1. What are the four main functions of the digestive system?
2. Name the two types of digestion.
3. Where does digestion begin? How does this occur?
4. Another name for chewing is
.
5. What is the function of the salivary glands? Of saliva?
6. What prevents food from entering the nasal cavity while swallowing?
7. What muscles push food particles into the pharynx?
8. Name the structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory system.
9. Name the structure that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
10. Once it has been swallowed, the food mass is called a
.
11. What is the term for the involuntary wavelike contractions that propel the bolus to the stomach?
12. What are rugae? What are their functions?
13. The stomach cells secrete
.
14. What effect do these secretions have on the bolus?
15. The bolus, mixed with stomach secretions, is now called
16.
exits the stomach through the
and enters the
.
.
17. Name the major site of nutrient absorption.
18. Name the three parts of the small intestine, from proximal to distal.
19. What digestive aids enter the duodenum? Where do they originate?
20. How are nutrients absorbed?
21. What is the destination of the chyme not absorbed in the small intestine?
22. List the sequence of structures the chyme passes through as it becomes feces. What has been
absorbed from the chyme as it passes through the colon?
23. Where are the feces stored? What causes fecal elimination?
1. Name the three functions of the lips.
2. What is the function of the oral cavity?
3. What is the pharynx? What are the three subdivisions?
4. Name the divisions that are part of the respiratory system, the digestive system, or both.
5. Describe the structure of the tongue.
6. What is the tongue’s function?
7. Name the structure involved in oral breathing.
8. The Latin term pharynx means
.
9. Name the structure that separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx.
10. Name the structure that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. Which bones form this
structure?
11. Name the tube-shaped structure located between the oropharynx and the esophagus.
1. Name the globular, encapsulated fat body prominent in the cheeks of infants.
2. What is its function?
3. Name a muscle involved with elevation of the mandible.
4. Name the secretions of each extrinsic salivary gland.
5. What is mastication?
6. What is deglutition?
7. What is the name for the “sockets” of the teeth?
8. Describe the submandibular duct. What is its function?
9. What is the general and special sensory innervation of the lingual nerve?
10. The lingual frenulum has been mentioned several times in this topic. What is the lingual
frenulum?
11. Describe the Universal/National System used for numbering adult teeth.
12. Name the teeth, on both bones, important for biting and cutting.
13. Which teeth are the longest? What is their function?
14. Name all teeth important for grinding and crushing.
15. What foramina transmit the lesser palatine nerves and blood vessels?
16. Name the largest molar. Hint: There is a pair on each bone.
17. Name the pairs of teeth known as the wisdom teeth.
18. What nerves and blood vessels are transmitted through the incisive fossa?
1. Using the following figure, label the nine abdominal regions.
R
i
g
h
t
L
a
t
e
r
a
Superior (thorax)
L
e
f
t
L
a
t
e
r
a
l
l
Inferior (pelvis)
2. What is the function of the gallbladder?
3. Name the muscles of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep.
4. Name the four parts of the colon from proximal to distal.
5. Name the three parts of the small intestine, from proximal to distal.
6. Name the most mobile part of the large intestine.
7. Which parts of the colon absorb water? Which parts of the colon absorb electrolytes? Which parts
of the colon store feces?
Animation: Stomach
After viewing the animation, answer these questions:
1. Where is the stomach located? Between which two organs?
2. What is the function of the stomach? What two processes contribute to this function?
3. What structures of the stomach form the superior and inferior borders?
4. Describe the four stomach regions.
5. How is the distal part of the stomach subdivided?
6. What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
7. What are gastric rugae? What is their function?
8. Describe the four layers of the stomach.
9. Name the layers of the stomach muscularis. How does it compare to the rest of the digestive
tract?
10. What substance is secreted by the mucous cells of the epithelium?
11. List three functions of gastric mucus.
12. Describe the gastric pits.
13. What are the four different cells found in gastric glands? What are their functions?
1. List the three phases of gastric secretion.
2. What initiates the cephalic phase?
3. Describe the parasympathetic response involved in gastric secretion.
4. What role does gastrin play?
5. What initiates the gastric phase?
6. Describe the parasympathetic reflex and the direct stimulation that results in this phase.
7. What is the net result of these nervous stimuli?
8. What initiates the intestinal phase?
9. What two events inhibit gastric secretion?
10. Describe the three steps involved in this inhibition.
Animation: HCl Production
After viewing the animation, answer these questions:
1. Which cells produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach? Where are these cells located?
2. What enzyme is involved in the formation of carbonic acid?
3. What two substrates are involved in this reaction?
4. Carbonic acid dissociates into
.
5. Which ion is transported back to the bloodstream?
6. What exchange occurs at the ion exchange molecule in the plasma membrane?
7. How are the hydrogen ions transported into the duct of the gastric gland?
8. What movement occurs with the chloride ions?
9. What ions are transported into the parietal cell in exchange for the hydrogen ions?
10. What is the result of this movement?
In Review
1. Name each different type of gastric gland and the products that they produce.
2. Name the structure that conducts mucus and secretions from the gastric glands to the lumen of
the stomach.
3. What is a lumen?
4. Name the elongated, nodular gland posterior to the stomach. Describe it.
5. What are the functions of this elongated, nodular gland?
6. Name the part of the small intestine to receive ingested material from the stomach. What is that
ingested material called?
7. List the functions of the structure in question 6.
8. Name the four parts of this structure.
9. What is the function of the bile duct? Where is it located?
10. What is the function of the pancreatic duct? Where is it located?