HUMAN SECURITY
1.The concept of human
security
2.Human security and
humanitarian interventions
3.Human security and relations
between stakeholders
4.Human security and the duty
to influence political affairs
PART I: The concept of human
security
Challenge of balancing Human Security and State Security
Types of
Security
Traditional
Object
Protection
of
Threats
Interstate war
The state
security
Integrity of
the state
Nuclear proliferation
Revolution
Disease
Human
security
The
individual
Integrity of
the
individual
Poverty
Violence
…..
Challenge of balancing Human Security and State Security
Since the end of the Cold War, armed conflicts have
increasingly taken place within, and not between, states.
National security remains important, but in a world in
which war between states is the rare exception, and many
more people are killed by their own governments than by
foreign armies, the concept of 'human security' has been
gaining greater recognition.
Unlike traditional concepts of security, which focus on
defending borders from external military threats, human
security is concerned with the security of individuals.
National & Human Security
This is not to say that national security, traditionally defined,
is any less relevant.
- On the contrary, security between states remains a
necessary condition for the security of people. And yet, the
security of a state cannot in itself guarantee the security of its
people.
- The concept of human security not only helps us evaluate
the effectiveness of our security policies, it also highlights the
importance of preventive action to reduce vulnerability and
points the way for remedial action, where prevention fails.
NATO's new security vocation (1999)
Lloyd Axworthy
Foreign Minister of Canada
Looking at factors affecting human security
For some proponents of human security, the key
threat is violence; for others the threat agenda is
much broader, embracing hunger, disease and
natural disasters. Largely for pragmatic reasons, the
Human Security Centre has adopted the narrower
concept of human security that focuses on protecting
individuals and communities from violence.
Human security must go beyond the traditional
concept of physical security as a result of conflict. My
definition of human security includes the elimination
of poverty, ensuring access to basic education and
health services, the protection of children, the
promotion and protection of human rights, the
eradication of disease and the preservation of the
environment.
Maria Minna
Minister for International Cooperation
Ottawa, Ontario- October 15, 2001
Human Development Report (1994)
Safety from chronic threats and protection from
sudden hurtful disruptions in the pattern of daily life
Seven types of security
• economic security
• food security
• health security
• environmental security
• physical security
• community security
• political security
Human security: Definition
In essence, human security means safety for people
from both violent and non-violent threats. It is a
condition or state of being characterized by freedom
from pervasive threats to people's rights, their
safety, or even their lives.
HUMAN SECURITY:
SAFETY FOR PEOPLE
IN A CHANGING WORLD
(April 1999)
Human security: Definition
Human security means protecting vital freedoms. It
means protecting people from critical and pervasive
threats and situations, building on their strengths
and aspirations. It also means creating systems that
give people the building blocks of survival, dignity
and livelihood.
Outline of the Report of the Commission on Human
Security
Press release May 1, 2003
Concept of Human Security
Poverty
Human Security
Remove threats
Economic security
Diseases
Health security
Environmental security
Empowerment
Physical security
Violence
Community security
Political security
……..
Building better
systems
JICA’s Development Assistance
for Human Security
June 2005
--- In order to address direct threats to individuals such as
conflicts, disasters, infectious diseases, it is important not only
to consider the global, regional, and national perspectives, but
also to consider the perspective of human security, which
focuses on individuals. Accordingly, Japan will implement
ODA to strengthen the capacity of local communities through
human resource development. To ensure that human dignity is
maintained at all stages, from the conflict stage to the
reconstruction and development stage, Japan will extend
assistance for the protection and empowerment of
individuals.(ODA charter) ---
Official Development Assistance (ODA)
Human Security is a people-centered
approach to foreign policy which
recognizes that lasting stability cannot be
achieved until people are protected from
violent threats to their rights, safety or
lives.
Our objective is to build a world where universal
humanitarian standards and the rule of law
protect all people; where those who violate these
standards are held accountable; and where our
international institutions are equipped to defend
and enforce those standards. In short, a world
where people can live in freedom from fear.
The ICRC and Human Security
Assistance & Human Security
• Economic
Security
Economic
Security
Water &
Shelter
Health
Services
• Secure
access to
health
services
• Secure a
safe
environment
Insecurity by ….
Lack of
capacities
Economic
Security
Water &
Shelter
Health
Services
• Limiting
access to health
services
• Prohibiting
access to health
services
• Insecurity in
accessing
health services
Health & Human Rights
•Prohibiting, limiting access to health
services is in itself a violation of the
rights of people
•In armed conflicts violations of human
rights may well extend to violations of
the integrity of people
Individual & Community Integrity
Torture
Disappearances
Integrity
. Individual
Sexual violences
- Physical
- Psychological
Forced displacements
. Community
- Family
- Cultural
Splitting families
Ethnic cleansing
…..
- Etnic
ICRC & Human Security
• Forced
displacements
• Limiting
access to health
services
• Ethnic
cleansing
• Torture
Integrity
Economic
Security
• Disappearance
Water &
Shelter
Health
Services
• Extra judicial
killing
• …..
• Prohibiting
access to health
services
• Insecurity in
accessing
health services
• ….
ICRC
Interventions
Economic
Security A Global Approach
Water
&
Health
Security
Shelter
Services
Integrity
Human
Concept of Human Security & ICRC
IHL embodies human security in that it basically holds that
people must be granted the most essential personal security
and provided with services necessary for their survival in
dignity.
By combining activities to promote respect for the law with
operational activities in the field, the ICRC above all seeks
to create conditions whereby the civilian population can
fend for themselves, remain in their homes, and lead their
lives in relative safety and dignity despite the volatile and
dangerous environment in which they happen to find
themselves.
Prevention and protection is thus a major aspect of our
work, inline with the fundamental idea of Human Security
as defined by the Commission.
A. Gnaedinger. Dir/GEN ICRC – Japan Dec. 2005
PART II: Human security and
humanitarian interventions
A Key question:
Is Human Security a Political
Concept or a Humanitarian
Concept ?
Providing Assistance to an Affected Populations in Armed Conflicts
Providing health services
Providing food support
Human
Security
of
Affected
Population
Providing economic support
Providing shelter
Providing water
Immunization
Psychosocial support
Humanitarian Interventions
Human
Security
of
Affected
Population
Crisis
Armed Conflict
Preventing HR violations
Providing health services
Monitoring HR
Providing food support
Assessing conduct of
hostilities
Providing economic support
Providing shelter
Dissemination IHL
Providing water
Dealing with human rights
violations (sexual violences)
Immunization
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Psychosocial support
Humanitarian Interventions
Crisis Management and Humanitarian Interventions
Political
Management
of a Crisis
Conduct of hostilities
Coercitive diplomaty
Peacekeeping operations
Organizing the Police
Embargo on weapons
Conflict resolution
Economic embargo
Democratization
Peace enforcement with
military means
Demobilization of soldiers
Preventive diplomacy
Crisis
Humanitarian
Management
of a Crisis
Organization and
monitoring of elections
Armed Conflict
Transition
Preventing HR violations
Providing health services
Monitoring HR
Providing food support
Assessing conduct of hostilities
Providing economic support
Dissemination IHL
Providing shelter
Providing water
Dealing with human rights
violations (sexual violences)
Immunization
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Psychosocial support
Crisis Management and Humanitarian Interventions
Political
Management
of a Crisis
Human
Security
of
Affected
Population
Humanitarian
Management
of a Crisis
Conduct of hostilities
Coercitive diplomaty
Peacekeeping operations
Organizing the Police
Embargo on weapons
Conflict resolution
Economic embargo
Democratization
Peace enforcement with
military means
Demobilization of soldiers
Preventive diplomacy
Crisis
Organization and
monitoring of elections
Armed Conflict
Transition
Preventing HR violations
Providing health services
Monitoring HR
Providing food support
Assessing conduct of hostilities
Providing economic support
Dissemination IHL
Providing shelter
Providing water
Dealing with human rights
violations (sexual violences)
Immunization
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Psychosocial support
NGOs in Afghanistan
Afghanistan: A Call for Security
June 17, 2003
We the undersigned humanitarian, human rights, civil society
and conflict prevention organizations call on the international
community to accord NATO a robust stabilization mandate in
Afghanistan. This mandate should include the expansion of the
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to key locations
and major transport routes outside of Kabul and the active
support for a comprehensive program of disarmament,
demobilization and reintegration of all militia forces outside the
control of the central government. Current efforts to train
representative, professional Afghan national security forces
must be accelerated.
NATO & Humanitarian Interventions
A humanitarian intervention is an armed
intervention in another state, without the
agreement of that state, to address (the threat
of) a humanitarian disaster, in particular
caused by grave and large-scale violations of
fundamental human rights.
This definition was adopted by a NATO seminar in
Scheveningen on the topic in November 1999.
Confusion in the Identity of stakeholders and activities
Political
Belligerants
States
UN General Assembly
Conduct of Hostilities
Coercitive diplomaty
UN Security Council
Peacekeeping operations
Organizing the Police
Embargo on weapons
Human Right Promotion
Economic embargo
Democratization
Peace enforcement with
military means
Conflict Prevention
PK Forces, NATO
Private companies
USAID
Preventive diplomacy
Organization and monitoring
of elections
Education
Conflict resolution
Medias
Early Warning
Assessing violations of IHL
Human rights organisations
Adapting National Law
Providing health services
National Societies of RC/RC
Dissemination IHL
Supporting social services
Looking for the missing
Providing economic support
Protection of the POW
Tracing family members
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Demobilization of soldiers
ECHO
Humanitarian
UNHCR
UNICEF
WHO
NGOs
ICRC
Advocacy
Confusion in the Identity of stakeholders and activities
Political
Belligerants
States
UN General Assembly
Conduct of Hostilities
Coercitive diplomaty
UN Security Council
Peacekeeping operations
Organizing the Police
Embargo on weapons
Human Right Promotion
Economic embargo
Democratization
Peace enforcement with
military means
Conflict Prevention
PK Forces, NATO
HumanPrivate companies
Security USAID
of
ECHO
Affected Medias
Population
Humanitarian
Preventive diplomacy
Organization and monitoring
of elections
Education
Conflict resolution
Early Warning
Assessing violations of IHL
Human rights organisations
Adapting National Law
Providing health services
National Societies of RC/RC
Dissemination IHL
Supporting social services
Looking for the missing
Providing economic support
Protection of the POW
Tracing family members
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Demobilization of soldiers
UNHCR
UNICEF
WHO
NGOs
ICRC
Advocacy
Of course, in defending our values, we also defended
our strategic interests. Even a year before the air
campaign, the ongoing oppression in Kosovo was
causing a threat to peace and security in the Balkan
region, including massive floods of refugees in
neighbouring countries and even artillery exchanges
across borders. Thus, our strategic interest in
preventing the conflict from spreading coincides with
our humanitarian interest in stopping ethnic cleansing.
Together, these interests required action -- and after
diplomacy failed, we took action.
Lord Robertson, NATO Secretary General,
to the Atlantic Treaty Association
Strabourg Oct. 1999
To clarify the
confusion
Concept of Humanitarian & Political Frameworks
Based on:
. Principles
. Law
. Means
• Humanity
• Impartiality
• Neutrality
Humanitarian
Framework
• Independence
• Proportionality to needs
• Consent from the Parties
• No political interests
• No economic interests
• Long term commitment
• Humanity
• Impartiality
• Neutrality
Political
Framework
• Independence
• Proportionality to needs
• Consent from the Parties: Y or N
• Possible political interests
• Possible economic interests
Humanitarian
Framework
Legal Framework
Human
Security
Affected
Populatio
n
International
Humanitarian
Law
Charter of
United Nations
(Chapter 7)
Human Right
Law
Resolutions of
the General
Assembly of
the United
Nations
Refugee Law
Political
agreements
between States
Political
Framework
NATO
Resolutions
International
Humanitarian
Law
Human Right
Law
Refugee Law
Humanitarian
Framework
Means of Actions
Human
Security
Affected
Populatio
n
Diplomatic means
Logistic means
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Economic means
Use of Armed forces
Political
Framework
Definition of a Humanitarian Framework
IHL, HR Law
Diplomatic means
Humanity
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Proportionality to
needs
Human
Security
Affected
Populatio
n
Logistic means
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Economic means
Definition of a Political Framework
UN res. NATO Res. ….
IHL, HR Law
Humanity
Diplomatic means
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Proportionality to
needs
Human
Security
Affected
Populatio
n
Logistic means
Legal Means
Media means
Consent from the
Parties
Financial means
Political interests
Economic means
Economic interests
Long term
commitment
Use of Armed
forces
CIMIC
• Establish and maintain full
cooperation with the civilian
population and institutions to provide
greatest possible moral, material and
tactical advantages to the commander
• Create and sustain conditions which
support a lasting solution to the crisis
MC 411 NATO CIVIL-MILITARY CO-OPERATION (CIMIC) POLICY 1-1
CIMIC - UK
UK's CIMIC Policy is to enable a more
coherent military contribution to the
achievement of UK and/or
international objectives in response to
conflict, crises or potential crises
D/JDCC/20/8/1 dated 06 Feb 03
CIMIC - USA
... facilitate the military operations, and
to consolidate and achieve operational
US objectives.
US Joint Pub 1 -02 amended Aug 02
Actors & Frameworks
Human
Security
of
Affected
Populatio
n
PART III: Human Security and
Relationship between
Stakeholders
Relations between Stakeholders
Political
Belligerants
States
UN General Assembly
Conduct of Hostilities
Coercitive diplomaty
UN Security Council
Peacekeeping operations
Organizing the Police
Embargo on weapons
Human Right Promotion
Economic embargo
Democratization
Peace enforcement with
military means
Conflict Prevention
PK Forces, NATO
HumanPrivate companies
Security USAID
of
ECHO
Affected Medias
Population
Humanitarian
Preventive diplomacy
Organization and monitoring
of elections
Education
Conflict resolution
Early Warning
Assessing violations of IHL
Human rights organisations
Adapting National Law
Providing health services
National Societies of RC/RC
Dissemination IHL
Supporting social services
Looking for the missing
Providing economic support
Protection of the POW
Tracing family members
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Demobilization of soldiers
UNHCR
UNICEF
WHO
NGOs
ICRC
Advocacy
Impact of the Concept of Human Security on
Relationship of the ICRC with other Stakholders
. The ICRC and Authorities
. The ICRC and "Humanitarian"
Military Interventions
. The ICRC and UN
The ICRC & Authorities
The authorities have the responsibility
to guarantee the security of their
people
Authorities
Willingness to fullfill
Responsibilities
Y
N
Capacities to Provide
Services
Y
N
Provision of Services
Y
N
Human
Security
 Pattern of
responsibilities is
fullfilled
 Vital needs are
met
ICRC Strategies and Lack of Capacities
Denunciation
Mobilisation
Economic
Security
Water &
Shelter
Health
Services
Persuasion
Support
Substitution
ICRC Strategies and Willingness to Violate the
Right to have Access to….
Denunciation
Mobilisation
Economic
Security
Water &
Shelter
Health
Services
Persuasion
Support
Substitution
Violations of People Integrity
Violation of Rights
Violations
ToStop
stop
violations
Respect of People's rights
Perpetrators
Integrity
+
-
Influencial
Stakeholder
s
Influencial
Stakeholder
s
To stop Violations: the ICRC
Denunciation
Mobilisation
Integrity
Persuasion
Support
Substitution
UN & Human Security
Diplomatic
means
Denunciation
Logistic means
Mobilisation
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Integrity
Economic
Security
Water &
Shelter
Health
Services
Persuasion
Support
Substitution
To stop Violations: States
Our objective is to build a world where universal
humanitarian standards and the rule of law
protect all people; where those who violate these
standards are held accountable; and where our
international institutions are equipped to defend
and enforce those standards. In short, a world
where people can live in freedom from fear.
To stop Violations: UN
• Coercitive diplomaty
• Peacekeeping
• Peace enforcement
Integrity
Substitution
to services
which
normally are
supposed to
protect people
UN & Human Security
Diplomatic
means
Denunciation
Logistic means
Mobilisation
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Integrity
Economic
Security
Water &
Shelter
Health
Services
Persuasion
Economic means
Support
Use of Armed
forces
Substitution
UN & ICRC
In touch with
Not linked to
Integrity
Economic
Security
Water &
Shelter
Health
Services
PART IV: Human security
and the duty to influence
"political affairs"
Human Security and the Influence of
Humanitarian Actors on Political Actors
• Economic embargo
• Conduct of hostilities
Economic support & Economic Embargo
Belligerants
Armed forces / groups
UN: Security Council
Economic embargo
PK forces
States
Human
Security
of
NGOs
Affected
ICRC
Population
……….
Political management of the crisis
Stable situation
Crisis
Armed Conflict
Transition
Stable situation
Monitoring the impact of
economic embargo
National RC/RC societies
IOM
UNICEF
WHO
………
Providing economic support
Humanitarian consequences of
economic embargo
Conduct of Hostilities
Belligerants
Armed forces / groups
UN: Security Council
PK forces, NATO
States
……….
Human
Security
of
Affected
Population
Conduct of hostilities
Coercitive diplomaty
Peacekeeping operations
Organizing the Police
Embargo on weapons
Conflict resolution
Economic embargo
Democratization
Peace enforcement with
military means
Demobilization of soldiers
Preventive diplomacy
Crisis
Organization and monitoring
of elections
Armed Conflict
Transition
Preventing HR violations
Providing health services
Monitoring HR
Providing food support
NGOs
Assessing conduct of hostilities
Providing economic support
ICRC
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Providing shelter
National RC/RC societies
Dealing with sexual violences
Providing water
Dissemination IHL
Immunization
IOM
UNHCR
WHO
………
Psychosocial support
ICRC and Human Security
The ICRC a bit reluctant to refer to
human security as an ICRC working
concept, mainly not to be seen as part of
a political concept developed by UN –
States.
Thank you
Bibliography
http://www.humansecuritygateway.info/
For follow-up activities on the Commission on Human Security, its report and the Advisory
Board on Human Security, please go to the website of the Human Security Unit (HSU)
The Human Security Report 2005, Human Security Center
The Human Security Bulletin is the flagship bilingual on-line publication of the Canadian
Consortium on Human Security (CCHS)
Human Security now: Protecting and Empowring people - Published August, 2003 UN
NATO's new security vocation Web edition - Vol. 47 - No. 4 - Winter 1999 -p. 8-11
Henry Dunant believed that the security of people mustn’t be superseded by the security needs of states and governments. In
that, Henry Dunant was one of the early proponents of what we call Human Security. Today it is Japan who carries forward that
vision through its foreign policy emphasis on Human Security as a complement to traditional state security. As Ms Ogata writes,
in the past, security threats were assumed to emanate from external sources. State security focused mainly on protecting the state –
its boundaries, people, institutions, and values – from external attacks. She also notes that internal, intra-state armed conflicts
make up the majority of today's conflicts and the traditional interstate wars have become a rarity. Today it is internal violence sometime carried out by transnational actors - that is the primary source of human insecurity.
As the Commission for Human Security pointed out, threats to Human Security are manifold: direct and indirect threats, sudden
and pervasive risks and threats. From a humanitarian point of view, human security is a function of threats to the integrity of
individuals and communities. Above and beyond the basic medical and nutritional needs, sexual violence, forced displacement,
separation of families, ethnic cleansing, disappearances, torture and ill-treatment all have an impact on the physical and
psychological integrity of individuals as well as cultural, ethnic, and family-related integrity of communities. These are our
precisely among our main areas of work.
With your permission I would like to use two key words in the Commission’s definition of Human Security - Protection and
Empowerment - to illustrate what IHL stands for and what the International Committee of the Red Cross, in the footsteps of
Henry Dunant, does in its everyday endeavour to protect and assist victims of armed conflict around the globe.
The Commission notes that Human Security is deliberately protective and recognises that people and communities are deeply
threatened by events largely beyond their control. Civilians are indeed the main casualties of armed conflicts today.
The ICRC aims to be at the forefront of the international community's response to the humanitarian needs of persons affected by
conflict. Our humanitarian action is primarily based on needs and, guided by the principle of impartiality, we follow an "all
victims approach" and give priority in our response to the most vulnerable people and to the most essential needs. IHL embodies
human security in that it basically holds that people must be granted the most essential personal security and provided with
services necessary for their survival in dignity.
By combining activities to promote respect for the law with operational activities in the field, the ICRC above all seeks to create
conditions whereby the civilian population can fend for themselves, remain in their homes, and lead their lives in relative safety
and dignity despite the volatile and dangerous environment in which they happen to find themselves. Prevention and protection
is thus a major aspect of our work, inline with the fundamental idea of Human Security as defined by the Commission.
A. Gnadinger. Dir/GEN ICRC – Japan - Dec. 2005