Antik Kentler
































































Adada
Aizanoi - Aezani (Çavdarhisar)
Alabanda (Araphisar)
Alacahöyük
Alinda (Kapruzlu)
Amyzon
Anavarza
Andriace (Çayağzı)
Antiocheia (Yalvaç)
Antiphellos (Kaş) Nisa (Meryemlik)
Aperlai (Sıçak İskelesi)
Apollonia (Kılınçlar)
Ariassos
Arycanda (Akif, Aykırçay)
Aspendos
Attaleia (Antalya)
Belkıs / Zeugma Antik Kenti Kurtarma Çalışmaları
Cadyanda - Kadyanda (Üzümlü)
Colossae
Coracesium (Alanya)
Cyaneae - Kyaneae (Yavi veya Yuva Köyü)
Çatal Höyük
Dağlık
Dolichiste (Kekova Island)
Ephesos (Efes, Selçuk)
Gerga
Hamaxia
Hattusaş (Boğazkale, Boğazköy)
Herakleia Salbake
Isında (Belenli)
Istlada (Kapaklı)
İotape
Kalamaki (Kalkan)
Kanesh (Kültepe)
Karatepe
Klaros
Klazomenai
Kolophon ve Notion (Değirmendere ve Ahmetbeyli)
Labranda (Labraunda)
Laertes
Laodikea (Laodiceia Ad Lycum) (Goncalı)
Letoon - Letoum (Bohsullu, Bozoluk)
Limyra (Zenzerler, Turunçova)
Magnesia Ad Meandrum (Menderes Magnesia'sı) (Ortaklar-Tekkeköy)
Miletus (Balat, Akköy)
Myra - Noel Baba Kilisesi
Myra (Demre, Kale)
Myus (Avşar Kalesi)
Nysa (Sultanhisar)
Olympos (Çıralı, Yanartaş, Deliktaş)
Orthosia
Patara (Gelemiş, Ovagelemiş, Kelemiş)
Perge (Aksu)
Phaselis (Tekirova)
Phellos (Pınarbaşı)
Phokaia
Pınara (Minareköy)
Piginda
Pisidia
Priene (Güllübahçe - Söke)
Sardis (Sart)
Selge
Selinus
Side














Sidyma (Dodurga Asarı)
Sillyon
Simena (Kale)
Sura
Syedra
Telmessos (Fethiye)
Termessos
Theimussa (Kale İskelesi - Üçağız)
Tlos (Kalesar)
Tralleis (Aydın)
Tripolis
Trysa
Xanthos (Kınık)
Yazılıkaya
Dünya Miras Geçici Listesi
UNESCO Dünya Kültürel ve Doğal Mirasının Korunmasına Dair Sözleşme kapsamında Taraf
Devletler, UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesi’ne kaydedilmesi uygun olan varlıklara ilişkin
envanterlerini (geçici liste) UNESCO Dünya Miras Merkezi’ne iletmekle yükümlüdürler. UNESCO
Dünya Miras Merkezi’nce yayınlanan bu listede yer alan varlıklara ilişkin hazırlanan adaylık
dosyaları Dünya Miras Komitesi’ne sunulmaktadır. Geçici Listeler hazırlanırken varlıkların Dünya
Miras Komitesi’nce belirlenen kriterleri karşılama durumları ile mimari, tarihi, estetik ve kültürel,
ekonomik, sosyal, sembolik ve felsefi özellikleri de dikkate alınmaktadır.
İlk kez 1994 yılında UNESCO Dünya Miras Merkezi’ne iletilen Geçici Listemiz 2000, 2009 ve
2011 yıllarında güncellenmiş olup bu listede 2 karma (kültürel/doğal) ve 25 kültürel olmak
üzere toplam 27 adet varlık bulunmaktadır.
Amacımız; bu evrensel kültürel ve doğal değerlerimizin Dünyaya tanıtılması ve korunmaları için
uluslararası kaynaklardan da yararlanılarak gelecek kuşaklara en iyi şekilde aktarılmasıdır.
UNESCO Dünya Miras Geçici Listemizde aşağıdaki varlıklarımız yer almakta olup; detaylı bilgilere
UNESCO Dünya Miras Merkezi’nin resmi web sitesi olan http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists
adresinden ulaşılabilmektedir.

Ahlat Eski Yerleşimi ve Mezar Taşları (Bitlis)

Alahan Manastırı (Mersin)

Alanya (Antalya)

Afrodisias Antik Kenti (Aydın)

Bursa ve Cumalıkızık Erken Osmanlı Kentsel ve Kırsal Yerleşimleri (Bursa)

Çatalhöyük Neolitik Kenti (Konya)

Diyarbakır Kalesi ve Surları (Diyarbakır)

Edirne Selimiye Cami (Edirne)

Efes (İzmir)

Harran ve Şanlıurfa Yerleşimleri (Şanlıurfa)

İshakpaşa Sarayı (Ağrı)

Karain Mağarası (Antalya)

Konya Selçuklu Başkenti (Konya)

Likya Uygarlığı Antik Kentleri (Antalya ve Muğla)

Mardin Kültürel Peyzaj Alanı (Mardin)

Perge Antik Kenti (Antalya)

Sagalassos Antik Kenti (Burdur)

Selçuklu Kervansarayları Denizli-Doğubayazıt Güzergâhı

St. Nicholas Kilisesi (Antalya)

St. Paul Kilisesi, St. Paul Kuyusu ve Çevresi (Mersin)

Sümela Manastırı (Trabzon)

Beyşehir, Eşrefoğlu Camii (Konya)

Hatay, St. Pierre Kilisesi (Hatay)

Bergama (İzmir)

Göbeklitepe
Arkeolojik
Alanı
(Şanlıurfa)
Kültürel olarak,

Güllük Dağı-Termessos Milli Parkı (Antalya)

Kekova
(Antalya)
Karma
olarak
geçici
listede
yer
almaktadır.
Bütün insanlığın ortak mirası olarak kabul edilen evrensel değerlere sahip kültürel ve doğal
varlıkları dünyaya tanıtmak, toplumda söz konusu evrensel mirasa sahip çıkacak bilinci oluşturmak
ve çeşitli sebeplerle bozulan, yok olan kültürel ve doğal değerlerin yaşatılması için gerekli işbirliğini
sağlamak amacıyla UNESCO’nun 17 Ekim – 21 Kasım 1972 tarihleri arasında Paris’te toplanan 16.
Genel Konferansında sorunun uluslararası bir sözleşme konusu yapılmasına karar verilmiş ve 16
Kasım 1972’de“Dünya Kültürel ve Doğal Mirasının Korunmasına Dair Sözleşme” kabul edilmiştir.
14.04.1982 tarih ve 2658 sayılı Kanunla katılmamız uygun bulunan bu Sözleşme, 23.05.1982 tarih
ve 8/4788 sayılı Bakanlar Kurulu Kararıyla onaylanarak, 14.02.1983 tarih ve 17959 sayılı Resmî
Gazete'de yayınlanmıştır.
Uluslararası önem taşıyan ve bu nedenle takdire ve korunmaya değer doğal oluşumlara, anıtlara ve
sitlere “Dünya Mirası”statüsü tanınmaktadır. Sözleşmeyi kabul eden üye devletlerin UNESCO’ya
başvurusuyla başlayan ve Uluslararası Anıtlar ve Sitler Konseyi (ICOMOS) ve Uluslararası Doğayı ve
Doğal Kaynakları Koruma Birliği (IUCN) uzmanlarının başvuruları değerlendirmesi sonunda
tamamlanan bir işlem dizisinden sonra aday kültür varlıkları Dünya Miras Komitesinin kararı
doğrultusunda bu statüye alınmaktadır.
2009 yılı sonu itibariyle Dünya genelinde UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesi’ne kayıtlı 890 kültürel ve
doğal varlık bulunmakta olup bunların 689 tanesi kültürel, 176 tanesi doğal, 25 tanesi ise karma
(kültürel/doğal) varlıktır. Her yıl gerçekleşen Dünya Miras Komitesi toplantıları ile bu sayı
artmaktadır. Detaylı bilgilere Dünya Miras Merkezi’nin resmi web sitesi
olanhttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list adresinden ulaşılabilmektedir.
Ülkemiz, Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü’nün sorumluluğu altında yürüttüğü
çalışmalar neticesinde bugüne kadar UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesi’ne 9 adetvarlığımızın alınmasını
sağlanmıştır. Bu varlıklardan;

İstanbul’un Tarihi Alanları,

Safranbolu Şehri (Karabük),

Hattuşaş (Boğazköy)-Hitit Başkenti (Çorum),

Nemrut Dağı (Adıyaman-Kahta),

Xanthos-Letoon (Antalya-Muğla),

Divriği Ulu Camii ve Darüşşifası (Sivas),

Truva Antik Kenti (Çanakkale)
kültürel olarak;

Pamukkale-Hierapolis (Denizli),

Göreme Milli Parkı ve Kapadokya (Nevşehir)
hem kültürel, hem doğal miras olarak listeye alınmıştır.
Prehistoric Sites in Anatolia
Ancient Districts of Anatolia
Anatolia in the time of Hittites
Hittite homeland
The Kingdom of Urartu
Phrygian kingdom at
its greatest extent
Persian Empire
Lydian Kingdom
Alexander the Great's Empire
PREHISTORIC PERIOD
500,000
2,000 BCE
Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)
500,000 - 11,000 BCE
Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age)
11,000 - 7,000 BCE
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)
7,250 - 5,400 BCE
Chalcolithic Age (Copper stone Age)
5,400 - 3,250 BCE
Bronze Age
3,250 - 1,200 BCE
-
Hatti
Civilization
and Assyrian 2,500 - 2,000 BCE
Trading Colonies
HISTORIC PERIOD
ca,
2,000
BCE
onward
HITTITES
2,000 - 700 BCE
Early Hittite Period
2,000 - 1,750 BCE
Old Hittite Kingdom
1,660 - 1,450 BCE
Hittite Imperial Period
1,450 - 1,190 BCE
Late Hittite City States
1,190 -
700 BCE
URARTIAN KINGDOM
860 - 580 BCE
PHRYGIAN KINGDOM
750 - 600 BCE
LYDIAN KINGDOM
680 - 546 BCE
PERSIAN PERIOD
546 - 334 BCE
HELLENISTIC PERIOD
323 - 30 BCE
ROMAN PERIOD
30 BCE - 395 CE
BYZANTINE PERIOD
395 - 1453 CE
OTTOMAN PERIOD
1453 - 1923 CE
MODERN TURKEY
1923 - Present
Time
Events
Before
Common Era
400,000
Paleolithic Age. Earliest human (Homoerectus)
presence
in
Yarimburgaz
(Istanbul),
Karain
(Antalya), Beldibi (Antalya) Caves, primitive stone
tools used. Hunting, fishing, collecting edible plants
from the nature.
11,000
Mesolithic Age in Anatolia, a transition from
Paleolithic to Neolithic.
7,250 - 6,500
Neolithic Age. First settlements at Hallan Cemi,
Nevali
Cori,
Cayonu,
Hacilar,
Catalhoyuk.
Catalhoyuk the largest settlement in the near east.
Early agriculture (wheat, barley, lentils). Religious
shrines and figurines, pottery, mural paintings.
Burials inside homes
6,500 - 5,500
Catalhoyuk becomes first cultural center and
introduces religious shrines. The Mother goddess
becomes the main deity in Anatolia. First temples
and sanctuaries
5,400 - 3,250
Chalcolithic Age. Use of Copper. Dark ages. Burials
in cemeteries
5,000
Alacahoyuk, Alisar, Canhasan and Beycesultan rise
as main settlements
3,000
Anatolia enters Bronze Age and reaches a high level
of civilization. First settlement at Troy. City-States,
fortresses and feudal Lords began to appear.
Bronze extensively used to make weapons and
ornamentation.
2,500 - 2,000
Hatti people, and Assyrian trading colonies and
posts (Kanesh) are established in Anatolia. Strong
commercial
ties
between
Anatolia
and
Mesopotamia. Cuneiform tablets are the earliest
written records found yet in Anatolia.
1,750
Hittite kingdom founded by Anitta. Hattusas was
built.
1650
Hittite Empire founded
1,620 - 1,590
Reign of Mursilis I. Hittite Kingdom becomes the
leading power in the Mid-east.
1520
First law codes made by Telepinus in Hittite State.
1,450
Tudhaliyas I founds a new dynasty that creates
Hittite Empire.
1,380 - 1345
Reign of Suppiluliumas I, the Hittites' greatest
ruler. Suppiluliumas destroys the Kingdom of
Mitanni and extends his borders into northern
Syria.
1,275
Reign of Muwattalli. War at Kadesh between
Hittites
known
and
Egyptians,
and
international treaty signed and
earliest
Ramses
withdraws from Syria.
1,200 - 1,100
Anatolian
civilizations
destroyed
by
outside
invaders called "Sea Peoples". Trojan war, fall and
sack of Troy by Achaeans. Hattusas destroyed.
Hittite Empire collapses and organized as small city
states at Carchemish, Karatepe, Zincirli, Aslantepe.
Vacuum of power in Anatolia.
1112
Assyrian king Tiglath Pleser defeats the coalition of
23 local princes in the land of Nairi in Urartu
region.
1,100 - 1,000
Beginning of Greek migration to Aegean coast of
Anatolia. Miletus the first Greek colony and city.
900 - 800
Urartu civilization in the eastern Anatolia. Phrygian
becomes main power in central Anatolia. Lydian,
Lycian and Carian cultures along the Aegean and
Mediterranean. Greek culture rises and founds PanIonic league.
860 - 840
Reign of Aramu, first known king of Urartu.
840 - 830
Reign of Sarduri II, who makes Tushpa capital of
Urartian Kingdom. First written records by Urartu.
800
Water channel of Shamram was built by Urartians
for irrigation.
756
Cyzicus founded by Milesian colonists
750
Miletus active in establishing colonies along the
Aegean and Black Sea coasts.
735
Siege of Tushpa, capital of Urartu, by Tiglath Pleser
III.
717
Assyria captures Carchemish and other Neo-Hittite
states
and
gains
control
in
Anatolia.
Phrygia takes over in W Anatolia.
700 - 650
Phrygians and cities of Western Anatolia destroyed
by Cimmerians . Lydia rises main power in Western
Anatolia. Homer born at Smyrna. First coin in the
World introduced by Lydians at Sardis. Greek
colonists from Ionia occupy the Black Sea coast.
685
Chalcedon, the ancient town across the Bosphorus
from Byzantium was founded by Greeks.
680 - 648
Reign of Gyges, first king of Mermnad dynasty of
Lydia.
Ionian
cities
under
heavy
attack
by
him. Cimmerian invasion of Anatolia.
677
Selymbria on the Propontis coast was captured by
Greeks.
660
Byzantium founded by Megarians. Miletus continues
to establish more colonies.
652
Gyges dies fighting Cimmerians, his son Ardys
becomes king of Lydia.
604
Peace treaty between Lydians and Mileasians.
600
Ionia leading area in Greek science and Philosophy.
Tyrants rule Anatolia.
590
Urartu conquered by Medes
585
Solar Eclipse happened during the war between
Persians and Lydians. Thales of Miletus had
predicted the solar eclipse.
560
Croesus becomes ruler of Lydia.
560 - 546
Croesus ruler of Lydia. Croesus defeated by Cyrus
of Persia. Persian domination established all over
Anatolia and Greece.
512
Byzantium captured by Darius.
499
Ionian cities encouraged by Athens revolt against
Persian rule. Sardis burned down.
498
Sardis captured from Persians and burned by Ionian
cities.
494
Persians crush Ionian revolt at Battle of Lade, and
burns down Miletus.
479
Persians defeated again at battles of Plataea and
Mycale. Ionian cities temporarily regain freedom.
478
Delian League welcomes Ionian cities.
467
Persians defeated once more by Athenians at
Eurymedon.
413
Battle between Athenians and Ionian cities.
410
Alcibiades defeats the Peloponnesians at the naval
battle of Cyzicus.
405
Athenians defeated by Peloponnesians at the battle
of Aegospotami.
401
The
ten
thousand
under
Xenophon
begins
expedition through Anatolia into Persia.
395
Sardis besieged by Agesilaus.
394
Battle of Cnidus
386
Anatolia under Persian rule again by King's peace.
363
The Satraps' Revolt.
337
Kingdom of Pontus founded
334
Alexander crosses Dardanelles
into Asia Minor.
Persians defeated at Granicus battle. Ionian cities
liberated
from
Persian
yoke.
Miletus
and
Halicarnassus besieged by Alexander.
334
Alexander conquers Lycia, Pamphylia and Pisidia.
Cities of Sillyum and Termessus gives Alexander
hard times.
333
Alexander's conquests in Cilicia, decisive defeat of
Persians at Issus battle.
323
Alexander the Great dies at Babylon. Perdiccas
becomes regent.
321
Perdiccas killed in Egypt, Antipater becomes
regent. Antigonus chief commander of the Army.
319
Antipater
dies,
Polyperchon
replaces
him
as
regent.
318
Antigonus takes over Asia Minor.
315 -311
First war between Diadochi, Lysimachus, Ptolemy,
Cassander, Seleucus vs. Antigonus.
311
Peace
treaty
between
the
Diadochi.
Seleucus was excluded from the treaty.
310-309
Roxane and Alexander, the wife and son of
Alexander the Great were murdered by Cassander.
308
Seleucus I gains the title of King.
306
Antigonus and his son Demetrius proclaim kings.
305
Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander take the titles
King.
304
Agathocles proclaims himself king.
301
Antigonus defeated and killed at the battle of
Ipsus. Lysimachus rules Anatolia.
300
Seleucid dynasty gains control in Syria. Antioch on
the Orontes founded.
295
Seleucid occupies Cilicia. Lysimachus conquers
Ionia.
287
Lysimachus and Pyrrhus split Macedonia.
281
Seleucus I defeated Lysimachus at the battle of
Corupedium. Lysimachus dies at the battlefield.
280
Seleucus I was murdered by Ptolemy Ceravnos at
Lysimacheia. Bithynian, Cappadocian and Armenian
kingdoms declare independence from Seleucid
kingdom.
278
Gauls
invade
Anatolia.
Anatolia
and settle in Central
277
Antigonus
Gonatos
defeats
the
Celts
at
Lysimacheia.
275
Gauls defeated by Seleucid Emperor Antiochus I.
263 - 241
Rise of Pergamum kingdom under Attalid dynasty.
230
Rome and Pergamum becomes strong allies. Gauls
crushed by Pergamum.
189
Antiochus defeated by Romans at Magnesia.
188
Treaty of Apameia puts an end to Seleucid rule in
Anatolia.
133
Attalus III the last king of Pergamum dies and
bequests his kingdom to Rome.
130
Roman
province
of
Asia
Minor
established.
Pergamum becomes capital. Aristonicus defeated.
120-63
Reign of Mithridates VI of Pontus
101
Cilicia (southern Anatolia) becomes Roman province
88
Mithridates the king of Pontus destroys the cities
and massacres number of Roman citizens.
84
Lycia was incorporated by Romans into province of
Asia
83
End of Seleucid kingdom. Mediterranean coast
becomes center of Piracy.
81
Pontus was annexed into Roman province
80
Commagene kingdom in the remote east Anatolia
founded, after the death of Antiochus, monumental
tomb built on the top of Mt. Nemrut.
78
Pompeii the general campaigns against Pirates in
Pamphylia, Cilicia and Isauria.
74
Nicomedes IV the king of Bithynia dies and leaves
his kingdom to Rome.
67
Cilicia becomes a Roman province.
66
After defeated by Romans, Mithridates kills himself.
Romans control much of Anatolia
53
Crassus was defeated by Parthians at Harran.
41
Anthony and Cleopatra come together at Tarsus.
40
Anthony and Cleopatra marry at Antioch
32
Rome declares war on Cleopatra's Egypt.
31
Cleopatra and Antony defeated by Octavian at the
battle of Actium.
30
Octavius (Augustus) visits Antioch. Cleopatra and
Antony commit suicide. End of Hellenistic period
and beginning of Roman Imperial Period.
29
Ephesus replaces Pergamum as capital of the
Roman Province of Asia.
Common Era
40 - 56
St. Paul's missionary journeys. First Christian
community at Antioch.
72
Roman empire annexes Commagene kingdom
117
Trajan dies at Selinus, Cilicia, Hadrian becomes
Imperator
124
Hadrian's visits in Asia Minor.
129
Galen the famous physician at Pergamum
165
Plaque in Asia Minor
215
Caracalla at Antioch
229 - 260
Romans and Sassanids fight a series of wars over
eastern Anatolia.
260
Emperor Valerian is defeated and captured by the
Sassanids at Edessa. The Persians take the control
of territories as far as Caesarea in Cappadocia.
301
Armenia converted to Christianity
303
Christians severely persecuted at Nicomedia.
312
Constantine becomes sole emperor of the Roman
Empire after defeating his rival Maxentius at the
battle of Milvian Bridge near Rome.
313
Christianity tolerated religion in Byzantine Empire.
Byzantium renamed Constantinople.
324
Constantinople becomes capital of Roman empire.
325
First of Ecumenical council meetings at Nicaea
under Constantine the great.
329 - 379
St. Basil of Cappadocia founds monasteries in
Anatolia
361
Julian the Apostate attempts to return the empire
to the worship of pagan gods.
381
Second council meeting at Constantinople.
392
Christianity made state religion by Theodosius and
the polytheist pagan religion was banned in the
Roman Empire.
395
Roman Empire divided as Eastern and Western
sections.
Eastern
Roman
Empire
based
in
Constantinople survived for another 1100 years,
until it fell to Ottoman Empire in 1453.
Hittite Kings
Mitanni Kings
Urartian Kings
Lydian Kings
Persian Kings
Antigonid Dynasty
Ptolemy Dynasty
Seleucid Kings
Pontus Kings
Pergamum Kings
Bithynia Kings
Commagene Kings
Armenian Kings
Roman Emperors
Byzantine Emperors
Trebizond Empire
Hittites Kings 1660 - 1190 BCE
Old Kingdom 1660 - 1460 BCE
Pithana ( Pit(k)hana )
Early 18th C. BCE ?
Anitta
Mid 18th C. BCE ?
Labarnas
1680-1650 BCE
Hattusili I
1650-1620 BCE
Mursili I
1620-1590 BCE
Hantili I
1590-1560 BCE
Zidanta I
1560-1550 BCE
Ammuna
1550-1530 BCE
Huzziya I
1530-1525 BCE
Telipinu ( Telepinus )
1525-1510 BCE
Alluwamna
1510-1500 BCE
Hantili II
1500-1490 BCE
Zidanta II
1490-1480 BCE
Huzziya II
1480-1460 BCE
Great Kingdom 1460 - 1190 BCE
Tudhaliya II
1460-1440 BCE
Arnuwanda I
1440-1420 BCE
Hattusili II
1420-1400 BCE
Tudhaliya III
1400-1380 BCE
Suppiluliama I
1380-1340 BCE
Arnuwanda II
1346-1345 BCE
Mursili II
1345-1306 BCE
Muwatalli II
1306-1282 BCE
Mursili III = Urhi-Teshup
1282-1275 BCE
Hattusili III
1275-1250 BCE
Tudhaliya IV
1250-1220 BCE
Arnuwanda III
1220-1215 BCE
Suppiluliama II
1215-1190? BCE
Mitanni Kings 1500 - 1245 BCE
Kirta
1500-1490 BCE
Suttarna I
1490-1470 BCE
Baratarna
1470-1450 BCE
Parsatatar
1450-1440 BCE
Saussatar
1440-1410 BCE
Artatama
1410-1400 BCE
Suttarna II
1400-1385 BCE
Artashumara
1385-1380 BCE
Tushratta
1380-1350 BCE
Mattiwaza
1350-1320 BCE
Sattuara I
1320-1300 BCE
Vashasatta
1300-1280 BCE
Sattuara II
1280-1270 BCE
Urartian Kings 860 - 580 BCE
Aramu
860-840 BCE
Sarduris I
840-830 BCE
Ishpuinis
830-810 BCE
Menua
810-780 BCE
Argishtish I (?Argishtis)
780-760 BCE
Sarduris II
760-730 BCE
Rusa I
730-713 BCE
Argishtish II (?Argishtis)
713-685 BCE
Rusa II
685-645 BCE
Sarduris III
645-625 BCE
Erimena
625-605 BCE
Rusa III
605-590 BCE
Sarduris IV
590-580 BCE
Lydian Kings 680-546 BCE
Gyges
680-652 BCE
Ardys
652-625 BCE
Sadyattes
625-610 BCE
Alyattes
610-575 BCE
Croissos
575-546 BCE
Persian Kings 700 - 330 BCE
Achaimenes
700-675 BCE
Teispes
675-640 BCE
Cyrus I
640-600 BCE
Cambyses I
600-559 BCE
Cyrus II
559-529 BCE
Cambyses II
529-522 BCE
Darius I
522-486 BCE
Xerxes
486-465 BCE
Artaxerxes I
465-425 BCE
Darius II
425-405 BCE
Artaxerxes II
405-358 BCE
Artaxerxes III
358-338 BCE
Darius III
336-330 BCE
Antigonid Dynasty
Antigonus I (Monophthalmos)
306-301 BCE
Demetrius I (Poliorcetes)
306-285 BCE
Antigonus II (Gonatas)
285-239 BCE
Demetrius II
239-229 BCE
Antigonus III (Doson)
229-221 BCE
Philip V
221-179 BCE
Perseus
179-168 BCE
Ptolemies of Egypt
Ptolemy I Soter
305-282 BCE
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
282-246 BCE
Ptolemy III Euergetes I
246-222 BCE
Ptolemy IV Philopator
222-205 BCE
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
204-180 BCE
Ptolemy VI Philometor
180-145 BCE
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
145 BCE
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
Ptolemy IX Soter II
Ptolemy XI
170-116 BCE
116-107
BCE
88-80 BCE
80 BCE
Ptolemy XII Auletes
80-58
55-51 BCE
Ptolemy XIII
51-47 BCE
Ptolemy XIV
47-44 BCE
Ptolemy XV (Caesarion)
44-30 BCE
Seleucid Kings of Asia Minor 321 - 95 BCE
Seleucus I Nicator
321 -281 BCE
Antiochus I Soter
281-261 BCE
Antiochus II Theos
261-246 BCE
Seleucus II Callinicus
246-226 BCE
Seleucus IIICeraunus Soter
226-223 BCE
Antiochus III the Great
223-187 BCE
Seleucus IV Philopator
187-175 BCE
BCE
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
175-164 BCE
Antiochus V Eupator
164-162 BCE
Demetrius I Soter
162-150 BCE
Alexander Balas
150-145 BCE
Demetrius II Nicator
145-138
129-125 BCE
Antiochus VI Dionysus or Epiphanes
145-140 BCE
Diotus Tryphon (Usurper )
140-138 BCE
Antiochus VII Sidetes
138-129 BCE
Seleucus V
125 BCE
Antiochus VIII Grypus
121-96 BCE
Antiochus IX Cyzinecus
114-95 BCE
Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator
96-95 BCE
Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator
95-92 BCE
Demetrius III Eucaerus (or Philopator)
95-87 BCE
Antiochus XI Ephiphanes Philadelphus
95-92 BCE
Philip I Philadelphus
95-83 BCE
Antiochus XII Dionysus
87-84 BCE
Tigranes the Great
83-69 BCE
BCE
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
69-64 BCE
Philip II Philoromaeus
65-64 BCE
Kings of Pontus 302 - 63 BCE
Mithridates I
302-266 BCE
Ariobarzanes
265-255 BCE
Mithridates II
255-220 BCE
Mithridates III
220-185 BCE
Pharnaces I
185-169 BCE
Mithridates IV Philopator Philadelphus
169-150 BCE
Mithridates V Eurgetes
150-120 BCE
Mithridates VI Eupator
120-63 BCE
Pharnaces (King of Bosphorus)
63-47 BCE
The Attalids of Pergamum 282 - 133 BCE
Philetaerus
282-263 BCE
Eumenes I
263-241 BCE
Attalus I Soter
241-197 BCE
Eumenes II Soter
197-160 BCE
Attalus II
160-138 BCE
Attalus III
138-133 BCE
Kings of Bythinia 297 -74 BCE
Zipoetes
297-279 BCE
Nicomedes I
279-255 BCE
Ziaelas
255-228 BCE
Prusias I
228-185 BCE
Prusias II
185-149 BCE
Nicomedes II Epiphanes
149-128 BCE
Nicomedes III Euergetes
128-94 BCE
Nicomedes IV Philopator
94-74 BCE
Kings of Commagene 163 -72 BCE
Ptolemaeus
163-130 BCE
Samus II Theosebes
130-100 BCE
Mithridates I
100-70 BCE
Antiochus I Philoromaios Philhellen
70-35 BCE
Mithridates II
31 BCE
Antiochus II
?
Mithridates III
20 BCE
Antiochus
? - 17 CE
Antiochus IV
38-72 CE
Annexed to Roman province of Syria
Kings of Armenia 190 BCE - 1375 CE
Artaxias I
190-161 BCE
Artavasdes I
161-138 BCE
Tigranes I
?
Tigranes II
95-55 BCE
Artavasdes II
55-34 BCE
Artaxias II
33-20 BCE
Tigranes III
20-6 BCE
Artacasdes II
6 BCE-1 CE
Non native rulers
2-52 CE
Arsacid Dynasty
Tiridates I
52-75 CE
Sanatruk
75-110 CE
Axidares
110 CE
Parthamasiris
110-114 CE
Roman Province
114-116 CE
Vologaeses
116-140 CE
Sohaemus of Emesa
140-160
164-185 CE
Pacorus
160-163 CE
Tiridates II
217-222 CE
Chosroes I
222-250 CE
CE
Tiridates III
287-336 CE
Bagratid Dynasty
Smbat the Confessor
836-885 CE
Ashot I
856-890 CE
Smbat I
890-914 CE
Ashot II
915-928 CE
Abas
928-951 CE
Ashot III
951-977 CE
Smbat II
977-989 CE
Gagik I
989-1019 CE
Ashot IV
1020-1040 CE
Gagik II
1042-1045 CE
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Ruben I
1080-1095 CE
Constantine I
Leon I
1095-1148 CE
Thoros I
Ruben II
Thoros II
118-1168 CE
Ruben III
1175-1185 CE
Levon II the Magnificent
1185-1219 CE
Hethum I the Great
1226-1269 CE
Leon III
1270-1289 CE
Hethum II
1289-1305 CE
Leon IV
1305-1307 CE
Oshin
1307-1320 CE
Leon V
1320-1342 CE
Guy of Lusignan
1342-1344 CE
Constantine IV
1344-1369 CE
Constantine V
1369-1373 CE
Leon VI
1373-1375 CE
Roman Emperors 59 BCE - 395 CE
Julius Caesar
59-44 BCE
Augustus
27 BCE-14 CE
Tiberius
14-37 CE
Calligula
37-41 CE
Claudius
41-54 CE
Nero
54-68 CE
Galba - Otho - Vitellus
68-69 CE
Vespanius
69-79 CE
Titus
79-81 CE
Domitianus
81-96 CE
Nerva
96-98 CE
Trajan
98-117 CE
Hadrian
117-138 CE
Antoninus Pius
138-161 CE
Marcus Aurelius
161-180 CE
Commodus
180-192 CE
Septimus Severus
193-211 CE
Caracalla
211-217 CE
Elagabulus
217-222 CE
Alexander Severus
222-235 CE
Maximinus Thrax
235-238 CE
Gordianus III
238-244 CE
Philippus Arabs
244-249 CE
Decius
249-251 CE
Valerianus
253-260 CE
Gallienus
260-268 CE
Probus
276-282 CE
Diocletian
284-305 CE
Constantius I
305-306 CE
Constantine the Great
306-337 CE
Constantius II
337-361 CE
Julianus
361-363 CE
Jovianus
363-364 CE
Valens
364-378 CE
Theodosius
378-395 CE
Byzantine Emperors 395 - 1453 CE
Arcadius
395-408 CE
Theodosius
408-450 CE
Marcianus
450-457 CE
Leon I
457-474 CE
Leon II
474 CE
Zenon
474-475 CE
Basileus
475-476 CE
Zenon ( second reign )
476-491 CE
Anastasius I
491-518 CE
Justin I
518-527 CE
Justinaunus I
527-565 CE
Justin II
565-578 CE
Tiberius I Constantine
578-582 CE
Mauricus
582-602 CE
Phocas
602-610 CE
Heraclius
610-641 CE
Constantine II
641 CE
Heraclianus
Heraclianus
641 CE
Constantine III
641-668 CE
Constantine IV
668-685 CE
Justinaunus II
685-695 CE
Leontius
695-698 CE
Tiberius II
698-705 CE
Justinaunus II ( second reign )
705-711 CE
Philippicus
711-713 CE
Anastasius II
713-715 CE
Theodosius III
715-717 CE
Leon III
717-741 CE
Constantine V
741-775 CE
Leon IV
775-780 CE
Constantine VI
780-797 CE
Irene
797-802 CE
Nicephorus I
802-811 CE
Staurocius
811 CE
Michael Rangabe I
811-813 CE
Leon V
813-820 CE
Michael II
820-829 CE
Theophilus
829-842 CE
Michael III
842-867 CE
Basileus I
867-886 CE
Leon VI
886-912 CE
Alexandros
912-913 CE
Constantine VII
913-919 CE
Romanos I Lakapenos
920-944 CE
Romanos II
959-963 CE
Nicephorus Phocas II
963-969 CE
Johannes Cimyzkes I
969-976 CE
Basileus II
976-1025 CE
Constantine VIII
1025-1028 CE
Romanos Argyros III
1028-1034 CE
Michael IV
1034-1041 CE
Michael V
1041-1042 CE
Zoe & Theodora
1042 CE
Constantine Monomachos IX
1042-1055 CE
Theodora ( second reign )
1055-1056 CE
Michael VI
1056-1057 CE
Isaac Comnenos I
1057-1059 CE
Constantine Ducas X
1059-1067 CE
Romanos Diogenes IV
1068-1071 CE
Michael Ducas VII
1071-1078 CE
Nicephorus Botanciates III
1078-1081 CE
Alexius Comnenus I
1081-1118 CE
Johannes Comnenus I
1118-1143 CE
Manuel Comnenus I
1143-1180 CE
Alexius Comnenus I
1180-1183 CE
Andronicus Comnenus I
1183-1185 CE
Isaac Angelos II
1185-1195 CE
Alexius Angelos III
1195-1203 Ad
Isaac Angelos II ( second reign )
1203 CE
Alexius Anelos IV
1203-1204 CE
Alexius Murtzupholus
1204 CE
Theodor Lascaris I
1204-1222 CE
Johannes Ducas Vatatzes
1222-1254 CE
Theodor Lascaris II
1254-1258 CE
Johannes Lascaris IV
1258-1261 CE
Michael Paleologues VIII
1259-1282 CE
Andronicus Paleologues II
1282-1328 CE
Andronicus Paleologues III
1328-1341 CE
Johannes Paleologues V
1341-1391 CE
Johannes Cantacuzenus VI
1347-1354 CE
Andronicus Palelogues IV
1376-1379 CE
Johannes Paleologues VII
1390 CE
Manuel Palelogues II
1391-1425 CE
Johannes Paleologues VIII
1425-1448 CE
Constantine Palelogues XI
1449-1453 CE
Pontus Kingdom of Trebizond 1204-1461 CE
Alexius I
1204-1222
Andronicus I
1222-1235
John I Axouchus
1235-1238
Manuel I
1238-1263
Andronicus II
1263-1266
George
1266-1280
John II
1280-1285
Theodora
1285-1297
Alexius II
1297-1330
Andronicus III
1330-1332
Manuel II
1332
Basil
1332-1340
Irene
1340-1341
Anna
1341
Michael
1341-1342
1344-1349
John III
1342-1344
Alexius III
1349-1390
Manuel III
1390-1417
Alexius IV
1417-1429
John IV
1429-1458
David
1458-1461
Geographical Setting :
When we talk about Asia Minor, geographically, we refer to the land mass known as
Anatolia, which roughly occupies the area covered by present day Turkey. The word Anatolia
covers much of present Turkey, whereas Asia Minor is limited to Central and Western portions
of the country. As generally referred, Asia Minor doesn't include the eastern Turkey. So,
Anatolia, relatively covers a larger area than Asia Minor does. We don't know exactly when and
how the Anatolian Peninsula came to be called Asia Minor or Asia, but we have some clues
from ancient writers like Homers, Herodotus, Strabo who refer to the land by this name. The
name Asia Minor was first clearly used by Ptolemaios in the 2nd C., and in the modern
geographical meaning it was used in the first half of the 5th C. In the ancient times, Asia Minor
referred to was a much narrower area than what we know today. Asia Minor was used to
discriminate the land in question from a larger area Asia Major that covers the continent of
Asia. Besides the name Asia Minor, another name is often used to refer to this area as well.
Anatolia or Anadolu in Turkish means “the land where the sun rises" comes from the ancient
Greek name Anatole and has been used since the 3rd C. Anatolia in general covers a larger
area than Asia Minor does and is used to cover Syria, Mesopotamia and Egypt as well as Asia
Minor. Anatolia is more often used after the 3rd C., and in the Byzantine times it was used
replacing the name Asia.
Land is bordered by the three seas being, Pontus Euxinus ( Black Sea ) on north, by
Aigaios Pelagos (Aegean Sea) on west, by Thalassa (Mediterranean Sea) on south and an
inner sea Propontis (sea of Marmara) on the northwest. The Seas of Pontus Euxinus and
Propontis are connected with a long narrow strait known as Bosporus Thrakios (Bosphorus).
On his Scythian campaign Persian king Darius built a pontoon bridge of boats and transported
his army across the Bosphorus. Propontis sea is separated from Aigaois Pelagos by another
strait Hellespont or Dardanelles. Similar to that of Darius, Xerxes the Persian king on his
campaign against Greece built a pontoon bridge on Dardanelles between the towns Abydos and
Sestos through which his army moved into Europe. Pontus Euxinus, according to Herodotus is
the most amazing among the seas and most beautiful and he gives us the length of this sea as
11,100 stadia (1,250 miles) whereas the Pontus is roughly 6,000 stadia (750 miles).
Two great mountain chains run from west to east, being Pontic mountain chain along the
Black Sea coast to the north and Taurus mountain chain that goes parallel to the coast of
Mediterranean Sea and bends inward towards the eastern Turkey. Besides these two main
chains, the country has many single volcanoes that scatter from central to Eastern Turkey. One
to mention here, Mt. Ararat in eastern Turkey was the final resting place of Noah's Ark after
the great flood that is told in the chapter Genesis of the Old Testament. Mt. Ararat is the
highest peak in the land with its elevation of 16,000 feet. Mt. Nemrut on the northern shore of
Lake Van in eastern Turkey that is at an altitude of roughly 5,500 feet has one of the largest
volcanic craters in the world with a 4 1/4 miles diameter. Known in ancient times as, Mt.
Argaeus (Erciyes) located in eastern Cappadocia with an elevation of 13,000 feet spewed out
volcanic tufa that was to form unreal volcanic rock formations of Cappadocia. Mt. Hasan that
marks the western border of Cappadocia has an elevation of 10,000 feet and its eruption in the
past played a role along with Mt. Argaeus in forming Cappadocia area.
Anatolia has abundance of water. There are great rivers in Anatolia that emerge from
various parts of the land and run in various directions. Sangarios river (Sakarya) emerges from
Pessinus in Phrygia and after running through Galatia, Phrygia and Bithynia flows into Pontus
Euxinus. River Halys with a length of 400 miles emerges from the mountains in eastern Turkey
and flows through central Anatolia into Pontus Euxinus. Inside the bent of Halys was the
homeland of Hittites. Iris river (Yesilirmak) emerging from eastern Anatolia runs through the
hinterlands of Pontus area and joins the Pontus Euxinus. Rivers of the Old Testament,
Euphrates and Tigris both emerge from eastern Turkey and flow down through respectively
Syria and Iraq into Persian Gulf, having in between the ancient land of Mesopotamia. Araxes
river rises in eastern Turkey and flows through Caucasus east to the Caspian sea.
Archaeological Sites in Anatolia
Anatolia, due to its favorable geographical and strategic location, has been long
home to many ancient civilizations of the past. We don't know exactly how
many ancient sites are available on the land, but we know that there are too
many. Too many to identify and dig. An ancient site might be a small village
with a population of a few hundred or a sizable town of 5,000 people or a city
with as many as 500,000 people. Some of the sites have been settled by
different successive civilizations and they may have - as in the case of Troy that
was the site of nine different civilizations- many layers of settlements dating
from different periods of time. Some of them have been constantly settled
since ancient times and are being used today .
Some sites, although they have been mentioned by the ancient writers in their
books, have not been located yet and some other are occupied by modern
villages and towns. On the other hand, Anatolia has many well preserved great
sites of Antiquity, such as Ephesus, Pergamum, Aphrodisias, Hierapolis Miletus,
Perge etc. When one walks through the streets of these sites and looks around,
it is not quite different than what they had looked like in ancient times.
We have chosen to classify the ancient sites here by geographical locations
rather than by civilization or by age, because the sites of the same geographical
areas will have more common character.
Many of the sites which were excavated so far have been accurately identified
and well defined by archaeologists. We would like to thank them all here for
their great efforts.
You can click on the region names on map to go to related section
Thrace
Later the name was used for the greater part of the eastern Balkan Peninsula, bounded on
the north by the Danube River, on the east by the Euxine (Black Sea), on the south by the
Propontis (Sea of Marmara), the Bosporus, the Hellespont (Dardanelles), the Aegean Sea, and
Macedonia, and on the west by Macedonia, Paionia, and Dardania. Ancient Thrace was largely
uncultivated and covered with forest; mineral deposits, particularly of gold, made the region
a coveted possession. The Thracians were a barbaric, warlike people who established their
own kingdom in the 5th century BC. Thrace became successively a Macedonian, Roman, and
Byzantine province.
Bithynia
A mountainous region, with heavy forests and fertile valleys, Bithynia acquired its name from
the Bithyni, a tribe that had emigrated from Thrace. The country was conquered by Croesus,
king of Lydia, in 560 BC and, after the subjugation of Lydia by the Persians four years later; it
became a dominion of Persia. In 334 BC Alexander the Great occupied Bithynia. After his
death in 323 BC, the country was nominally ruled for a period by Antigonus I, one of the
Macedonian generals who partitioned Alexander's empire. About 316 BC Antigonus founded
Nicaea (now Iznik), later a chief city of Bithynia. Led by a native prince, Ziboetes, the
Bithynians regained their independence early in the 3rd century BC.
The first dynasty of Bithynian kings was established by Ziboetes's son Nicomedes I (reigned
278-250 BC), who founded Nicomedia (now Izmit) in 264 BC and made it his capital. Bithynia
flourished under the succeeding kings of the dynasty, notably Prusias I (reigned 237-192 BC);
Prusias II (r. 192-148 BC), who founded Prusia (now Bursa); Nicomedes II (r. 142-91 BC); and
Nicomedes III (r. 91-74 BC). In 74 BC Nicomedes III, a close ally of the Romans, bequeathed
the kingdom to Rome. It was then united with the Roman province of Pontus for
administrative purposes. Later, under Byzantine rule, the territory of Bithynia was restricted
to an area west of the Sangarius River (now Sakarya River). It formed a province in the
Diocese of Pontus. In AD 1298 Bithynia was overrun by the Seljuk Turks under Osman, and
thereafter the region formed an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. Bithynia is now part of
Turkey.
Mysia
The Mysians seem to have been Thracians who crossed over to Asia at an early period. Mysia
was subject to Lydia and later, under Persian rule, formed with Lydia one of the satrapies
created by Darius I. After the death of Alexander the Great, the country shared in the
vicissitudes of Asia Minor during the wars among his successors. Mysia became important in
the 3rd century BC as the center of the kingdom of Pergamum, a Hellenistic state that
controlled much of western Asia Minor. In 130 BC, Pergamum came under Roman rule, and
Mysia became part of the Roman province of Asia.
Ionia
The region received its name from the Ionians, Greeks who emigrated from the mainland of
Greece probably before 1000 BC. The area is mountainous and includes three fertile valleys,
watered by the rivers Gediz, Ergene, and Menderes. Ionia was extremely prosperous in
ancient times because of a flourishing agriculture and commerce. In the 7th and 6th centuries
BC Ionia made important contributions to Greek art and literature, and particularly to
philosophy. Great cities grew up, of which Ephesus, Clazomenae, Erythrae, Colophon, and
Miletus were the most celebrated. Several cities, such as Miletus and Phocaea, became
important commercial centers and sent out colonies westward as far as present-day Spain and
northward to the Black Sea. Common interests led the 12 Ionian cities to form a confederacy,
within which each city remained autonomous. Smyrna (now Izmir) was originally settled by
the Aeolian Greeks, but was later occupied by colonists from Colophon and became an Ionian
city. In the 7th and 6th centuries BC the cities of Ionia were involved in a series of wars with
the kings of Lydia, to whom Ionia yielded a nominal submission. Ionia exercised a powerful
influence on Lydian culture, its own culture being influenced in turn by Lydia. In 546 BC the
Ionians came under the sway of Persia, but revolted from Persian rule in 500 BC, assisted by
the Greek cities of Athens and Eretria. The revolt was put down, but the participation of
Athens and Eretria gave the Persians a pretext for declaring war on Greece. With the defeat
of Persia by the Greeks in 479 BC, the Ionian cities became nominally free, but in reality they
were dependent on Athens. Around 334 BC Alexander the Great annexed the cities to his
Greco-Macedonian empire. Subsequently, Ionia was incorporated into the Roman and
Byzantine empires.
Lydia
The country was known to Homer under the name Maeonia. It was celebrated for fertile soil,
rich deposits of gold and silver, and a magnificent capital, Sardis. Lydia became most
powerful under the dynasty of the Mermnadae, beginning about 685 BC. In the 6th century BC
Lydian conquests transformed the kingdom into an empire. Under the rule of King Croesus,
Lydia attained its greatest splendor. The empire came to an end, however, when the Persian
ruler Cyrus the Great captured Sardis about 546 BC and incorporated Lydia into the Persian
Empire. After the defeat of Persia by Alexander III, king of Macedonia, Lydia was brought
under Greco-Macedonian control. In 133 BC it became part of the Roman province of Asia.
The Lydians are said to have been the first people to coin money.
Caria
The Taurus Mountains extend into the interior region, and the irregular coastline has
numerous deep inlets. The islands of Rhodes and Kos lie off the coast. Ancient Greek and
Roman historians recorded that the original inhabitants of this region were pushed inland by
an influx of people called Carians. The Carians, who were notable as mercenary soldiers, had
been driven from their native islands in the Aegean Sea by invading Greeks. The Greeks also
established colonies along the coast of Caria, notably Cnidus and Halicarnassus. In the 6th
century BC, Caria was incorporated into the kingdom of Lydia; subsequently, it became a
Persian dominion, ruled by Carian kings who were subject to Cyrus the Great. Mausolus was
the best known of these monarchs; his widow built the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of
the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great seized
Caria. After his rule, the country became a part first of the Seleucid kingdom of Syria and
later of the kingdom of Pergamum; in the 2nd century BC, Pergamum was turned into the
Roman province of Asia.
Lycia
The terrain of Lycia was mountainous, and the hills and valleys were fertile. The country was
originally called Milyas and inhabited by the Solymi and the Termilae, who were subjugated
by the invading Lycians. The Lycians and the Greeks first came into contact before the Trojan
War, and the remains of Lycian tombs, temples, and theaters show a marked Greek
influence. Lycia and Cilicia were the only two countries of Asia Minor that were not
conquered in the 6th century BC by Croesus, king of Lydia. In the same century, however, the
Lycians were defeated by the Persians under King Cyrus the Great despite heroic resistance.
Under the Persians, Lycia remained prosperous and virtually autonomous. Along with the rest
of Asia Minor, Lycia was conquered by Alexander the Great of Macedonia in the 4th century
BC and incorporated into the Greco-Macedonian Empire. In 189 BC the Lycians were
vanquished by the Romans, under whom they continued to enjoy prosperity and relative
freedom. In the 4th century AD Lycia became a Roman province.
Pamphylia
The inhabitants, a mixed race of aborigines, Cilicians, and Greek colonists, spoke a language
that was probably Greek in origin but that was changed through the addition of barbaric
elements. Persian domination was followed by the area's conquest by Alexander the Great in
the 4th century BC. After his death the country was ruled by the Seleucid dynasty. Later a
part of the kingdom of Pergamum, it was bequeathed to the Romans with the rest of the
kingdom by Attalus III in 133 BC.
Cilicia
The western part of Cilicia (Cilicia Trachia) is mountainous and forested; much of the eastern
part (Cilicia Pedias) consists of fertile plains. The principal rivers were the Cydnus (now
Tarsus), the Adana (now Seyhan), and the Jihun (now Ceyhan); the principal cities were
Tarsus, Seleucia (now Silifke), and Issus, which was prosperous during the Roman Empire.
From the 6th to the 4th century BC, when most of Asia Minor was under the control of the
Persian Achaemenids, Cilicia was an independent kingdom paying tribute to Persia or part of
a Persian satrapy. After the conquests of Alexander the Great, during the Hellenistic period,
from the 4th to the 2nd century BC, most of Cilicia was part of the Seleucid Empire. Eastern
Cilicia was conquered by the Romans in 103 BC, and all of Cilicia became a Roman province
about 67 BC. Under the Romans, the region was noted for the export of so-called cilicium,
cloth made of goat hair, valued for the manufacture of tents. In the 1st century AD the
apostle Paul lived in the city of Tarsus. The province was later included in the Byzantine
Empire until it was captured in the 8th century by Arabs.
Cappadocia
As early as 1900 BC, merchants from Assyria established a colony in Cappadocia. From about
1750 BC to the formation of the Persian Empire of the Achaemenid dynasty in the 7th century
BC, this region was the center of power of the Hittites. Later, the Persians controlled the
area and divided it into two satrapies, or provinces. The northern province became known as
Cappadocia near the Pontus, or merely Pontus; the southern area retained the name
Cappadocia, by which it was known in classical times. After the conquest of Persia by
Alexander the Great early in the 4th century BC, Cappadocia became independent. The first
king of the Cappadocian dynasty, Ariarathes I (reigned 330-322 BC) paid tribute to Alexander,
but Alexander's successors were unable to conquer the country. Later, the kings of
Cappadocia sided with Rome, then a rising power, against the Seleucids and against Pontus.
Cappadocia changed sides often in its support of the various factions during the Roman civil
wars of the 1st century BC. The independence of the country ended when the Romans
supplanted the Cappadocian dynasty with a puppet king about 40 BC. In AD 17 the Roman
emperor Tiberius made Cappadocia a province of the Roman Empire. Thereafter, the
importance of Cappadocia as a separate political unit declined. Among the important towns
of Cappadocia were the capital of the kingdom, Mazaca (now Kayseri), known in Roman times
as Caesarea Mazaca; Tyana; and Melitene (now Malatya). The modern town of Bogazkoy is on
the site of the Cappadocian town of Pteria, which was built on the site of the city of
Hattushash, capital of the Hittite Empire.
Phrygia
Early in the 1st millennium BC it is believed to have comprised the greater part of the
Anatolian Peninsula, but at the time of the Persian invasion in the 6th century BC it was
limited to the districts known as Lesser Phrygia and Greater Phrygia. Lesser Phrygia stretched
west along the shores of the Sea of Marmara and the Hellespont to Troas, a region afterward
part of Mysia. Greater Phrygia lay farther east and inland, where the Phrygian capital,
Gordion (near present-day Ankara), was located. In the 3rd century BC the Gauls occupied
the northern part of Greater Phrygia. For purposes of provincial administration the Romans
divided Phrygia into two parts, attaching the northeastern part to Galatia Province and the
western portion to Asia Province.
Greater Phrygia was in general a high and barren plateau; the most fertile region was the
valley of the Sangarius. Grapes were cultivated extensively, and Phrygian marble, celebrated
in antiquity, was quarried. The religion of the Phrygians was an ecstatic nature worship, in
which the Great Mother of the Gods, Rhea, or Cybele, and a male deity, Sabazius, played a
prominent part. The orgiastic rites of this religion influenced both the Greeks and the
Romans.
The Phrygians are believed to have been an Indo-European people who entered Asia Minor
from Thrace about 1200 BC and seized control of the whole central tableland. Records exist
of numerous kings, bearing alternately the names of Gordius and Midas, but their power was
apparently broken by the invasions of the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC. In the 6th
century BC Croesus, king of Lydia, conquered all that was left of Phrygia, which passed
successively under the rule of Persia, Macedonia, Pergamum, and Rome.
The Phrygian cap, a cloth head-covering worn by the Phrygians, was adopted by freed slaves
in Roman times, and thus this cap became a symbol of liberty.
Galatia
Ancient region of Anatolia, named for the Galatians, a Gallic people from Europe who settled
here in the early 3rd century BC. The region lies in the basins of the present-day Kizil Irmak
and Delice Irmak (rivers), on the great central plateau of Turkey. Galatia possesses some
expanses of fertile soil, but most of the land is suitable only for pasturing the large flocks of
sheep and goats raised here. In addition to the Gauls, many Greeks settled in the region, and
it eventually became Hellenized; the inhabitants, therefore, were often referred to as GalloGraeci. Dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC, Galatia and adjacent
regions became a Roman province in 25 BC. It was conquered by the Seljuks in the 11th
century AD. Paul the Apostle visited Galatia and addressed his Epistle to the Galatians to
several churches here.
Paphlagonia
The mountainous area between Bithynia and Pontus on the Black Sea coast, bordered by the
ancient Halys river to the east. The name Paphlagonia probably derives from ancient Luwian
or Pala language and its original spelling might have been Pauwa-Lacawana. The peoples of
this area were called Paphlagonians by the Greeks and mentioned by Homer in his " Iliad " as
being on the side of Trojans. Paphlagonians were one of the earliest peoples who lived in
Anatolia in 1st millennium BC. Paphlagonia was heavily colonized by the Greeks and they
built number of cities along its coast. Although any local kingdom has never been established
here, it was the area, during the Hittite period that the Hittite kings had to deal with its
peoples. It was not a political unit and was annexed and occupied by the kings of Bithynia and
Pontus respectively. It was won (63 BC) by the Romans.
Pontus
The name Pontus does not occur in records before the 4th century BC and did not come into
common use until after the time of Alexander the Great of Macedonia. Before Alexander's
conquest of Persia in 330 BC, Pontus was governed by a satrap for the Persian Empire. The
foundation of the powerful kingdom of Pontus was laid by Mithradates I Ctistes (died about
301 BC). His son, Mithradates II (died about 265 BC), gained control of Paphlagonia and
northern Cappadocia. The most important king of Pontus was Mithradates VI. On his
overthrow in 66 BC by the Roman general Pompey the Great, the kingdom was divided, the
western portion being joined to the province of Bithynia in a Roman province known as Pontus
and Bithynia and the eastern region being assigned to native princes. The eastern territory
was constituted a Roman province in 62 AD and at first was joined to Galatia, but in the 4th
century AD, under the Roman emperor Constantine I, it became a separate province with the
name Pontus Polemoniacus.
Aeolis
ancient region of the west coast of Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey). Aeolis was not a
geographic term but a collective term for the cities founded there by the Aeolians, a branch
of the Hellenic peoples. The 12 southern cities were grouped in the Aeolian League; these
were Temnos, Smyrna, Pitane, Neonteichos, Aegirusa, Notium, Cilla or Killa, Cyme, Gryneum,
Larissa, Myrina, and Aegae.
Pisidia
It is situated in southern Anatolia and bordered by Phrygia on the north, Pamphylia on the
south, Caria on the west and Cappadocia on the east. It was a mountainous country,
traversed by the Taurus range. Its warlike tribes maintained their independence until the
country was incorporated into a Roman province in the early 1st cent. A.D.
Lycaonia
This ancient district is located between Galatia and Cilicia on the north and south and Phrygia
and Cappadocia on the west and east. It was ruled at different times by Hittites, Phrygians,
Lydians, Persians and Hellenistic kingdoms, later it was incorporated into Roman Empire
and made a province of it. It was visited by Paul and Barnabas (Acts 14.6). Its chief city was
Iconium.
Troad
Ancient district of Troad is bordered by the regions, Mysia in the east, Aeolis in the south,
Aegean Sea in the west and Dardanelles in the north. This region has been ruled by the
natives of Anatolia, since 3rd millennium BC, and invaded by the Achaeans in the 13th C. BC.
During the migration of Thracians in the 1200s, Troad was populated by various Thracian kin
groups. In the 7th C. BC., Troas came under Lydian control and following the destruction of
the Lydian kingdom by the Persians in the 6th C. BC., it was ruled by the satraps appointed by
the Persian kings. In the end of the 5th C. BC., and beginning of the 4th C. BC., it was ruled
by a certain local man Zenis who was from the town Dardanos and controlled by the satrap of
Dascylium. On his death, the satrap Pharnabazus appointed his wife Mania to replace him.
Mania, in addition to paying regular tribute to Satrap, gathered an army of mercenaries and
assisted the Persian satrap in his punishment campaign against Mysians and Pisidians.
Although, the local cities of Hamaksitos, Larissa and Colonai revolted and soon supported by
Ilium, Neandria and Coyclon, later in 394 BC., Persians were able to control the area again.
With the arrival of Alexander the great after the victory at the battle of Granicus, the whole
of Troas along with the rest of Anatolia came under Macedonia. During the war of Diadochoi (
Successors to Alexander the great ), Troad was ruled by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Seleucus
in turn. Following the war between the Romans and Seleucid kingdom at the battle of
Magnesia in 190 BC., the Romans was victorious, and presented this region to Eumenes II the
king of Pergamum, who assisted the Roman army during the battle. Attalus III, the last king of
Pergamum bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Empire, and Troad was annexed by the
Romans and incorporated into the province of Asia.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN ANATOLIA AND THRACE
Abbreviations to the main period of a site
B = Bronze
Pa = Paleolithic N = Neolithic Ch = Chalcolithic
Age
NH = Neo
P = Phrygian U = Urartian
C = Carian
Hittite
Cm =
Ld = Lydian
G = Greek
R = Roman
Commagene
H = Hittite
Lc = Lycian
Bz =
Byzantine
Abarnia / Abernis (Gr)
Abonuteichus /
Ionopolis (Gr R)
Abydos (G R)
Acalissus (Lc)
Acemhoyuk /
Burushattum (B H)
Acharaca
Acheion
Achilleium
Adada
Adamkayalar
Adaniya (N H R )
Adatepe
Adilcevaz (U)
Adramyttium (G )
Aegae
Aegospotami
Agacli (Pa)
Agamemnonion
Agora
Agras / Agrai
Agrilion
Agroeira
Ahlatlibel (B)
Aianteion
Aigialos
Ainos
Aizanoi (R)
Akcakaya
Akhaion
Akhyraous
Alabanda (G R)
Alaca Hoyuk (B H P)
Alahan
Alanya (G R )
Alarahan
Alexandria
Troas (G R Bz)
Alinda (C G R)
Alisar / Ankuva /
Kushara (B H P)
Alopekonnesos
Altinozu (Pa)
Altintepe (U)
Amaseia
Amastris / Sesamos
Amblada
Amida
Amik (B)
Amisus
Amos
Amyzon (C)
Anaboura / Enevre
Anazarbus (R)
Andeira
Andoz Castle
Andriace ( Lc R )
Anemurium (R)
Angelocome
Ani ( Ar )
Ankyra ( P )
Ankyron
Antandros
Antigoneia / Nicaea (G R)
Antioch ad Cragum
(G R)
Antioch of
Pisidia ( P G R )
Antioch on the Orontes (G R)
Antiocheia ad
Maeandrum
Antiphellos (Lc)
Anzaf (U)
Aperlae (Lc R)
Aphrodisias (N
Ch B R)
Apollo Smintheus
Apollonia ( Lc R )
Apollonia ad
Rhyndacum
Apollonias
Aprus / Apri
Apsaros
Arconessus (C)
Ardanoutzi
Ardasa
Aretias
Argyria
Arhavi
Ariassos
Arisba
Arisbe
Arnae ( Lc R )
Arsada
Arsameia ad
Euphrateum (
Cm )
Arsameia on the Nymphaeos
Arsinoe ( Lc R )
Arslantas (P)
Arslantepe (Ch B H)
Artace
Artamia
Artemea
Artvin
Arvalia
Arycanda ( Lc R )
Arzashkun
Asclepium (G R)
Asikli Hoyuk (N)
Aspendos (G R)
Assos ( Ld R )
Astacus
Astyra
AsuranianuTormenapa
Atarnaeus
Athenai / Pazar
Athyra
Atintepe
Attaleia (Antalya) (G Ayanis (U)
R)
Ayatekla
Aynikola
Aznavurtepe (U)
Babakoy (B)
Bagras ( Ar )
Baiae
Balahisari ( P )
Balbura
Baradiz
Bargylia ( Lc R )
Baris / Isparta
Basilinopolis
Basrip - Busrip
Bastam
Bayrakli
Belbasi
Belbasi ( Pa N)
Beldibi (Pa N)
Belevi Mausoleum (G )
Belkahve
Bergula /
Arcadiopolis
Besiktepe (Ch)
Beycesultan (Ch B)
Bintepe ( Ld )
Biris Cemetery
Birytis
Bisanthe /
Rhaedestus
Bitik Hoyuk
Bizye
Boulgarophygon
Boytepe (N)
Bryseis
Bubon ( Lc R )
Burdur
Bursa (Prusia) (G R)
Burushanda
Buyukgullucek (B)
Bybassus ( Lc R )
Byzantium
Cabeira / Neocaesarea
Cadyanda (C)
Caesarea /
Mazaca
Cafer Hoyuk (N)
Callipolis
Calpe
Calveri (Guzelyurt) (G R Bz)
Calynda (C R)
Camuslu (Pa)
Canca
Candyba
Canhasan (N Ch)
Caralia
Carchemish (Ch B R
NH)
Cardia
Carghemish
Carkini (Pa)
Carmylassus
Caryanda
Castabus
Catal Hoyuk (N)
Caunos ( C G R )
Cavi Tarlasi (Ch)
Cayboyu (Ch)
Cayonu (N)
Cebrene
Cedreae ( C G R
)
Celanae
Celendris (G R)
Cenopurio
Ceramus
Cerasous
Chabaca
Chalcedon (B)
Chalcetor
Charadrus (G R)
Charioupolis
Chersonese
Chimaira (G R)
Chios (G R)
Choma ( Lc R )
Chryse (G R)
Chryso
Chrysopolis
Cibyra ( Lc G R )
Cierus
Cindya
Cius (G R)
Claros (G R)
Claudiopolis (R)
Clazomenae (G
R)
Cnidus (G R)
Collonai
Colophon (G R)
Colossae (R)
Comana /
Kummanni
Comba ( Lc R )
Commagene (Mt. Nemrut) ( Cg )
Constantinople (G R
Bz)
Coracesium (G
R)
Coralla
Corasium (G R)
Cordyle
Cormi (R)
Corycus (G R)
Corydalla (G R)
Cotenna
Crobialos
Crya (Lc)
Cyaneae (G R)
Cyllene
Cyme (G R)
Cypsela
Cyzicus (G R)
Daedala ( Lc G R
)
Dagara
Dakibyze
Daphne (R)
Dardanus
Dascylium (G )
Daskyleion
Dattassa
Daunioteichos
Degirmentepe /
Elazig (Ch B)
Degirmentepe / Malatya (Ch)
Delcus
Demirci Hoyuk
(B)
Derbe
Diapolis
Didyma (G R)
Didymoteichos
Digor
Dikaisimion
Dilkaya
Diocaesarea (G R)
Diopolis
Doliche / Duluk
Dolishane
Domuztepe (N)
Doryleum
Drepanon
Druzipara /
Drousipara
Dunaysır
Dundartepe (B)
Duver ( P )
Edessa (Urfa) (R)
Eflatunpinar (H)
Elaea (G R)
Elaeusa Sebaste ( H R )
Ephesus (G R)
Epidaphne (G R)
Epiphania (G R)
Erbaba (N)
Erebuni
Erine
Erkanikana
Ernis
Erymna
Erythinoi
Erythrea (G R)
Eskiyapar (B)
Estlegiys ( H R )
Estwediiys (N)
Etenna
Ethlabopiastes
Etiyokusu (Pa B)
Eupatora
Euromos (G R)
Euthena
Fasillar (B H)
Fikirtepe (N)
Findikli
Firaktin (B H)
Flaviopolis (G R)
Fraktin ( H)
Gagae (G R)
Gallipoli
Ganos
Gargaros
Gavurini (Pa)
Gavurkale (B H)
Gaziura
Gedikli
Gelinciktepe (B)
Gentinos
Gerga ( C R )
Gergis
Gezbel (B H)
Giriktepe (U)
Giyimli (U)
Gobeklitepe (N)
Goksu (Pa)
Golludag (N)
Gordion ( P )
Goreme (R Bz)
Gozlukule (N Ch
B)
Granicus
Grikihaciyan (Ch)
Gritille (N)
Gryneum (G R)
Gumushane
Gumuskesen (R)
Gurgum / Maras
Guzelova
Habibusagi /
Tumeiski (U)
Haci Nebi Tepesi (Ch)
Hacilar (N Ch)
Hadrianopolis /
Odrysia
Hadrianouthreai
Haftavan
Hakpis
Halaf (Ch)
Halfeti- Ekamia
Halicarnaccuss (
CG)
Halisarna
Hallan Cemi (N)
Hamaxitus
Han Ibrahim Sah (B)
Hanhana
Haramidere (Pa)
Harmanhoyuk
Harmanören (B)
Harpaigon
Harran (Ch B )
Has Hoyuk (Ch)
Hassek Hoyuk
(Ch)
Hatip (B H)
Hattusas (B H P)
Hayaz Hoyuk (N)
Hebdomon
Helgai / Caeseria
Germanice
Hemite (B H)
Hemithea
Heracleia Pontica
Heracleia under
Latmus
Heraion Oros
Heraion Teichos
Hiera Germe
Hierapolis / Pamukkale (R)
Hierapolis Castabala Horoztepe (B)
(G R)
Hoyucek (N)
Hydae / Hyla
Hydrela (R)
Hyriboulos
Iassus (G R)
Iconium (Konya)
(Ch H P G R )
Idebessus (Lc)
Idrias (C)
Idyma (G R)
Ikiz Hoyuk (N Ch)
Ikizini (Pa)
Ikiztepe (Ch B
Ld)
Ilica
Ilipinar (N Ch)
Ilium Novum (B
G R Bz)
Imamkulu (B H)
Imamoglu (B)
Imbriogon (R)
Imbros
Imikusagi (B H)
Inandiktepe (B
H)
Ingilene
Iotape (G R)
Ishan Monastery
Isinda
Issus (G R)
Istlada (Lc G R)
Ivriz
Kabaia
Kaci Nebi Tepesi
Kadiini
Kalanda
Kale Hoyuk (B)
Kalinkaya (B)
Kalonoros (G R Bz)
Kanal (Pa)
Kanesh / Kultepe (B H P)
Kanytelis (G R)
Kanzares
Kapaliin (Pa)
Kapiandas
Kara Hoyuk (B)
Karabel (B H)
Karagunduz
Karain (Pa)
Karakoyunlu / Minuahinili (U)
Karaoglan (B)
Karatas
Semayuk (B)
Karatay Han
Karatepe /
Asitavanda (N H)
Karayavsan (B)
Karaz
Karazhoyuk
Kargamis (H)
Karmir Blur / Teisheibaini (U)
Karousa
Kastamonu
Kavak (B)
Kayalidere
Kayapinar (Ch)
Kazane (B)
Kebrene
Kecioren (Pa)
Kefkalesi
Kefken
Kekova
Kerasa
Kevenli (U)
Khliara
Kilia
Kilisetepe (H)
King Midas'
Monument
Kinolis
Kissa
Kizilin (Pa)
Kizkalesi
Kocagoz Hoyuk (B)
Kocumbeli (B)
Koela
Kokylis
Koloneia
Konana
Konopeion
Kordyla
Kormasa
Korucutepe (Ch H)
Korzut (U)
Kosk Hoyuk (N)
Koskerbaba (B)
Koskhoyuk
Kotaion / Kutahya
Kremna
Krithea
Kromna
Ksenodokhion
Kullununini (Pa)
Kulusagi (Ch)
Kumbucagi (Pa)
Kumtepe (Ch)
Kumukh
Kurban Hoyuk (Ch)
Kurucay (N Ch
B)
Kusakli / Sarisa (H)
Kushara / Alisar
Kussara (B)
Kussaray (Ch)
Kytoros / Gideros
Labraynda ( C R
)
Lade (G R)
Laertes (G R)
Lagina (G R)
Lamneis
Lamponion
Lampsacus (G R)
Laodicia ad Lycum (G R)
Larende /
Karamania (G R)
Larisa (G R)
Lebedus (G R)
Legen
Lerin
Lesbos
Letoon ( C G R )
Leucae
Liada
Libon
Libyssa
Lidar (Ch)
Limantepe (B)
Limnai
Limyra ( Lc G R )
Lopadion
Loryma (G R)
Lydae
Lyrbotae
Lysimachea
Lystra
Madnasa
Madytos
Magnesia ad Sipylum (G Ld R )
Magnesia on
Meander (G R)
Magydus
Mahmatlar (B)
Malagina
Malgara
Malikli (Pa)
Mallus (G R)
Maneta
Manzikert (Bz Sc Ot )
Marde
Markasi /
Germanicopolis
Martyriopolis
Masat Hoyuk (B H)
Mastaura
Matiate
Matrai
Mavpari
Megarsus (R)
Meherkapi (U)
Melia (G )
Merdivenli (Pa)
Mesochaldia
Mesy (C)
Metropolis
Metsamor (U)
Midas' City ( P )
Miletopolis
Miletus (G R)
Milid / Malatya
Misis (G R)
Mobolla ( C G R )
Mocasura /
Mokapora
Mopsuestia / Misis ( H G R Bz)
Mylasa (Milas) ( C R ) Myndus (G R)
Myonnesus
Myra ( Lc R )
Myrina (G R Bz)
Myriophyton
Myrleia
Myus (G )
Nakrasa
Nassete
Neandria (G R)
Neapolis / Scala Nova
Nemrud Mountain (
Cm )
Neonteichos
Nerik
Nesha ( H)
Nevali Cori (N
Ch)
Nicaea (Iznik) (G R Bz)
Nicomedia (Izmit)
(G R Bz)
Ninoe (B G R Bz)
Niobe Rock (G )
Nisa
Nisibis
Norsuntepe (Ch B H)
Notium (G R)
Nymphaeum
Nysa ad Maeandrum (G R Bz)
Odyrse
Oenoanda ( Lc R
)
Oinaion
Okuzini (Pa)
Olba /
Diocaesarea (G
R)
Olympos ( Lc G R )
Ophis
Ophrynium
Opiza Monastery
Orman Fidanligi (Ch) Ortakoy /
Sapinuva (H)
Osrhone
Ostidizum / Nikaia
Othta Eklesia
Otroea
Ovabayindir (B)
Ovid's Tower
Pactye
Pagras ( Ar )
Paipertes
Paisos
Palaia
Palaiperkote
Palaiskepsis
Palanli
Palu / Sebeteria
(U)
Panados
Panamara
Panionium
Panormus
Parion
Parlais / Barla
Parthenios
Patara ( Lc R )
Patnos / Aluri
(U)
Paurae
Pazarli ( P )
Pedasa (G )
Pelopia / Thyatira
Pendik ( Pa N Ch)
Pergamum
(Bergama) (G R)
Perge (G R)
Perikharaksis
Perinthos /
Heraclea
Perkote
Pessinus ( P )
Phadisana
Phaselis ( Lc R )
Philadelphia /
Philocaleia
Calletebus (Alasehir)
Phinopolis
Phocaea (G R Bz)
Phoenicus
Phuscus
Phygela
Physcus (G R Ot
)
Pinara ( C G R )
Pionia
Pirot (B H)
Pirun (Pa)
Pisye (C)
Pitane (B G R )
Platana
Plotinopolis
Poimanenon
Polatli (B)
Polemonion
Polikhna
Polymedon
Pompeipolis (G R)
Pordonium
Prainetos
Prepia (G R Bz)
Priapus (G R)
Priene (G R)
Proconnesus
Promentorium
Syrias
Prostana / Acroterion
Prusias ad Marem
Psillum
Pttara (Lc)
Pulur / Erzurum
Pulur / Sakyol
(B)
Pydnae (G R Bz)
Pylae Syriae
Pyrgion
Pythia
Pythicus
Rhaedestus
Rhebas
Rhegium
Rhizaion
Rhodiapolis ( Lc G R )
Rhoeteium
Rhosus (G R Bz)
Rhusion / Rousion
Ritzion
Rumkale
Sagalassos
Sakcagozu (Ch)
Salmydessoss (G
R Bz)
Sam'al - Zincirli
Samosata (Ch)
Samuha
Sandaina
Saraybahce (N)
Sardis (Ld R)
Sardurihinili / Cavustepe (U)
Sarkli Magara (Pa N)
Savsat
Scala Nuova (G R Bz)
Scamandria
Sebaste /
Elaeusa ( H R )
Sehremuztepe (Pa)
Seleucia ad
Calycadnum (G R)
Seleucia ad
Pieria (G R)
Seleucia in Pamhylia (G R)
Selge (G R)
Selinus /
Trajanopolis (G
R)
Selymbria
Semayuk (B)
Semsiyetepe (B)
Senkoy (Pa)
Sestos
Sevaverak
Side (G R)
Sidene
Sidyma ( Lc R
Bz)
Sigeum
Sillyum (G R)
Simena (R)
Sinope / Sinop (G R)
Sirkeli (B H)
Sis / Kozan ( Ar
)
Sisoe (Lc)
Skala / Urla
Skepsis
Smyrna (B G R )
Sogmatar
Sogut Tarlasi
(Pa)
Soli / Pompeipolis (G R)
Sos Hoyuk
Soterioupolis
Soumela Monastery
Sourmania
Sozopetra
Stadia (G R Bz)
Stavropolis (B G R )
Stratoniceia ( C
GR)
Suberde (N)
Sultan Han ( Sc Ot )
Sultantepe
Sumutar Ruins
Sura ( C G R Bz)
Syangela
Theangela (C)
Syedra (R)
Syracellae
Syrna
Syspiritis
Talbonda /
Tymandos
Tarsia
Tarsus (G R)
Tasci (B H)
Tegarama
Teimiussa ( Lc G R )
Teishebaina
Tekekoy (B)
Tel Ahmar
Tel el Cudeyde
Tel Halef
Telamonian Aias
Telandria
Tell Acana /
Alalah (B)
Tell El Cudeyde (N)
Tell Tainat
Telmessus (Lc)
Teloneia (G R Bz)
Tenedos (G R)
Teos (G R)
Tepecik (H)
Termera
Termessus ( Lc
R)
Termessus Minor (G R)
Teuthrania
Theangela ( CG
R)
Thebe
Themiscra
Thera ( C G R )
Thermae Pythia
Thyatira (Akhisar)
(G R Bz)
Thymbra
Thynias
Thyrra / Tire (G R
Bz)
Thyssanus
Tieum / Hisaronu
Tikali (Pa)
Tilkitepe (Ch)
Tilmen Hoyuk (Ch)
Tipsum
Tirisin Yaylasi
(Pa)
Titnaeus
Titris (B)
Tlawa ( Lc G R )
Tlos ( Lc G R )
Toprakkale /
Rusahinili (U)
Toriaeum (R)
Tragesai
Trajanpolis / Selinus Trakhoula
(G R)
Tralles (G R Bz)
Trebizond (Trabzon) Triopium (C)
(G R Bz)
Tripolis
Tristatis
Troy (B R)
Trysa (Lc)
Tulintepe (Ch)
Turlu Hoyuk
(Ch)
Tushpa / Van (U)
Tyana
Tyberissus (G R)
Tymbrianassos
Tymnus
Tzouroulon
Ucagizli (Pa)
Uranium
Urgup
Urshu
Uzagil (Pa)
Van Kalesi (U)
Vanessa (Avanos) (R)
Varzahan
Verisse
Vilusa
Xanthos ( Lc R )
Yarimburgaz
(Pa)
Yazilikaya ( H)
Yazir Hoyuk (Ch)
Yeni Rabat
Yenidogan
Yesemek
Yigma Tepe
Yilan Kalesi
Yortan (B)
Yumuktepe (N
Ch)
Yunus (Ch)
Zagora
Zalecus /
Leontopolis
Zeleia
Zemuri
Zernakitepe (U)
Zesutera
Zeugma (B R )
Zeus Panamaros
(G )
Zincirli (N-H)
THRACE AND MARMARA
Abydos
Acheion
Achilleium
Aegospotami
Agora
Agrilion
Aianteion
Ainos
Akhaion
Alopekonnesos
Andeira
Angelocome
Ankyron
Aphrodisias
Apollonia ad Rhyndacum
Aprus / Apri
Argyria
Arisbe
Artace
Artamia
Astacus
Astyra
Athyra
Basilinopolis
Bergula / Arcadiopolis
Birytis
Bisanthe / Rhaedestus
Bizye
Boulgarophygon
Bryseis
Byzantium
Callipolis
Calpe
Cardia
Cebrene
Cenopurio
Chalcedon
Charioupolis
Chrysopolis
Cius
Collonai
Cypsela
Cyzicus
Dakibyze
Dardanus
Dascylium
Daunioteichos
Delcus
Didymoteichos
Drepanon
Druzipara / Drousipara
Elaeus
Ganos
Gargaros
Gentinos
Granicus
Hadrianopolis / Odrysia
Hamaxitus
Harpaigon
Hebdomon
Helgai / Caeseria
Germanice
Heracleia
Heraion Oros
Heraion Teichos
Hiera Germe
Hyriboulos
Kabaia
Kanzares
Killa
Koela
Kokylis
Krithea
Ksenodokhion
Lamneis
Lamponion
Lampsacus
Liada
Libon
Libyssa
Limnai
Lopadion
Lysimachea
Madytos
Malagina
Malgara
Maneta
Matrai
Miletopolis
Mocasura / Mokapora
Myriophyton
Myrleia
Naendria
Nassete
Nicaea
Nicomedia
Odyrse
Ophrynium
Ostidizum / Nikaia
Otroea
Ovid's Tower
Pactye
Palaiperkote
Palaiskepsis
Panados
Parion
Perikharaksis
Perinthos / Heraclea
Perkote
Phinopolis
Pionia
Plotinopolis
Poimanenon
Polikhna
Polymedion
Prainetos
Priapus
Proconnesus
Prousias
Prusa
Pylae
Pythia
Rhaedestus
Rhegium
Rhoeteium
Rhusion / Rousion
Ritzion
Salmydessos
Scamandria
Selymbria
Sestos
Sigeum
Skepsis
Syracellae
Tarsia
Telamonian Aias
Thermae Pythia
Thymbra
Tipsum
Tragesai
Tristatis
Troy
Tzouroulon
Verisse
Zesutera
AEGEAN ANATOLIA
Abarnia / Abernis
Acharaca
Adatepe
Adramyttium
Aegae
Agamemnonion
Agroeira
Aizanoi
Akcakaya
Akhyraous
Alabanda
Alexandria Troas
Alinda
Amos
Amyzon
Antandros
Antiocheia ad Maeandrum
Aphrodisias
Apollo Smintheus
Apollonia
Arvalia
Asclepieum
Assos
Atarnaeus
Balbura
Barglyia
Bayrakli
Belevi
Belkahve
Bintepe
Bubon
Bybassus
Calynda
Caryanda
Castabus
Caunus
Cedreae
Ceramus
Chalcetor
Chersonese
Chryse
Cibyra
Cindya
Claros
Clazomenae
Cnidus
Colophon
Colossae
Crya
Cyllene
Cyme
Cyzicus
Daedala
Didyma
Diopolis
Elaea
Ephesus
Erine
Erythrae
Euromos
Euthena
Gargara
Gargaros
Gerga
Gryneum
Hadrianouthreai
Halicarnassus
Halisarna
Hemithea
Heracleia under
Latmus
Hierapolis
Hydae/Hyla
Iassus
Idyma
Illion/Troy
Imbros
Kalanda
Karabel
Kebrene
Kerasa
Khliara
Labraynda
Lagina
Laodiceia
Larisa
Lebedus
Legen
Lesbos
Leucae
Loryma
Lydae
Madnasa
Magnesia ad Sipylum
Magnesia on the
Meander
Mastaura
Metropolis
Miletopolis
Miletus
Mobolla
Mylasa
Myndus
Myonnesus
Myrina
Myus
Nakrasa
Neandria
Neapolis/Scala Nova
Neonteichos
Niobe
Notium
Nymphaeum
Nysa ad Maeandrum
Oenoanda
Panamara
Panionium
Pedasa
Pelopia/Thyatira
Pergamum
Philadelphia/Calletebus
Phocaea
Phuscus
Phygela
Pisye
Pitane
Priene
Pyrgion
Pythicus
Sandaina
Sardis
Skala/Urla
Smyrna
Stratoniceia
Syangela-Theangela
Syrna
Telandria
Telmissus
Tenedos
Teos
Termera
Termessus Minor
Teuthrania
Thebe
Thera
Thyatira/Pelopia
Thyrra
Thyssanus
Titnaeus
Trakhoula
Tralles
Triopium
Tymnus
Uranium
Yigma Tepe
Yortan
Zeleia
MEDITERRANEAN ANATOLIA
Adamkayalar
Adaniya
Alahan
Alarahan
Alexandria
Anazarbus /Anavarza
Andriace
Anemurium
Antioch on the Orontes
Antiocheia ad Cragum
Antiphellus
Aperlae
Apollonia
Arsada
Arycanda
Aspendos
Attaleia
Ayatekla
Baghras
Baiae
Cadyanda
Candyba
Carmylassus
Celendris
Cennet-Cehennem
Charadrus
Choma
Claudiopolis
Comba
Coracesium
Corasium
Corycus
Corydalla
Cotenna
Cyaneae
Dattassa
Demre
Elaeusa/Sebaste
Epiphania
Erymna
Etenna
Flaviopolis
Gagae
Hierapolis Castabala
Imbriogon
Iotape
Issus
Istlada
Kanytelis/Neapolis
Karatepe
Kekova
Kizkalesi
Laertes
Letoon
Limyra
Lyrbotae
Magydus
Mallus
Mamure Kalesi
Megarsus
Mopsuestia/Misis
Myra
Narlikuyu
Nisa
Olba/Diocaesarea
Olympus
Patara
Perge
Phaselis
Phoenicus
Pinara
Pydnae
Rhodiapolis
Rhosus
Sagalassos
Seleuceia ad Calycadnum Seleuceia in Pamphylia
Selge
Selinus
Side
Sidyma
Sillyum
Simena
Sis/Kozan
Soli/Pompeipolis
Sura
Syedra
Tarsus
Teimiussa
Tell El Cudeyde
Telmessus
Termessus
Tlos
Toprakkale
Trysa
Tyberissus
Xanthus
Yilan Kalesi
Yumuktepe
CENTRAL ANATOLIAN PLATEAU
Acemhoyuk
Adada
Adilcevaz
Agras/Agrai
Ahlatlibel
Alisar
Altintepe
Amblada
Anaboura/Enevre
Ankyra
Antiochia of Pisidia
Ariassos
Arinna/Alacahoyuk
Arslantas
Arslantepe
Arzashkun
Asiklihoyuk
Baris/Isparta
Beycesultan
Burdur
Burushanda
Buyuk Gullucek
Caesarea/Mazaca
Caralia
Carghemish
Catalhoyuk
Celanae
Comana/Kummanni
Degirmentepe
Demircihoyuk
Derbe
Doryleum
Eflatun Pinar
Eupatora
Fasiler
Fraktin
Gavurkale
Gaziura
Gordion
Goreme
Gurgum/Maras
Hacilar
Haftavan
Hakpis
Hanhana
Hashoyuk
Hattusas
Horoztepe
Iconium
Isinda
Ivriz
Kanesh/Nesa
Kapaliin
Karahoyuk
Karaoglan
Konana
Kormasa
Kremna
Kushara/Alisar
Laranda
Lystra
Midas' City
Neapolis
Nerik
Parlais/Barla
Pazarli
Pessinus
Prostana/Acroterion/i
Samuha
Seleuceia
Talbonda/Tymandos
Tegarama
Teishebaina
Tell Acana
Tell Tayinat
Tyana
Tymbrianassos
Urgup
Urshu
Vanessa
Yazilikaya
BLACK SEA COAST
Abonuteichus / Ionopolis (Gr R)
Aigialos
Amaseia
Amastris/Sesamos
Amisus
Andoz Castle
Apollonias
Apsaros
Ardanoutzi
Ardasa
Ardesen
Aretias
Arhavi
Artvin
Athenai/Pazar
Aynikola
Cabeira/Neocaesarea
Calpe
Camlihemsin
Canca
Cerasous
Chabaca
Cierus
Coralla
Cordyle
Crobialos
Diapolis
Dikaisimion
Dolishane
Erythinoi
Ethlabopiastes
Findikli
Gumushane
Hahuli Monastery of
Heracleia Pontica
Ishan Monastery
Karousa
Kastamonu
Kefken
Kinolis
Kissa
Koloneia
Konopeion
Kordyla
Kromna
Kytoros/Gideros
Lerin
Mavpari
Mesochaldia
Monastery of Tibeti
Oinaion
Olucak Monastery
Ophis
Opiza Monastery
Oski/Osk Van church
Othta Eklesia
Paipertes
Palaia
Parhali Monastery
Parthenios
Paurae
Phadisana
Philocaleia
Platana
Polemonion
Promentorium Syrias
Psillum
Rhebas
Rhizaion
Savsat
Sinope
Soterioupolis
Soumela Monastery
Sourmania
Syspiritis
Themiscra
Thynias
Tieum/Hisaronu
Trapezous/Trebizond
Tripolis
Varzahan
Yeni Rabat
Zagora
Zalecus/Leontopolis
EASTERN ANATOLIA
Adilcevaz
Altintepe
Ani
Ararat Mt.
Aznavurtepe
Bastam
Digor
Erebuni
Giriktepe/Degirmentepe
Giyimli
Guzelova
Haftavan
Karaz Hoyuk
Karmir Blur/Teishebaini
Kayalidere
Kefkalesi
Kumukh
Manzikert
Meherkapi
Metsamor
Milid/Malatya
Norsuntepe
Palanli
Patnos
Pulur
Sardurihinili / Cavustepe
Tel Ahmar
Tel Halef
Tepecik
Tilkitepe
Toprakkale
Tushpa
Zernaki Tepe
SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA
Amida
Arsameia ad
Euphrateum
Arsameia on the
Nymphaeos
AsuranianuTormenapa
Basrip - Busrip
Carchemish
Cavi Tarlasi
Cayonu
Dagara
Doliche/Duluk
Dunaysır
Edessa
Erkanikana
Grikihaciyan
Gurgum
Halaf
Halfeti- Ekamia
Harran/Carrhae
Ingilene
Kapiandas
Kazane
Kurban Hoyuk
Marde
Markasi/Germanicop
olis
Martyriopolis
Matiate
Nemrud Mt.
Nevali Chori
Nisibis
Osrhone
Pordonium
Rumkale
Sakcagozu
Sam'al Zincirli
Samosata
Sevaverak
Sogmatar
Sozopetra
Sultantepe
Sumutar Ruins
Tel el Cudeyde
Tilmen Hoyuk
Turlu Hoyuk
Yesemek
Yunus
Zeugma
Amasya the city from
Central Black Sea Region
Hattusas, the imperial
Capital of Hittites
Detail from the
tomb
of Alexander
the Great ?
Scene from the
theater at Hierapolis
Asiklihoyuk one of the
archaeological sites in
Central Turkey
Catalhoyuk, the high
level of Civilization of
Neolithic period
Aslantepe, an
archaeological site Near
Malatya
Cavustepe (Sardurihinilli)
Urartian fort in Eastern
Turkey
Bodrum (Ancient
Halicarnassus),
famous resort
center of Turkey
Excavations at
Degirmentepe in the
Eastern Turkey
Antioch was one of the
greatest cities
Mt. Ararat, great
mount of the flood
from Old Testament
An Engraving of the Old
City Van and Urartian
Fortress
Burial Mound for the
queen of the King
Antiochus,
southeastern Turkey
Yarimburgaz Cave
earliest human presence
in Turkey
Euromos with the
temple of Zeus
Aphrodisias great city of
antiquity.
Theater at Aphrodisias
Sardis, the capital of
Lydian Kingdom and the
city of the King Croesus
Ephesus has a great
theater for 24,000 people
Ephesus, the Hadrian
temple 2nd C. AD
First International Treaty
in the world, between
Hittites and Egyptians
Lidar, a Chalcolithic
hoyuk on the bank
of Euphrates
Norsuntepe, a
prehistoric tell near
Euphrates river
Didyma was famous
for its divine Oracle
Priene, one of the
Ionian Cities on Aegean
coast
Ancient Orthostat
showing Hittite
chariot with warriors
on
Lycian rock-cut tombs
at Caunos, southwestern
Turkey
Gordion, the Capital of
Phrygians and King Midas'
Tomb in the Background
Perge, the great city of
Hellenistic and Roman
Period
Fortress of Urfa,
city in the
southwestern
Turkey
Burial mound of the
king Antiochus, with
colossal statue
heads
Tetrapylon was the
entrance of the Aphrodite
temple at Aphrodisias
Pergamum, the
capital of the
Pergamum Kingdom
Ancient Sarcophagus with
superb carvings
Troy, the King
Priam's and
Homer's legendary
city
Pergamum, the capital of
the Pergamum kingdom
Aspendos, its
theater is probably
the best preserved
Xanthos was an important
city of the Lycian League,
Lycia region in
southwestern Turkey
Euphrates river of
the old testament
and border of
Mesopotamia area
Ancient Sources
Author
Book Title
Published
Ammianus Marcellinus
History of Ammianus Marcellinus
4th C. AD.
Apollonius of Rhodes
Argonauts (Argonautica)
3rd C. B.C.)
Appianos
Appianos Romaika (Appian's Roman History )
2nd C. AD.
Arrian
Alexandroi Anabasis (The Campaigns of
Alexander)
2nd C. AD.
Athenaisos
Deipnosophiston ( The Deipnpsophists of
Athenseus of Naucratis )
2-3rd C. AD.
Aurelius Marcus
Meditations
2nd C. AD.
Cassius Dio
Historia Romana ( Dio's Roman History )
3rd C. AD.
Cato the Elder
The Origines
2nd C. BCE.
Cicero
The Verrine Orations
1st C. BCE.
Dio Chrysostom
Writings which epitomized the Second Sophistic
movement.
(c. 40-112
A.D.)
Diodoros
Bibliotheke Historikhe
1st C. BCE.
Eusebius the Bishop of
Caesarea
Ecclesiastical History
(260—340)
Hecataeus of Miletus
The first known map
6th C. BC.
Homeros
Iliad
Odyssey
8th C. BCE.
Herodotus
Historiai
5th C. BCE.
Hesiod
Theogony and Works and Days
c. 700 BC.
Xenophon
Anabasis (March of the ten thousand)
Hellenica
Cyrus Paideia
5th C. BCE.
Livius
Ab Urbe Condita (From the founding of the
City)
1st C. BCE.
Ovidius
Metamorphoses
1st C. BCE.
Pausanias
Hellados Periegesos ( Descripiton of Greece )
2nd C. AD.
Plinius (Pliny the Elder)
Naturalis Historia ( Pliniy's Natural History )
1st C. AD.
Plutarch
Bioi Paralelloi ( Plutarch's Parallel Lives )
1st C. AD.
Polybios
Historion Prote ( The Histories of Polybius )
2nd C. BCE.
Prokopios
Peri Ktismaton ( Procopius of Caeserea
Buildings )
6th C. AD.
Ptolemaios
Geographikes Hphegeseos ( Geographika )
2nd C. AD.
Suetonius
The Twelve Caesars
2nd C. AD.
Skylax
Geogrpahi Graeci Minores
6th C. BCE.
Strabon
Geographika (The Geogrpahy of Strabon)
1st C. BCE.
Tacitus
Annales ( The Annals of Tacitus)
2nd C. AD.
Thucydides
Historiai
5th C. BCE.
Vitrivius
De Architectura ( Ten Books of Architecture)
1st C. BCE.
Top
Modern Sources
Author
Book Title
Published
Ainsworth W.
Travels and researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia,
Chaldea and Armenia
London 1842
Akurgal Ekrem
Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey
Istanbul 1969 1985
Alkim U.B.
Anatolia I.
London 1969
Andrewes Antony
Greek Society
London 1967
Bairoch P.
Cities and Economic Development
London 1988
Ballance M.H.
Roman Roads in Lycaonia
1958
Bean George
Aegean Turkey
Lycian Turkey
Turkey Beyond the Meander
Turkey's Southern Shore
London
London
London
London
Benevolo L.
The History of the City
Cambridge 1981
Beaufort F.
Karamania
London 1817
Bickerman E.J.
Chronology of the Ancient World
London 1980
Bieber Margaret
The History of the Greek and Roman Theater
Princeton 1971
Bittel Kurt
Guide to Bogazkoy
Hattusha, the Capital of the Hittites
Ankara 1969
New York 1970
Blake Evrett C.
Edmonds Anne G.
Biblical Sites in Turkey
Istanbul 1994
Blegen Carl
Troy and the Trojans
New York 1963
Boardman J.
The Greeks Overseas
London 1980
1966
1978
1971
1968
Boardman J.
Griffin J.,
Murray O.
The Oxford History of the Classical World
Boase T.S.R.
The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Branigan K.
Aegean Metallurgy In the Early and Middle Bronze Ages Oxford 1974
Breasted J.H.
Ancient Times, A history of the Early World
Boston 1944
Bryce T.R.
The Lycians
Copenhagen 1986
Bryer A.
The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the
Pontus
England 1959
Burkert W.
Greek Religion
Oxford 1985
Burney C.A., Lang
R.M.
The Peoples of the Hills : Ancient Ararat and Caucasus
London 1971
Bury J.B.
The Later Roman Empire
New York 1958
Butzer K.W.
Environment and Archaeology
London 1972
Cadoux C. J.
Ancient Smyrna
Oxford 1938
Campbell Angus
Geology and History of Turkey
Libya 1971
Carter H.
An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography
London 1983
Casson S.
Macedonia, Thracia and Illyria
Groningen 1968
Ceram C.W.
The Secret of the Hittites
New York 1956
Chandler R.
Travels in Asia Minor and Greece
London 1817
Charlemont Lord
The Travels of Lord Charlemont in Greece and
Turkey
London 1984
Chandler R. Revett N.
Ionian Antiquities
Dilettanti 1749
Childe Gordon
Social Evolution
London 1951
Cippola C.M.
The Economic History of World Population
Harmondsworth
1962
Clark Francis E.
The Holy Land of Asia Minor
New York 1914
Clark G.
World Prehistory
Cambridge 1969
Edinburgh 1978
Clayton P. and Price M. Seven wonders of the Ancient World
London 1988
Coldstream J.N.
Cyprus and the East Mediterranean in the Iron Age
London 1989
Cook J. M.
The Greeks in Ionia and East
The Troad
Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean
London 1962
Oxford 1973
New Jersey 1974
Cramer J.A.
Geographical and Historical Description of Asia Minor
Amsterdam 1971
Crossland R.A., Birchall Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean
A.
New Jersey 1974
Davison Roderic H.
Turkey
New Jersey 1968
Dickinson O.
The Aegean Bronze Age
Cambridge 1994
Durant Will
The Story of Civilization
New York 1935
Edmonds Anna G.
The Neolithic Revolution in Turkey
Istanbul 1969
Erim Kenan Prof.
Aphrodisias
London 1986
Fellows C.
Asia Minor
Lycia
London 1840
London 1840
Finley M.I.
The Ancient Economy
London 1992
Forbes R.J.
Studies in Ancient Technology
Leiden 1964
Forbes T.B.
Urartian Architecture
Oxford 1983
Fox, Robin Lane
Alexander the Great
Pagans and Christians
London 1973
London 1986
Freely John
The Companion Guide to Turkey
The Bosphorus
The Aegean Coast of Turkey
The Black Sea Coast of Turkey
The Western Mediterranean Coast of Turkey
Istanbul
London 1979
Istanbul 1973
Istanbul 1996
Istanbul 1996
Istanbul 1997
London 1991
French David
Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor
Oxford 1981
Gallion A.B., Eisner S.
The Urban Pattern
New York 1963
Gelb Ignace
Hurrians and Subarians
Chicago 1944
Georgacas D.J.
The Names for the Asia Minor Peninsula
Heidelberg 1971
Gibbon E.
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
London 1910
Glotz G.
The Aegean Civilization
London 1968
Gordon Cyrus H.
The Ancient Near East
New York 1965
Gorman V.B.
Miletus, the Ornament of Ionia; A History of the City
to 400 BCE.
Michigan 2001
Green Peter
From Alexander to Actium
London 1991
Gurney O.R.
Anatolia c. 1750-1600 BCE
The Hittites
Cambridge 1965
London 1961
Guthrie William
The Greek Philosophers from Thales to Aristotle
New York 1966
Hamilton William J.
Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia
London 1842
Hammond N.G.L.
A History of Macedonia
Oxford 1972
Hanfmann G.M.
Letters from Sardis
The Cities of Western Asia Minor and their Arts in
Greek and Roman Times
Sardis from Prehistory to Roman Times
Cambridge 1972
Ann Arbor 1975
Harding A.F.
Climatic Change in later Prehistory
Edinburgh 1982
Hauser P.M.
The Study of Urbanization
New York 1965
Hawkes J.
Atlas of Ancient Archaeology
New York 1974
Haywood R.M.
Ancient Greece and the Near East
New York 1964
Hibbert C.
Cities and Civilizations
London 1996
Huxley G.L.
The Early Ionians
London 1966
Issawi C.
Middle Eastern Cities
Los Angeles 1969
Jacobs
The Economy of Cities
New York 1969
Jones A. H. M.
The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces
Oxford 1971
Journal of the British
Institute of
Archaeology
Anatolian Studies
1972 - 1979
Keller Werner
The Bible as History
New York 1981
Kelman John,
Fulleylove John
The Holy Land
London 1912
Kinross Lord
Within Tarsus
New York 1955
Knox P.
Urban Social Geography
Essex 1987
Korfmann M.,
Mannsperger
and Excavation Team
A Guide to Troia
Istanbul 1997
Lane Fox Robin
Alexander the Great
London 1973
Leake M.
Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor
London 1824
Lissner Ivar
The Living Past
Middlesex 1965
Lloyd Seton
The Archaeology of Asia Minor before the Greeks
Dawn of Civilization
Early Highland Peoples of Anatolia
Ancient Turkey
Harmondsworth
1956
New York 1961
London 1967
London 1989
Lyle Evelyn Kalças
The Search for the Royal Road
London 1966
Macaulay Rose
The Towers of Trebizond
London 1966
Macqueen J.G.
The Hittites and their Contemporaries in Asia Minor
London1975
Cambridge 1983
Magie D.
Roman Rule in Asia Minor
Princeton 1950
Mango Andrew
Discovering Turkey
New York 1971
May J. M. F.
Ainos its history and Coinage
London 1950
Mc Donagh Bernard
The Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts
New York 1989
McEvedy C.
The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History
Harmondsworth
1967
Meadows P.
Urbanism, Urbanization and Social Change
London 1969
Mellaart James
Earliest Civilizations of the Near East
Catalhoyuk, a Neolithic Town in Anatolia
The Neolithic of the Near East
London 1965
London1967
London 1975
Meritt B.D. Wade Gery
McGregor M.
The Athenian Tribute Lists
Princeton 1939
Metzger H.
Anatolia II
Geneva 1969
Moorehead Alan
Gallipoli
New York 1956
Morris
History of Urban Form
New York 1974
Mosse C.
The Greek World
London 1999
Muhly J.D.
The coming Age of Iron
New Haven 1980
Mumford L.
The City in History
Harmondsworth
1966
Muller H.J.
The Loom of History
New York 1958
Newton C.T.
Travels and discoveries in Levant
London 1865
Oddy W.A.
Aspects of Early Metallurgy
London 1980
Olmstead A.T.
History of the Persian Empire
Chicago 1948
Oppenheim A.L.
Trade and Market in the Early Empires
Chicago 1971
Ostrogorsky Georg
History of the Byzantine State
Oxford 1958
Onen U.
Lycia
Karien
Izmir 1984
Izmir 1986
Owens E.J.
The City in the Greek and the Roman World
London 1996
Palmer L.R.
Aegean Prehistory in the light of the Linear B Tablets
London 1965
Parks W.
Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor
Beckenham 1985
Pedley John
Sardis in the Age of Croesus
Oklahoma 1968
Pekman Adnan
History of Perge
Ankara 1973
Piotrovsky B.B.
Urartu
London 1967
Radt Wolgang
Pergamum, an archaeological guide
Istanbul 1978
Ramsay W.M.
The Historical Geography of Asia Minor
London 1890
Reynolds J.M.
Aphrodisias and Rome
London 1982
Roebuck C.
Classical Philology
Ionian Trade and Colonization
Economy and Society in the Early Greek World
Chicago 1950
Chicago 1959
Chicago 1984
Roller L.E.
In search of the God Mother, The Cult of Anatolian
Cybele
Berkeley 1999
Rosenbaum E., Huber
G., Onurkan S.
A Survey of Coastal Cities in Western Cilicia
Ankara 1967
Sandars N.K.
The Sea Peoples
London 1985
Schliemann Heinrich
Troy and Its Remains
Ilios : The City and Country of the Trojans
Troja : The results of the latest researches and
discoveries on the site of Homeric Troy
Troja : Researches and Discoveries on the Site of
Homer's Troy
London 1875
London 1880
London 1881
Segal Hudah Benzion
Edessa and Harran
London 1963
Sherwin White
Roman foreign policy in the East
London 1984
Sjoberg G.
The Pre-Industrial City
Cities and Society
New York 1960
New York 1967
Stark Freya
The Lycian Shore
Alexander's Path
Ionia a Quest
Turkey
London
London
London
London
Starr C.G.
A History of Ancient World
New York 1991
Stoneman Richard
Land of the Lost Gods
Across the Hellespont
A Traveler's History of Turkey
London 1987
London !987
New York 1998
Sumner Boyd, Freely
John and Hillary
Strolling through Istanbul
Istanbul 1972
T.A.B. Spratt E. Forbes
Travels in Lycia
London 1847
Todd I.A.
Catalhoyuk in Perspective
London 1976
Tylecote R.F.
A History of Metallurgy
London 1976
Vermule C.C.
Roman Imperial Art in Greece and Asia Minor
Cambridge 1968
Vidal Gore
Creation
London 1993
London 1884
1956
1958
1954
1971
Vieyra M.
Hittite Art 2300-750 BCE
London 1955
Von Der Osten H.H.
Exploration in Hittite Asia Minor
Westport 19271929
Walbank F. W.
The Hellenistic World
London 1981
Wells P.S.
Culture Contacts and Culture Change
Cambridge 1980
Williams Gwyn
Eastern Turkey
London 1972
Winfield D.
The Northern Routes across Anatolia
1977
Woolley L.
A Forgotten Kingdom
The Town Defenses
Harmondsworth
1959
Oxford 1969
Zaccagnini C.
Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World
Cambridge 1990
Zimansky P.E.
Ecology and Empire, The Structure of the Urartian
State
A Handbook of Urartian Studies
Chicago 1985
New York 1998
Travels around Asia Minor 1976-2002
Copyright by Thracian Ltd. 2009-2014
Last Update : April, 2011