Chapter 13
States of Matter
Liquids and Solids
Changes of State
Objectives
• Liquid (13.2)
– How the atoms are arranged
– Basic properties
• Solids (13.3)
– How the atoms are arranged
– Basic properties
• Changes of State (13.4)
– What does equilibrium mean?
– Le Chatelier’s Principle (We will talk more in another unit)
– The six basic phase changes
– Be able to describe the parts of a heating and cooling curve
– Understand a phase diagram
The Four States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
What determines which state of
matter you are in?
Particle arrangement
Energy of the particles
Distance between particles
STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
•Particles of solids are
tightly packed, vibrating
about a fixed position.
•Solids have a definite
shape and a definite
volume.
STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
 Particles of liquids are
tightly packed, but are
far enough apart to
slide over one another.
 Liquids have an
indefinite shape and a
definite volume.
STATES OF MATTER
GAS
 Particles of gases
are very far apart
and move freely.
 Gases have an
indefinite shape
and an indefinite
volume.
Compression of Gases, Liquids and Solids
– Gases are compressible fluids. Their molecules
are widely separated.
– Liquids are relatively incompressible fluids.
Their molecules are more tightly packed.
– Solids are nearly incompressible and rigid.
Their molecules or ions are in close contact
and do not move.
Properties of Liquids
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Relative High Density
Relative Incompressibility
Ability to diffuse
Surface Tension
Viscosity
Capillary Action
Vaporization (Evaporation and Boiling)
Freezing
Properties of Solids
•
•
•
•
•
High Density
High Incompressibility
Definite Melting Point
Low Rate Of Diffusion
Amorphous versus Crystalline
Equilibrium
A condition in which two
opposing changes occur at
equal rates in a closed system
PHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Solid to
liquid
Term for Phase
Change
Melting
Liquid to
Freezing
solid
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Heat goes into
the solid as it
melts.
Heat leaves the
liquid as it
freezes.
PHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Vaporization,
Liquid to
which includes Heat goes into the
gas
boiling and
liquid as it vaporizes.
evaporation
Heat leaves the gas
Gas to liquid Condensation as it condenses.
Solid to gas
Sublimation
Gas to solid
Deposition
Heat goes into the
solid as it sublimates.
Heat leaves the gas
as it condenses.
But what happens if you raise the
temperature to super-high levels…
between
1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything
just be a gas?
STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
 A plasma is an
ionized gas.
 A plasma is a very
good conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
 Plasmas, like gases • Plasma is the
have an indefinite
common state
shape and an
of matter
indefinite volume.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID
Tightly packed, in a
regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not
move from place to
place
LIQUID
Close together with
no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move
about, and slide
past each other
GAS
Well separated with
no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate and move
freely at high
speeds
PLASMA
Has no definite
volume or shape
and is composed of
electrical charged
particles
The Six Basic Phase Changes
Phase Changes: Where Does the Heat Go?
Heating/Cooling Curve
Heating/Cooling Curve
Heating/Cooling Curve
Phase Diagrams
• Graph of pressure-temperature
relationship: Show were each of the
phases are
• Lines indicate equilibrium state two
phases.
• Triple point- Temp. and Pressure
where all three phases co-exist in
equilibrium.
• Critical temp.- Temp. where
substance must always be gas, no
matter what pressure.
• Critical pressure- vapor pressure at critical temp.
• Critical point- point where system is at its critical pressure and temp.
Phase Diagram of H2O
Water
<---Melting
Freezing--->
<---Condensation
Vaporization --->
Ice
Triple Point
<---Deposition
Sublimation--->
Water Vapor