allows it
to renew itself.
4
Ocean fishing is
Canada’s oldest industry.
5
Ocean Fishing
• The three different kinds of ocean fish
– Groundfish - fish that are bottom feeders
– Pelagic fish - fish that freely feed in open
water
– Shellfish – ekto-skeletal
6
Commercial Fishing
Commercial fishing occurs in three areas:
• East Coast
• West Coast
• Freshwater - inland lakes
7
The East Coast Fishery
• The East Coastal waters of Canada were
the world’s greatest fishing grounds
because...
• The Atlantic Ocean has a wide continental
shelf, and…
• The shelf has a shallow area, called
“fishing banks”.
8
The East Coast Fishery
• Two types of fishing…
– Inshore: mostly along the shoreline and
where small boats may only be gone for a few
hours.
– Offshore: Fishing done in open water, using
larger boats, and that stay at sea for many
days.
9
East Coast Fishery Collapse
• Fishing in the East Coast became a
lifestyle for many.
• Some did fish for recreational purposes,
but most fished to earn a living.
10
The Collapse Of Fishery
There are five major reasons that people
have suggested as the reasons for the
collapse:
1) Overfishing
2) Improved Fishing Technology
3) Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing
4) Destructive Fishing Practices
5) Changes In Natural Conditions
11
Overfishing
The catch allowed by the government
each year, was apparently set too high.
They believe the scientists overestimated
the number of fish maturing each year,
and more adult fish were caught then was
considered acceptable.
12
Improved Fishing Technology
• Technological
developments, like
satellite navigation
systems, etc. helped
fishers find schools of
fish faster and more
precisely..
13
Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing
• Countries such as
Russia and Japan
were catching far
more fish than would
normally be allowed.
• Some countries have
tried to reduce
overfishing by limiting
the size of the catch
or restricting the
amount of time boats
spend on the water.
14
Destructive Fishing Practices
• When people were trying to catch one
specific kind of fish, they often caught
other kinds.
15
Changes In Natural Conditions
• Most people have
held responsible the
change in natural
conditions for the fall
of the fishing industry.
16
Changes in Natural Conditions
Two specific changes have been
recognized:
1) Water temperatures have dropped.
– The fish may have to change their migration
routes to avoid these areas where these
changes have occurred.
17
2) Some people suggested that the refuse of
the sealing industry in the late 1970s
caused a raise in the seal population.
– This reduced groundfish populations because
the seals ate large amounts of small fish
called caplin, which is a major source for cod.
– Seals may also be eating large quantities of
cod.
18
The West Coast Fishery
• Even though salmon
is found on both
coasts, the West
Coast catch is 400
times bigger than the
East Coast catch.
19
The Collapse of the West Coast
Fishery
• The failure of the fish-management system
in the Atlantic fishery caused scientists
and politicians to re-evaluate the handling
of the West Coast fishery.
20
Collapse of the West Coast Fishery
• There are many possible reasons for the
collapse of the West Coast salmon fishery
such as:
– Overfishing
– Changes in the environment
– Lack of a salmon fishing treaty
21
Overfishing
• During 1990s, Canadian and American
were catching over 800,00 tonnes of fish
per year .
• The salmon stocks could not survive the
massive yearly catch, which means that
very few adult fish were able to reach the
spawning rivers.
22
Changes in the Environment
• Global warming appears to be effecting
the temperature in the Pacific oceans, this
could threaten the salmon’s habitat.
23
Lack of a Salmon Fishing Treaty
• A long debate between the United States
and Canada concerning where salmon
may be caught and how much may be
taken in by each country.
.
24
Challenges to the West Coast
Fishery
• As the supply of
salmon decreases,
there is a difficulty of
balancing a limited
supply of fish with a
growing demand.
25
Challenges to the West Coast
Fishery
• There are three competing demands for
salmon in British Columbia.
– Commercial fishing
– Sport fishing
– Fishing by First Nations
26
Commercial Fishing
• The demand for salmon by the Aboriginal
people is growing for two reasons:
– a Supreme Court decision in 1990
– The right to fish commercially is a focus of
many First Nations land claims in B.C.
27
Sport Fishing
• Wanting a larger share of the available
salmon.
• Salmon caught be recreational fishers are
worth more than that of which you would
catch commercially.
• About 4 million people in Canada fish for
sport every year.
28
Sport Fishing…continued.
• On average sport fishers spend 6.7 billion
all together on things like boats, fishing
equipment, accommodation, meals,
guides, and licenses.
• About half the sport fishing by Canadians
and about 2/3 of that by visitors is done in
Ontario.
29
Freshwater Fishery
• Canada’s freshwater fisheries are located
in the great lakes, as well as about 600 or
so smaller lakes.
• The major fish caught from these lakes are
whitefish, perch, pickerel, and trout.
30
Changes must be made to
ensure the health of both
fisheries, because they
provide employment and are a
part of our heritage.
31
Questions
1) What are the three categories of fish?
A) Salmon, Goldfish, Mollusks
B) Sharks, Shellfish, Lobster
C) Pollack, Redfish, Oyster
D) Groundfish, Pelagic, Shellfish
32
2) What is the most important catch of the
West Coast?
A) Salmon
B) Lobster
C) Plankton
D) Sockeye
33
3) What are Canada’s three types of
fisheries?
A) North Coast, Ocean Water, South Coast
B) Freshwater, East Coast, West Coast
C) North Coast, South Coast, Freshwater
D) West Coast, Ocean Water, East Coast
34
4) What percentage of Canada’s catch is
exported?
A) 66%
B) More than 50%
C) Less than 30%
D) 91%
35
Farming
36
Key Terms
• Renewable
Resource:
• Growing season:
• Intensive farming:
A resource that replaces
itself.
Period which crops can
grow.
Large amount of labour
on a small farm.
37
Key Terms
• Extensive farming:
• Mechanization:
• Land Capability:
Small amount of labor on
a large farm.
When machinery takes
over the work of
humans.
Ability of land to be used
for a certain purpose.
38
Key Terms
• Agribusiness:
Agriculture business.
Ex. distributing
food.
Vertical integration:
When a company
owns every process
required to produce
its product.
39
Key Terms
• Non- renewable
resource:
• Sustainable
agriculture:
A resource that can only
be used once.
Approach to agriculture
production without
harming the
environment.
40
Facts
• Farming requires…
– Great skill and effort.
– Enough money to
purchase property
and equipment.
– Luck, in terms of
weather and market
conditions.
41
More Facts
• Agriculture and fish industries contribute
more than 8% of Canada's GDP.
• Canadians rely on farmers to produce
food that’s inexpensive.
• Canadians spend 11% of income on
food.
42
Land: The Basic Resource
• Land can be a renewable resource, and
support new crops year after year.
• But could also be classified as a nonrenewable resource, because of the
limited amount that is available.
43
Seven Classes of Land
Class 1: Deep soils, excellent for
farming. Takes up 0.5% of land.
44
Class 2: Very good farmland. Takes up
1.8% of land.
45
Class 3: Good farmland but has some
climatic limitations. Takes up 2.7% of
land.
46
Class 4: Land is at the “break-even”
point because of short growing
season and poor soil conditions.
Takes up 2.7% of land.
47
Class 5: Has serious limitations for
agriculture. Land is used for grazing or
producing hay. Takes up 3.7% of land.
48
Class 6: More severe limitations
for agriculture. Land used for
rough grazing. Takes up 1.8% of
land.
49
Class 7: Has no capability for farming.
Takes up 86.8% of land.
50
Types Of Farming
• Intensive farming and extensive farming.
• Impacts of farming:
~ Cost of land.
~ Transportation cost.
~ Competition.
51
The Business of Farming
• Increased mechanization has brought an
increase in size of farms.
• The long hours and low incomes
associated with farming have caused
many people to leave farming.
52
• The start-up costs for farming can be up to
$1 million.
• In many parts of the world, farming is
carried on increasingly by large
agribusiness companies.
53
Agribusiness
• Two types:
– Each farmer divides the costs for the
equipment. E.g. a business.
– Farmers may own their own land but raise
livestock or grow crops that belong to the
company.
54
Damaging the Land
Some things that damage the land include:
– Erosion
– Contamination
55
Erosion
• Wearing away of
the Earth’s surface
followed by the
movement to other
locations of
materials that have
worn away.
56
Contamination
• when soil is
contaminated with
salts, chemicals from
spraying, or
dangerous heavy
metals as a result of
pollution.
57
Sustainable Agriculture
• agricultural production that can be
maintained without harming the
environment.
58
Sustainable Agriculture
Some examples:
– Large, lightweight tires that don’t damage wet
soil are available for tractors.
– Natural fertilizers have been developed for
using.
59
Loss of Farmland
• Most of Canada’s best farmland has been
converted to urban uses.
• Replacing each hectare of the best land,
means that farmers must use several
hectares of poorer quality land to produce
the same quantity of crops.
60
Loss of Farmland
• When a city expands, the surrounding
farmland becomes very valuable.
• Farmers must choose to either sell their
land resulting in a great amount of money,
or to keep running their low income
business.
61
Help Prevent Loss of Farmland
• Urban expansion has a harmful effect on
surrounding farming communities.
• The impact could be lessened if the
expansion were controlled.
– For example: by permitting building only on
poorer quality farmland.
62
Some Questions…
What factor/s cause people to leave
farming?
A. Too expensive
B. Get bored
C. Good weather conditions
D. A and C
63
Some Questions…
Why are chemicals used in agriculture?
A. To promote rain
B. To protect plants from excessive sunlight
C. To spray the soil for pests
D. All the above
64
Questions
How good is Class 1 land for farming?
A. Very poor
B. Excellent
C. Good but, with some climatic limitations
D. Can only be used for rough grazing
65
FOOD
66
Definitions
۩ Malnutrition - A condition in which health is
damaged by an unbalanced diet that
includes too much or too little nutrients.
67
Definitions
۩ Famine - temporary situation where a
country/region lacks enough food to feed
its population.
۩ Starvation - Extreme form of hunger in
where suffering is from a serious/total lack
of energy, essential vitamins and minerals.
68
Definitions…
۞Green revolution - Development in the
second half of the 20th C. of high yield
wheat and rice. It lead to increased
harvests, particularly in developing
countries.
69
Definitions
۞Productivity - Capacity to generate
goods/services for economic value.
۞Selective breeding - Process of
developing specific plant/animal species
to increase yields, hardiness or improve
resistance to pests.
70
© High Yield Varieties (HYV) - Development
of HYV’s (such as rice, corn and wheat) to
provide for making breads and to replace
lower yielding native crops.
© Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) Changing the genetic structure of
organisms to give them more desirable
characteristics.
71
Definitions
© Intensive Agriculture - Large amounts of
labour, machinery and fertilizers are used
on small farms.
© Extensive Farming - Small amounts of
labour, machinery and fertilizers are used
on large farms.
72
Definitions
© Subsistence Farming - Growing crops and
raising livestock on small holdings to meet
immediate needs of one’s family.
© Cash-crop Farming - Specializing in
producing only a few products - for sale in
world and local markets.
73
Biotechnology in food production
• If the food production could be increased
by creating plants that would resist
disease, or produce new crops that that
would help prevent stuff like blindness.
That is why we develop GMO’s
(Genetically Modified Organisms). This
allows someone to take genes from one
plant or animal and put it into another.
74
Benefits of GM crops
• It took scientists more than 10 years and
$150 000 000 to create just two new
varieties of genetically modified rice. One
has more vitamin A and the other prevents
deficiencies of iron in people that rely on
rice as food.
75
Climate
• The first natural system is climate. This
contributes two variables to the success of
farming. The first is the amount of solar
energy (heat). The second is the moisture.
Which is measured in terms of
precipitation levels.
76
Soil…
• The second system is the soil. This is a
complex substance that includes minerals,
living organic materials such as
earthworms and bacteria. Also many
decaying materials such as rotting plants,
water and air.
77
Topography
• If the area is too hilly,
there is lots of
erosion.
• If the surface area is
too flat, the water will
rise and fill the land.
78
Biology
• The fourth system that affects agriculture
is biological. Some organisms are highly
beneficial to farming. E.g. earthworms.
79
Questions
Farmers who grow crops and raise livestock
usually on small holdings to meet their needs?
A) Biology
B) Agriculture
C) Soil
D) Subsistence Farmers
80
Questions
Type of farming in which small amounts of labor
machinery and fertilizers are used on large
farms.
A) Extensive Farming
B) Irradiated Farming
C) Organic Farming
D) All of the above
81
FISHING
By Jon
82
Fish
Fish are a renewable resource
83
Key Terms
• Sustained Yield Management
– Allowing the population to re-establish itself,
avoiding a collapse
• Overfishing
– Catching more than the number of fish that
reach maturity
84
History
• During the early
1500’s, fishermen
from around the
globe fished around
Newfoundland
• Fishing was a large
part of the economy
85
East Coast Fishery
• Shallow water, plenty of plankton and
underwater growth makes the Cod
population thrive
86
West Coast Fishery
• The west coast contains mainly Salmon
• Salmon hatch in rivers, and head out into
the ocean when they reach maturity
• In 1994, the West Coast Fishery was
brought into attention, as salmon numbers
were drastically low
87
Collapse of the Fisheries
• In 1992, the Cod fishery collapsed, and
later, the Salmon fishery due to overfishing
and destructive practices
• Fishers did not take the Sustained Yield
Management concept into consideration
88
Why did the Fisheries
“Collapse”?
Overfishing
– More fish were caught than the population
could put out
Improved Fishing Technology
– Technology made mass fishing easier (exdrag nets—destroying the sea life below)
89
“Collapse”
Unmonitored Foreign Fishing
– Foreign fishing companies weren’t held
accountable for their fishing habits
Destructive Fishing
– Fishers had no respect for the fish habitat and
ended up killing a lot of fish they didn’t use
90
“Collapse”
Natural Conditions Changed
– Nature changed, causing negative affects on
the fish population
91
Now-A-Days
• To this date, fishing makes up for less
than 1% of our economy
• Canada is the leading exporter of fish
– Our exports outweigh our imports,
creating a well balanced economy
92
Now-A-Days
The main buyers of our fish are:
– The USA
–Pacific Countries
93
Question
What is “over-fishing”?
a. Catching more fish than the number that reach
maturity
b. Catching many fish, but only keeping the mature
ones
c. Killing off the fish that aren’t what you were trying to
catch
94
Question
What is “Sustained Yield Management”?
a. Being able to keep a fish population alive on
board a ship
b. Keeping the demand for Canadian fish high
c. Allowing the population to re-establish
itself, avoiding a collapse
95
Question
What percentage of our economy does
fishing account for?
a.
b.
c.
d.
15%
20%
3.5%
1%
96
Question
Who are the main buyers of Canada’s fish?
a. USA, China, and Europe
b. USA, Pacific countries, and European
countries
c. USA, Netherlands, and Africa
97
Fishing: An Industry at the
Crossroads
98
Overfishing during 1990s
• Canadian and
American salmon
boats caught over 800
000 tons of fish per
year.
• There were over 100
major fish processing
plants in B.C.
• Now there are fewer
than 10.
99
Global warming
• There is evidence that Global
Warming is increasing the
temperature of the Pacific.
• This could threaten salmon
habitat
• Salmon prefer water below 7
degrees
100
101
• In 1997 Canadians were not allowed to
fish but Alaskan fisher could catch as
much as they wanted.
• In the 1980s and early 1990s the
commercial fleet caught 94% while other
groups accounted for about 3%
102
Sport fishing
For most people going fishing is simply a
pleasant way to spend the summer day.
They do not realize that sport fishing is a
major industry
– One million people spend about $6.7 billion
on thing like boats, equipment, meals, fishing
guides and licenses
103
IN CLOSING
• Our problems are part of a global trend
that began in the 1970s and coasts.
• According to a study by the world wildlife
fund 70% of the worlds 200 most valuable
fish stocks are either depleted or
overfished.
104
Canadian and American salmon boats
caught over __________ tons of fish per
year.
a. 100 000
b. 300 000
c. 400 000
d. 800 000
105
The Nature of Agriculture
106
 Fewer than 4 percent of Canadian workers
are farmers
107
Climate
• There are 2 variables to the success of
farming.
• The amount of solar energy (heat)
• The amount of moisture
108
Soil
– Soil includes minerals, living organic materials
like earthworms and bacteria, and decaying
materials such as rotting plants, water and air.
– If there is too much moisture, there will be
less crops, and if there is not enough
moisture, then there will be fewer crops.
109
Topography
 The best land to farm is flat land. If the
land is too hilly there is a potential loss for
topsoil and if the land is very low then it
would be too wet and moist for the plants
to grow.
110
Biology
• Earthworms are good for plants because
they improve the movement of air through
the soil.
• Weeds are a very big problem.
111
Biotechnology
• Swiss scientists spent more than 10 years
and 150 million dollars to create 2 new
varieties of genetically modified rice.
• They took 2 genes from a daffodil and one
from a bacterium.
112
G.M. Animals
• Scientists have created better and
healthier animals for us.
• Transgenic cows produce more milk on
less food
113
G.M. Animals
• Transgenic pigs produce leaner meat
• Pigs and sheep can even be modified to
produce human proteins like insulin in their
milk.
114
Question
•
a.
b.
c.
d.
What percentage of Canadians farm?
2%
4%
6%
8%
115
Question
What land is best for farming?
a. Hilly
b. Sand
c. Low
d. Flat
116
Agricultural Patterns
117
The Controversy Surrounding
GMO’s
• Supporters of the divided line of the plants
feel that they can create a safer situation
because the type of a gene(s) and
transferring them from one plant to
another.
118
• A major concern in north America is that
people may not know that they are eating
genetically modified food.
119
• Those who don’t believe the GMO’s also
feel that not enough research is being
done to prove that the altered genes of the
food products.
120
• Farming is a skillful and takes a lot of
effort, and enough money to buy land and
equipment.
121
122
Basic Resources
• Canada is the second largest country in
the world of agriculture
123
Seven Categories of
Agricultural Land
• Class 1 - excellent for farming
• Classes 1 to 6 - land used for some form of
agriculture
• Classes 1 to 3 - considered to be good farmland
• Canada has a total land area of approximately
921 500 000 ha - Yet only 13% of this is good for
farming.
• Class 7 - has no capability/capacity for farming.124
Amounts/Types of Canadian
Farmland
Total land area of Canada 921 500 000
Unsuitable - Class 7
799 950
Fair/Poor - Classes 4-6
76 100 000
Good - Classes 2 & 3
41 300 00
Excellent - Class 1
4 150 000
125
Types of Farming
• Growing season - the fertility of the soil
and the amount of precipitation
• Intensive farming - is common in densely
populated areas where the land values are
high
• Extensive farming - is where the
population is lower and the land is plentiful
and less expensive
126
Types of Farming
127
 In the 1880s, about 80% of Canadian families
farmed the land, today the number stands at less
than 3%
 The long, irregular hours and low incomes
associated with farming have caused many people
to leave farming
 Hundred years ago, farmers used their own
muscle power and horses so they were able to
manage a small farm of about 50 ha in size
128
Today, farmers can manage over 200 ha
with the help of modern equipment
Increasingly, farmers children do not take
up farming, thus, more than ½ of Canada’s
farmers are over 45 years of age
129
• The start-up costs are very high –from
$500 000 to more than $1 million
• That’s why most of farmers borrow money
from banks
• If the prices for their farm products do not
increase faster than their cost of
production, debt or bankruptcy may result
130
Agribusiness
Several farmers may form a cooperative,
where each farmer owns shares and
receives benefits.
Another type involves producing food by
large companies, often multinational
corporations. The farmers may own their
own land but raise livestock that belongs
to the company
131
Soil
It’s the most important agricultural
resource
It’s the top portion
If used properly it’s a renewable resource
Much of our soil has been damaged by
poor farming practices
132
o The repeated use of heavy equipment can
compact soil so that it loses it’s ability to
hold the water and air needed for plant
growth
133
No-till cropping
is one effective
soil conservation
method that is
being used
across Canada
134
Sustainable Agriculture
• Something can be done without harming
the environment:
–Large, lightweight tires that do not
damage wet soil
–Farming methods that use natural
fertilizers and avoid chemicals for
controlling weeds and pests
135
Loss of Farmland
• Some of the crop land can’t be replaced
because of the climate conditions!
• There are people that are moving into the
country who need land!
136