STAAR
Flashcards
2014-2015
Everything you need to know about
American history, but were afraid to
ask……..
FRONT
BACK
•Geography
•Political
GPERS
•Economic
•Religious
•Social
1
FRONT
BACK
1607 = Jamestown founded
1620 = Mayflower Compact
signed
1776 = Declaration of
Independence written
1787 = U.S. Constitution written
HOT Dates of
U.S. History
1803 = Louisiana Purchased
1861-65 = Civil War Fought
2
FRONT
BACK
Quick Map of the
United States
3
FRONT
BACK
•Federalism
•Limited Government
Principles of the
U.S. Constitution
•Separation of Powers
•Checks and Balances
•Popular Sovereignty
4
FRONT
BACK
“We the people of the United
States, in order to form a more
perfect union, establish justice,
ensure domestic tranquility,
provide for the common defense,
promote the general welfare, and
secure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves and our posterity, do
ordain and establish this
constitution for the United States
of America.”
5
•Preamble to the U.S.
Constitution
•Sets out six goals for the
Constitution to accomplish
FRONT
BACK
- The idea that federal
government power is separated
into three branches:
Legislative = makes laws (Article
1)
Separation of
Powers
Executive = enacts laws (Article
2)
Judicial = carries out laws
6
FRONT
BACK
•System to ensure one branch of
the government is not more
powerful than another; branches
can oversee others’ actions and
approve/disapprove
Checks and
Balances
•Ex. President can veto laws, but
Congress can override the veto
with 2/3rd vote
7
FRONT
BACK
•Supreme Court has
the power to declare
laws unconstitutional
Judicial Review
8
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BACK
•Governments are created by the
consent of the governed, and the
power given to them by the
governed is limited by rule of law
Limited
Government
•Everyone, including authority
figures and elected officials,
must obey the laws
9
FRONT
BACK
•Principle of the U.S.
Constitution
Federalism
•Government power is divided
between the national (federal)
and state governments
10
FRONT
BACK
•Principle of the
Constitution
•Citizens give the
government power through
voting
Popular
Sovereignty
•“People say what the
government can do”
11
FRONT
BACK
•“The Congress shall have
Power - To make all Laws which
shall be necessary and proper”
•Government has the power to
make new laws to govern the
country as new situations arise
with changing times
Elastic Clause
•Ex.
12
FRONT
BACK
•Amend = “change”
•27 Amendments (2013)
•Changes the way government
works OR the rights allowed to
states/individuals
Amending the
Constitution
•2/3rds Congress proposes
and
•3/4ths state legislatures
approve
13
FRONT
BACK
•Protects citizens’ Individual
FREEDOMS
•Speech
•Religion
•Assembly
•Petition
•Press (John Peter Zenger)
1st Amendment
14
FRONT
BACK
•2nd Amendment – right to bear
arms
Grievances from
Declaration of
Independence
(Amendments)
•3rd Amendment – no quartering
soldiers
•4th Amendment – unreasonable
search and seizure, search
warrant needed
•All problems from the
Declaration of Independence
and colonies under British rule
15
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BACK
•4th Amendment – search and
seizure/search warrants
•5th Amendment – rights cannot
be taken away without due
process = indictment by grand
jury, double jeopardy, selfincrimination
Due Process of
Law
•6th Amendment – fair and
impartial trial by jury of peers,
lawyer
(Amendments)
•8th Amendment – bail, cruel and
unusual punishment
16
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BACK
•Rights of the accused
•No self-incrimination
5th Amendment
•rights cannot be taken away
without due process of law (law
will be applied fairly)
•Double Jeopardy—cannot be
tried twice for the same crime
•Eminent Domain—gov’t can
take private property for public
17 use
FRONT
BACK
•6th = Right to a fair and speedy
trial; trial by jury in criminal
cases, right to confront
witnesses; right to a defense
attorney
6th & 7th
Amendments
•7th = Right to a trial by jury in
civil cases (suing)
18
FRONT
BACK
•Protection from excessive
bail and cruel and unusual
punishment
8th Amendment
19
FRONT
BACK
•9th = Rights not listed are
reserved to the people
9th
(un-enumerated rights)
10th
&
Amendments
•10th = Powers reserved to
the states and people
(federalism; sharing
powers between state and
national gov’t)
20
FRONT
BACK
•BIRTHRIGHT Citizen = born in
the United States AND/OR
parents who are U.S. citizens
•NATURALIZED Citizen = 18
years old, live in U.S. for 5 years,
good moral character, swear an
oath to the Constitution,
understand U.S. history,
read/write/speak English
Citizenship
21
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BACK
Civic Virtue
•Actively involving oneself in
government by learning about
our government, voting,
participating in the legal process
when called upon, etc.
•“doing what is best for the
community”
22
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BACK
•Responsibilities = obey laws,
pay taxes, serve on a jury, attend
school, personal and family
support, testify in court, defend
nation
Rights and
Responsibilities of •Rights = vote, stay informed,
about government
U.S. Citizens learn
activities, volunteer to serve in
the military
23
FRONT
BACK
•Established the principle of
JUDICIAL REVIEW
•Chief Justice John Marshall
declared that a law can be ruled
unconstitutional
Marbury v.
Madison
•John Marbury sued James
Madison for federal court justice
position
24
FRONT
BACK
•Gibbons v Ogden = federal gov’t
can regulate interstate
trade/commerce (elastic clause)
Significant Court Cases •McCulloch v. Maryland = based
on the “elastic clause,” the
federal gov’t had power to
charter a national bank;
Constitution is “supreme law of
the land” (supremacy clause)
25
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BACK
•Spain – gold, God, glory
Exploration of
America: Which
countries and
why?
26
•France – fish, fur, francs,
friends (with Native Americans)
•Netherlands – fish, fur, faster
route to Asia (Northwest
Passage)
•Great Britain – money and stuff
(raw materials)
Columbus Discovering the New World (Supposedly)
FRONT
BACK
•G-hard rocky soil; long cold
winters, short summers (MA, CT,
RI, NH)
•P-Mayflower Compact (selfgov’t), Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut (1st colonial
constitution)
New England
Colonies
•E-Manufacturing: ship building,
mining, fishing; subsistence
farming
•R-Puritans
27
•S-Tight-knit communities; rules
based on religion
FRONT
BACK
•G-balance of all seasons,
coastal plains with fertile soil
(PA, DE, NJ, NY)
•P-
Middle or
Mid-Atlantic
Colonies
•E-Manufacturing: ship building
& Agricultural: staple
crops/grains
•R-Quakers
•S-Close communities, individual
freedoms, freedom of religion
28
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BACK
•G-rich, fertile soil, excellent
farmland (GA, SC, NC, VA, MD)
•P-Virginia House of Burgesses
(representative gov’t)
Southern
Colonies
•E-Agrarian (agricultural): cash
crop farming on large plantations
go
•R-Baptists and Catholics
•S-Rich upper class of white
landowners; poor lower class
consisting mainly of
slaves/indentured servants.
29
FRONT
BACK
•1st permanent English
settlement in North America
•1607
Jamestown, VA
• in Southern colonies
•Leader: John Smith
30
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BACK
• Founded by Puritans (pilgrims)
for religious freedom
•1620
Plymouth, MA
•New England Colonies
•Leader: William Bradford
31
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BACK
•Roger Williams-founded Rhode
Island, believed in separation of
church and state with…
VIPs of the
Colonies
•Anne Hutchinson-rebelled
against Puritan authority;
believed in religious tolorance
•James Oglethorpe-founded
Georgia as debtor colony/barrier
between colonies and Spanish
Florida
•William Penn-started the
Pennsylvania colony for self-rule
32 and religious freedom
FRONT
BACK
•Magna Carta (1215)-rule of law
Basis of Colonial
Government
•English Bill of Rights-citizens
have individual rights
•Virginia House of Burgessesrepresentative government
•Mayflower Compact (1620)-selfgovernment
33
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BACK
•Mother country (England) gets
rich by monopolizing colonies’
trade
•Colonies sell raw materials
ONLY to mother country
Mercantilism
•Colonies can only buy finished
goods from mother country
•opposite of free enterprise
34
40
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BACK
•American colonies ship raw
materials to England, rum and
money to Africa
Trans-Atlantic
Slave Trade
•Africa ships slaves and gold to
the West Indies to work on sugar
cane plantations
(Triangle Trade)
•The West Indies ship molasses,
sugar, and slaves to the
American colonies
35
42
FRONT
BACK
•an economic system where
businesses compete for profit
from consumers through supply
and demand, with little
government interference
Free Enterprise
36
FRONT
BACK
•a religious movement in which
Christians believed they could
speak directly to God
First Great
Awakening
•focused on the power of the
individual to break away from
the group
37
FRONT
BACK
•focuses on individuals and the
picturesque
•art shows portraits
Colonial Culture
•music is for individuals
•clothing shows status
•games are for single winner
38
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BACK
Revolution
Geography
39
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BACK
•1754-1763
•French & Native Americans vs.
British & colonists
French-Indian
War
•Fighting over control of the Ohio
River Valley
•AKA “Seven Years’ War”
•Ended by the Treaty of Paris,
1763
40
FRONT
BACK
•Fought over by French and
British for fur trading & farming
during the French-Indian War
Ohio River Valley
•Borders:
•N•E•S•W-
41
FRONT
BACK
•Issued by British to American
colonists
Proclamation of
1763
42
•Stated that the colonists could
not move WEST of the
Appalachian Mountains
•Attempt to protect the colonists
from additional wars
50
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BACK
•Plan by Benjamin Franklin to
unite the 13 colonies together
•Visually represented by cartoon
of a snake cut into pieces with
the caption “Join or Die”
Albany Plan of
Union
•Based on the Plan of Six
Nations by the Native Americans
•1st political cartoon in colonies
43
FRONT
BACK
•Phrase created by James Otis
“No Taxation
without
Representation”
44
•Protested British taxes on the
colonies, such as the Sugar Act,
Stamp Act, Townsend Acts & Tea
Act, without the colonists having
representation in England’s
parliament
FRONT
BACK
•Protest in Boston, MA over
taxes
Boston Massacre
•British soldiers shot into a crowd
of colonists, killing 5
•1st killed = Crispus Attucks
45
54
55
FRONT
BACK
•Protest in Boston, MA over the
Tea Act/tea taxes
Boston Tea Party
46
•Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel
Adams, dressed as Indians and
dumped 342 crates of tea off
ships into the Boston Harbor
57
58
FRONT
BACK
•British laws passed against the
colonies, specifically Boston, in
retaliation for the Boston Tea
Party
Intolerable Acts
•Meant to punish Boston
•“They’re UNBEARABLE!”
47
FRONT
BACK
•Meeting of colonial government
representatives in which they
decided to
•Boycott British goods
1st Continental
Congress
•Train a militia
48
FRONT
BACK
•1st battles of the American
Revolution
Battles of
Lexington &
Concord
•AKA “The shot heard ‘round the
world”
49
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BACK
•2nd meeting of colonial
government representatives
2nd Continental
Congress
•Created the Continental Army,
commanded by George
Washington
•Wrote Olive Branch Petition
•Ignored by King George III
•Decided to declare
independence from Britain
•Quote: “Give me liberty or give
50 me death”---Patrick Henry
FRONT
BACK
•Author of Common Sense –
urged colonists to fight for
independence from Britain
Thomas Paine
•Author of The American Crisis –
about patriotism and continuing
to fight for one’s country
51
FRONT
BACK
•Victory for British BUT they
suffered heavy losses and did
not gain much land
Battle of Bunker
Hill
52
•Showed colonial troops were
able to stand up against one of
the strongest armies in the world
(they had a chance!)
FRONT
BACK
•Document declaring to the world
that the American colonies are a
‘free and independent nation’
Declaration of
Independence
•Lists grievances against King
George III
•Unalienable rights = life, liberty,
pursuit of happiness
53
FRONT
BACK
•Declaration of Independence
written by Thomas Jefferson
1776
•Signed on July 4th, 1776 by 56
colonial representatives in
Philadelphia, PA
54
FRONT
BACK
•1775 – 1783
•Colonies = untrained for battle,
shortages in weapons and food,
patriotism, help from other
countries, fighting on home turf,
commander George Washington
Colonial Army in the
Revolutionary War
55
FRONT
BACK
•1775 – 1783
•Britain = more soldiers and
money, well trained and
supplied, hired soldiers, fighting
overseas, poor leadership, hard
to supply (should have won)
British Army in the
Revolutionary War
56
FRONT
BACK
•Lexington & Concord – FIRST
battles of the war
•Bunker Hill – showed that the
Colonies COULD FIGHT
Battles of the
Revolution
•Valley Forge – PA winter,
Washington lost lots of troops
•Saratoga – TURNING POINT
OF THE WAR, France joined us
•Yorktown – END of war, Lord
Cornwallis surrenders to General
57 Washington
FRONT
BACK
•Ends American Revolution
•Britain recognizes U.S. as a
country
•Britain gives up land in N.
America
•U.S. agrees to return property to
Loyalists
Treaty of Paris,
1783
58
• Use a Venn diagram to compare and
contrast the Treaty of Paris, 1763 with the
Treaty of Paris, 1783
71
FRONT
BACK
•Marquis de Lafayette = French,
military and financial assistance
•Bernardo de Galvez = Spanish,
military assistance
•Baron von Steuben = Prussian,
military training
VIPs of the
Revolution
•Comte de Rochambeau =
French, military assistance
•Haym Solomon = Jewish,
financial assistance
59
•James Armistead = African
slave, spied on British
FRONT
BACK
•Founding Father from PA
•Inventor of bifocals
Benjamin Franklin
•Author of Poor Richard’s
Almanac
•Representative of colonies in
France during the Revolution
60
•Delegate to Constitutional
Convention
FRONT
BACK
•Magna Carta (1215) – gov’t
power is limited, trial by jury
•English Bill of Rights (1689) –
individual rights
Ideas for
American
Government
•John Locke – people are born
with ‘natural rights,’ gov’t is a
social contract
•Charles De Montesquieu –
three branches of gov’t ,
•Declaration of Independence
(1776) – unalienable rights
61
FRONT
BACK
•1st Constitution of the United
States
•Strengths: Northwest Ordinance
of 1787 as a way to create new
states, some federal gov’t
Articles of
Confederation
•Weaknesses: no president or
supreme court, no way to tax,
weak federal gov’t, difficult to
pass laws
62
FRONT
BACK
•ONLY strength of the Articles of
Confederation
•Established a method for
creating new states and
territories
Northwest
Ordinance
of 1787
•5,000 men = territory
•60,000 citizens = state*
63
FRONT
BACK
•Led by Daniel Shay as a protest
against taxes on corn
Shay’s Rebellion
•Farmers marched on arsenal in
Massachusetts
•Proved that the federal gov’t
under the Articles of
Confederation DID NOT WORK!
64
FRONT
BACK
•May – Sept.
•United States Constitution
written
•Independence Hall,
Philadelphia, PA
1787
•Plan was to revise the Articles
of Confederation
65
FRONT
BACK
•Combination of the Virginia Plan
(large states) and the New
Jersey Plan (small states)
creates
•Bicameral legislature-”two
houses”
Great
Compromise
•Upper House=Senate/2
senators per state
•Lower House=House of
Representatives/representation
based on population of state
66
FRONT
BACK
•Northern states wanted NO
slaves counted for population
3/5ths Compromise
•Southern states wanted all
slaves counted for population
Compromise: slaves would be
counted as 3/5ths of a person for
representation and taxation
67
FRONT
BACK
•FOR the Constitution
•Like: Strong federal government
•Led by Alexander Hamilton,
John Jay, James Madison
Federalists
•Wrote the Federalist Papers (85
essays) in support of ratifying
the Constitution
68
FRONT
BACK
•AGAINST the ratification of the
Constitution
•Feared strong federal gov’t
Anti-Federalists
•Wanted a Bill of Rights to
protect citizens
•Led by: Thomas Jefferson,
George Mason, Patrick Henry
69
FRONT
BACK
•Names of the first 7 presidents
in order!
•Washington
•Adams
•Jefferson
•Madison
•Monroe
•Adams (John Quincy)
•Jackson
WAJMaMAJ
70
FRONT
BACK
•First president of the United
States
•Set precedents of two terms,
cabinet of advisors, “Mr.
President”
George
Washington
•Dealt with Hamilton’s Economic
Plan, Whiskey Rebellion
•Foreign policy of neutrality
71
FRONT
BACK
•First Secretary of the Treasury
Alexander
Hamilton’s
Economic Plan
•Included FOUR provisions:
•Repay state and federal
debt
•Create a national bank
•Introduce whiskey tax
•Set a protective tariff (tax on
imports) to protect American
industries
•Opposed by Jefferson and
72 Madison
FRONT
BACK
Washington’s
Farewell Address
•“Steer clear of foreign alliances”
(neutrality)
•“Avoid the accumulation of debt”
(stay out of debt)
•Be wary of political parties, as
they will divide the nation
(no political parties)
•Letter from Washington to
citizens on his retirement
73
FRONT
BACK
•2nd President of U.S.; First VicePresident
John Adams
•Alien Acts changed citizenship
requirements from 5 years to 14
years and deported citizens of
countries at war with U.S.
•Sedition Act punished any who
published any criticism of the
government
•GOAL: To decrease the size of
74 the Democratic-Republican Party
FRONT
BACK
•Led by Alexander Hamilton
•Strong central/federal gov’t
Federalist Party
•Loose interpretation of
Constitution
•Economy based on industry
75
FRONT
BACK
•Led by Thomas Jefferson
•Limited federal gov’t/states’
rights
DemocraticRepublican Party
76
•Strict interpretation of
Constitution
•Economy based on agriculture
(agrarian)
•Laissez-faire capitalism/gov’t
not regulate or aid business
FRONT
BACK
•3rd President of the United
States
•Author of Declaration of
Independence
Thomas Jefferson •Democratic-Republican Party
leader
•Acquired Louisiana Purchase
during presidency
77
FRONT
BACK
•Bought from France for $15
million
•Thomas Jefferson, President
•DOUBLED size of the United
States
Louisiana
Purchase
•Gave U.S. New Orleans and
land west of Mississippi R. to
Rocky Mountains
78
•Opened west to expansion
FRONT
BACK
•Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark
•From St. Louis to Pacific Ocean
•Guided by Sacagawea
Lewis & Clark
Expedition
•Goals: Explore Louisiana
Purchase, find water route to
Pacific, bring back scientific and
geographical information
79
FRONT
BACK
•4th President of the United
States
•Presided over the War of 1812
James Madison
•Wrote Bill of Rights
•Known as Father of the
Constitution for his note-taking
during the Constitutional
Convention
80
FRONT
BACK
19th Century
United States
81
FRONT
BACK
Fought between U.S. and Britain
over American sovereignty as a
country
•MAIN CAUSE: Impressments of
American sailors by the British
War of 1812
•MAIN EFFECT: U.S. preserved
its independence
82
FRONT
BACK
•End of party conflict
•Surge of American nationalism
and patriotism/pride
Era of Good
Feelings
•Start of Henry Clay’s American
System = roads and canals
throughout America to build its
infrastructure, including the Erie
Canal
83
FRONT
BACK
•Foreign policy by James
Monroe
Monroe Doctrine
•Europe, stay out of the Western
Hemisphere! (North and South
America
•U.S. would oppose any
attempts by European powers to
establish new colonies or restore
European rule to the Americas
84
FRONT
BACK
•Compromise created by Henry
Clay
•Slavery forbidden in Louisiana
Territory north of the 36*30’ line
of latitude
Missouri
Compromise
•Missouri = Slave
•Maine = FREE
(MO is a slave, but ME is free!)
85
FRONT
BACK
•Era of the Common Man and
expansion of democracy
•Created the ‘spoils system’ (to
the victor goes the spoils)
Andrew Jackson
•“Jacksonian Democracy” =
politics an activity of ordinary
citizens
•7th President of the U.S.
86
FRONT
BACK
•Tariff placed on imports,
angering the South (Tariff of
Abominations)
Nullification Crisis
•S. Carolina argues that a state
can nullify (‘cancel’) an
unconstitutional law and
threatened to secede
•Jackson responds with force
•Henry Clay proposes
87 compromise that lowers the tariff
FRONT
BACK
•Result of Indian Removal Act,
stating that tribes must move
WEST of the Mississippi River
(Oklahoma Territory)
•Five Civilized Tribes –
Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee,
Creek, Seminole
Trail of Tears
•¼ of 16,000 died on trail from
starvation, exposure and disease
88
103
104
FRONT
BACK
•Belief that America had the
God-given right to extend its
borders to the Pacific Ocean
Manifest Destiny
•Chosen to spread Christianity
and democracy
•Also would provide national
security and new economic
opportunities
89
106
107
FRONT
BACK
•11th President of the United
States
•Elected on an ‘expansionist’
platform
•Texas annexed to the US
•Oregon territory negotiation
settled between US and England
(54/40 or Fight!)
•Presided over US/Mexican War
(Mexican American War)
James Polk
US now owns California
90
FRONT
BACK
•Westward Expansion
1. Original 13 Colonies
2. Northwest territory
3. Louisiana Purchase
4. Florida
5. Texas
6. Mexican Cession
7. Oregon Territory
8. Gadsden Purchase
US Quick Map
91
FRONT
BACK
•Discovery of gold in California
caused rapid population growth
and increased Chinese
immigration
Gold Rush
1849
91
FRONT
BACK
•Movement from homemade to
factory-made industries
•Started in Great Britain
Industrial
Revolution
•Began with Eli Whitney’s cotton
gin, spinning jenny, and steam
engine
•Allowed for rise of factory
system and mass production of
goods
92
FRONT
BACK
•Mass-produced items made in
large quantities in factories,
using standardized designs
Interchangeable
Parts
•All parts are exactly the same,
so can be used on any piece and
replaced
•Made manufacturing easier,
faster, and less costly
•Invented by Eli Whitney
93
FRONT
BACK
•Machine to take seeds out of
cotton
•Created a boom in slavery in
Southern economy, as slaves
were needed to pick more cotton
Cotton Gin
•Invented by Eli Whitney
94
FRONT
BACK
•Mass-produced items made in
large quantities in factories,
using standardized designs
Interchangeable
Parts
•All parts are exactly the same,
so can be used on any piece and
replaced
•Made manufacturing easier,
faster, and less costly
•Invented by Eli Whitney
95
FRONT
BACK
•Steel Plow = invented by Cyrus
McCormack to help farmers
ready soil for planting
Farm Inventions
96
•Mechanical Reaper = invented
by John Deere to help farmers
harvest crops
FRONT
BACK
•Water-powered loom in
Waltham, MA (made material)
Lowell
Manufacturing
System
•Hired young women to work in
the factory and encouraged them
to seek education in their free
time
97
FRONT
BACK
•Originally made by James Watt
•Made factory machines work
faster
•Used in railroads to move trains
along a track
Steam Engines
•Steamboat = Robert Fulton’s
The Clermont changed
transportation
98
FRONT
BACK
•Connected East to West Coast
Transcontinental
Railroad
99
•Agricultural products, coal,
people, minerals could travel
faster and cheaper where watertransportation did not exist
•Used Bessemer Steel Process
to remove impurities from iron
FRONT
BACK
•Part of Henry Clay’s American
System
•Manmade waterway connecting
the Great Lakes with the Hudson
River (New York City)
Erie Canal
•360-mile canal
•Farmers could ship goods
entirely by water
100
FRONT
BACK
•Religious revival
•Belief that each person could
“achieve salvation through good
works”
Second Great
Awakening
101
FRONT
BACK
•Included abolition, prison
conditions, mental illness,
education, temperance, and
women’s rights
Reform
Movement
102
FRONT
BACK
•Movement to end slavery
•Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, about slavery
conditions, caused outrage
Abolition
•William Lloyd Garrison’s
newspaper, The Liberator, and
speeches by Harriet Tubman,
Frederick Douglass, and
Sojourner Truth contributed to
the movement
103
FRONT
BACK
•Movement to end drinking
alcohol
•Led by Dorothea Dix (also for
prison reform and treatment for
mentally ill
Temperance
•Changed from moderation to
total abstinence from alcoholic
drinks to save health and family
104
FRONT
BACK
•Seneca Falls Convention, New
York 1848
Women’s Rights
•Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony
and others campaigned for
women to be treated fairly and
equally
•Declaration of Sentiments:
called on men not to withhold
women’s rights, property, or right
105 to vote
126
127
128
129
130
FRONT
BACK
•California enters Union as a free
state
Compromise of
1850
106
•Mexican Cession to use popular
sovereignty to determine slavery
in state
•Washington, DC not open to
slavery
•Fugitive Slave Law = free states
had to catch and return slaves to
their owners
132
FRONT
BACK
•Supreme Court rules that
Congress cannot limit slavery
•Dred Scott, a slave, sues his
owner for his freedom; Supreme
Court states that slaves are
property, not people
Dred Scott v.
Sanford
•Missouri Compromise is
unconstitutional
107
FRONT
BACK
Definition: North, South, and
West develop their own ways of
life
North: industrial, rise of factory
system
Sectionalism
South: agricultural, plantations,
slavery
West: nation’s ‘breadbasket’
108
FRONT
BACK
•Based on an idea from John C.
Calhoun
•States had the right to be
sovereign and could determine
whether they were slave states
or free states
States’ Rights
•Tied to slavery issues
109
136
FRONT
BACK
•President: Abraham Lincoln
•General: Ulysses S. Grant
Northern
Advantages
•Economy based on industry
•Higher population, more
transportation, more factories,
better navy
110
FRONT
BACK
Northern Strategy
111
•Strategy: Anaconda Plan =
naval blockage of southern ports
and capture control of the
Mississippi River and the
Southern capitol of Richmond,
VA
FRONT
BACK
•President: Jefferson Davis
•General: Robert E. Lee
•more military experience,
motivated to fight for their ‘way in
life
Southern
Advantages
•Economy based on King
Cotton/agriculture
112
FRONT
BACK
Southern Strategy
113
•Strategy: defensive fight for
homeland, thought they had
European support
FRONT
BACK
FT. Sumter –first battle of the
Civil War
Manassas/Bull Run—proves to
both sides that it will be a
long war
Major Battles of
the Civil War
Antietam/Sharpsburg—Bloodiest
day of the Civil War
Gettysburg—Turning point of the
Civil War
Vicksburg—splits the
Confederacy in half
114 Appomattox Courthouse—Lee
surrenders to Grant,
ending the war
FRONT
BACK
Radical Republicans wanted to
punish the South, including:
•Military rule in the South
Radical
Reconstruction
115
•Rights to all freedmen
•Tried to impeach President
Johnson, who allowed states to
pass Black Codes to restrict
freedmen's’ rights
FRONT
BACK
Plan sought by Lincoln
Wanted lenient treatment of
Southerners
Moderate
Reconstruction
116
10% of voters swear allegiance
to Constitution, state would be
readmitted
FRONT
BACK
13th Amendment: FREE all
slaves in all states
Reconstruction
Amendments
117
14th Amendment: CITIZENS all
received basic civil rights,
including due process of law and
equal protection under the law
15th Amendment: VOTE allowed
to former slaves (but not to
women)
FRONT
BACK
Homestead Act
118
•cheap land available
to settlers
FRONT
BACK
Morrill Act
•Set up agricultural and
mining colleges for
settlers in the West
119
FRONT
BACK
•Removed Indians to
government
reservations, led to
Indian Wars
Dawes Act
120