QUIZ: Tuesday
10/18
TEST: Fri. 10/28


Taxonomy
a
branch of biology
that deals with
classifying and
naming
organisms
Scientists
look at
similarities and
differences in
organisms
 Aristotle
(~360 BC) came up with a system
of classifying organisms.
o ANIMALS and PLANTS
o Based on habits
o Very inconsistent
 Carl
Linnaeus (~1735) improved Aristotle’s
classification system and his is still used
today
o Founder of taxonomy
 For
order and organization
 Ease of adding newly discovered organisms
 Shows relationships between organisms
 Beyond language barriers and common
names
Prokaryote
o Organisms that
DO NOT HAVE a
membrane bound
NUCLEUS
Eukaryote
o Organisms that
HAVE a
membrane bound
NUCLEUS
Unicellular
Multicellular
o Uni- means ONE
o Multi- means MANY
o Organism made
o Organism made up of
up of ONE CELL
MANY CELLS
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
o Create their own
o Rely on other
energy from sun or
chemicals
o Producers
organisms for energy
o Consumers
 Cell
structure that
surrounds a cell
 Provides support and
protection
 Can be made up of:
chitin, cellulose,
peptidoglycan, silica,
proteins
Kingdom
King
Phylum
Phillip
Class
Came
Order
Over
Family
For
Genus
Species
Good
Spaghetti
9
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
 Two
word system using the genus and
species of an organism
o Genus is always capitalized…species is always
lowercase
o Both genus and species are underlined or
italicized
 EX:
Humans
o Homo sapiens
o Homo sapiens
Ursus arctos
(italics)
Ursus arctos
underlined
Always capitalize the first
letter of the Genus name!!!
12
 Genus - first
part of name
 Always use a capital letter
and underline or italics
Ex:
Homo - humans
Felis - cats, tigers, lions
Ursus- bears
Canis - dogs, wolves, coyotes
13
Species - second part of the name
Always with a lower case letter and
underline or italics.
Ex:
sapien - thinking
domesticas - cat
tigris - tiger
familiaris - dog
lupus - wolves
latran - coyotes
14
Full
binomial nomenclature: Genus species
Homo sapiens
Canis familiaris
Felis domesticus
Canis lupus
15
 Scientists
group
organisms based
on their
evolutionary
connections
 A “Family Tree”…
Limpets
Barnacles
 Which
ones
are most
closely
related??
Crabs
Appendages
Crab
Crustaceans
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Limpet
Crab
Gastropod
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted
exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM
18
A
cladogram is a diagram used to show
ancestral relationships between organisms
 Evolutionary tree of life
Derived Characters in Organism
Organism
1. Identify which
organism is least
closely related to the
others.
2. Create your
branches based on
the differences in
characters.
3. What trait separates
the least closely
related organism from
the other animals?
Derived Character
Backbone
Legs
Hair
Earthworm
Absent
Absent
Absent
Trout
Present
Absent
Absent
Lizard
Present
Present
Absent
Human
Present
Present
Present
ANALYZING


Does your cladogram indicate that lizards and
humans share a more recent common
ancestor when compared to an earthworm?
Where would you insert a frog if you added it
to the cladogram?
20
Frog
Lizard
Earthworm
Trout
Amniotic
Egg
Human
Hair
Legs
Backbone
21
Dichotomous
Keys
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Fungi
Eukarya
Animalia
Plantae
 Cell
Type: prokaryote
 Cell Wall: not composed of peptidoglycan
 Body Type: unicellular
 Nutrition: autotrophic vs. heterotrophic
 Examples: Ancient bacteria--Extremophiles
methanococcus; halophiles
 Cell
Type: prokaryote
 Cell Wall: composed of peptidoglycan
 Body Type: unicellular
 Nutrition: autotrophic & heterotrophic
 Examples: Common bacteria
E. coli, streptococcus, staphylococcus
 Cell
Type: Eukaryotic
 Cell Wall: silica, calcium carbonate, proteins
 Body Type: unicellular & multicellular
 Nutrition: autotrophic & heterotrophic
 Examples: Misfits like--paramecium, euglena,
amoeba
 Cell
Type: eukaryotic
 Cell Wall: chitin
 Body Type: unicellular & multicellular
 Nutrition: heterotrophic (not a plant!)
 Examples: yeast, morel, puffball,
Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold)
 Cell
Type: eukaryotic
 Cell Wall: composed of cellulose
 Body Type: multicellular
 Nutrition: autotrophic
 Examples: corn; ferns; roses; pine tree
 Cell
Type: eukaryotic
 Cell Wall: no cell wall
 Body Type: multicellular
 Nutrition: heterotrophic
 Examples: manatee, shark, snakes, worms,
coral, hummingbird, insects….