What tools do historians use?
• Primary Sources
– Diaries
– Oral Accounts
– Photographs
– Maps, Art, Drawings
– Autobiographies
• Secondary Sources
– Textbooks
– Library books
– Biographies
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World”
I.
Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – the time before humans began recording their events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating
and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists don’t study the human
skeletal remains,
they study the remains humans left behind –
their settlements, their objects.
Can you break the word down?
-ology = the study of
Archae- = old things
Careers
In
Social Studies
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World”
I.
Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – the time before humans began recording their events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating
and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists don’t study the human
skeletal remains,
they study the remains humans left behind –
their settlements, their objects.
Mary Leakey 1913-1996
was one of the world's most
famous hunters of early
human fossils, credited with
many discoveries that have
changed the way scientists
view human evolution. She
is considered the
preeminent contributor to
the field of human origins.
-ology = the study of
Archae = old things
The Leakey Family
Famous Archaeologists
Mary’s son,
Richard Leakey
Mary’s daughter Meave Leakey
recently impressed the world with
her 1999 discovery of a 3.5 millionyear-old skull.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World”
I.
Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – the time before humans began recording their events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating
and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists don’t study the human
skeletal remains,
they study the remains humans left behind –
their settlements, their objects.
-ology = the study of
Archae = old things
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World”
I.
Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – before human’s began recording past events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating
and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists don’t study the human
skeletal remains,
they study the remains humans left behind –
their settlements, their objects.
-ology = the study of
Archae = old things
3. artifacts – remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World”
I.
Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – before human’s began recording past events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating
and studying the traces of early settlements.
3. artifacts – remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects.
4. anthropologists – scientists who study the cultural behaviors of humankind.
Careers
In
Social Studies
-ology =
Anthro- =
the study of
man
Anthropology has many branches of study.
- physical anthropology, also known as biological anthropology, studies primate behavior, human
evolution, and population genetics.
- cultural anthropology, also known as social anthropology, studies the social networks formed by our
ancestors, their social behaviors, kinship patterns, politics, beliefs, patterns in production and
consumption, and other ways they expressed their culture.
- linguistic anthropology studies variation in human languages across time and geographic regions,
the uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture.
- forensic anthropology analyzes skeletal remains in to determine how people might have lived or died.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World”
I.
Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – before human’s began recording past events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating
and studying the traces of early settlements.
3. artifacts – remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects.
4. anthropologists – scientists who study the cultural behaviors of humankind.
5. culture – a people’s unique way of life.
Forms of Expression
Art / Music
CULTURE
Relationships
Family / social life
Forms of Communication
Language / Symbols
Rituals
Customs / Traditions / Beliefs
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World”
I.
Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – before human’s began recording past events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating
and studying the traces of early settlements.
3. artifacts – remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects.
4. anthropologists – scientists who study the cultural behaviors of humankind.
5. culture – a people’s unique way of life.
6. paleontologist – scientists who study how life developed on earth based on
studies of fossils.
Careers
In
Social Studies
“Poop, anyone?”
-ology = the study of
Paleo- = old period
It’s not always fossilized bones!
Some of you may not be cut out for this vocation!
Besides bones, one of the things paleontologists examine
quite often is ….well, poop! That’s right, fossilized feces (coprolites)
can be quite revealing about our ancestor’s diet and eating habits, what chemical elements
they may have been exposed to, their health, diseases, and life spans.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World”
I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)
B. Discovery of early hominids
1. hominids – humans and our human-like ancestors that
walked upright.
How do we know all Humans originated in Africa?
The scientific evidence!
All of the oldest hominid fossils – those dating back farther than 3 million years –
have been found in only one place on earth…
the fossil-rich region known as the Great Rift Valley of Africa.
Here is where man began.
Check out these websites guaranteed to “wow” you!
http://www.archaeologyinfo.com - Click on “Human Ancestry”
amazing graphics and interactive opportunities for ya!
http://www.becominghuman.org
- the official website of archaeologist Donald Johanson
and his Institute of Human Origins.
Both sites do a great job of explaining what we now know about humankind’s evolution.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Populating the Planet
Human Beings Almost Everywhere
200,000 – 10,000 BCE
10
When did we appear?
11
Creation Myths
• Mesopotamia
• Aborigenes
• Indian
• Chinese
• Native American
• Hebrew
• Darwinian
What happened before
humans developed?
• The Universe popped up 13 billion
years ago. (That’s where you are,
right?)
•
Stars and Galaxies popped up from
about 12 billion years ago.
•
Our Sun and Earth popped up about
4.6 billion years ago.
•
Life popped up on Earth about 3.8
billion years ago.
13
What happened before
humans developed?
• Complicated life-forms showed up
after about 600 million years.
•
Some organisms got onto the land
from about 400 million years ago.
•
Dinosaurs ruled the earth until
about 67 million years ago.
•
Then our hominid ancestors
showed up.
14
The Stone Age
Stone Age split into three distinct periods:
– Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age – roughly 2
million years ago until 12,000 B.C.E.
– Mesolithic (Middle Stone) Age – about
12,000 to 8,000 B.C.E.
– Neolithic (New Stone) Age – about 8,000
to 3,000 B.C.E.
The Paleolithic
Age is the era that
covers the period
from 2.5 million
yrs ago to 10,000
years ago.
It was
fraught
with change.
Ice Age; Old Stone Age; Paleolithic Age
2.5 million years
ago
10k years ago
Today
16
Theories on prehistory and early man
constantly change as new evidence
comes to light.
- Louis Leakey, British
paleoanthropologist
Paleolithic Age:
( Old Stone Age )
2,500,000 BCE
to 8,000 BCE
1. Australopithecus – “southern ape”
2. Homo Habilis –
3. Homo Erectus – “upright man”
4. Homo Sapiens – “wise man”
-Neanderthal Man
-Homo Sapiens Sapiens – “wise,
wise man” – US!
“Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age
2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
Made simple tools
NOMADIC (moving from place to place)
hunting (men) & gathering (women)
Travelled in small groups based on bonds of kinship
4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Locking knee joint
§
§
Hominids --> any member
of the family of two-legged
primates that includes all
humans.
Australopithecines
one of the earliest human ancestors
(hominids)
§
An Apposable
Thumb
AP
Info
First
Hominids
The Missing Link?
Australopithecines
First
Hominids
AP
Info
Dinosaurs
Disappear
7m yrs ago
Today
4 – 1.5m yrs ago
Today
7m yrs
ago
250k yrs
67m yrs ago
Scale of Life after the Dinosaurs
Donald
Johanson
HOMO HABILIS
2.4 to 1.4 million years ago

( “Man of Skills” )
Found in East Africa
 created stone tools
Early Homo Habilis tools –
scrapers, bone points, etc.
Why this name?
“Homo-” = man
“Habilis” = ability
Because this is the
first of our human ancestors believed to have the
“ability” to make stone tools.
1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
§
HOMO ERECTUS
( “Upright Human Being” )
Ø
BIPEDALISM
§
Larger and more varied
tools --> primitive technology
§
First hominid to migrate and
leave Africa for Europe and
Asia.
§
First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )
How, when, and
where did we become
human?
• One of our close ancestors,
Homo erectus.
• Homo erectus was one of the
hominid groups that was
developing increasingly large
brains in both Africa and Asia
between about 500,000 and
200,000 years ago.
This is a reconstructed Homo erectus
skull, found in northern China. It dates to
some time after 1.6 million years ago.
Big
Eras
3-9
Brain
Development
Homo
erectus
Big Era
1
1.8 mil.
yrs ago
Big Era 2
500k –250k
200kyrs
yrs ago
ago
27k
10k
Today
25
Homo erectus was a traveler!
Homo erectus
began migrating
to southerly parts
of Eurasia
sometime after
about 1.8 million
years ago.
Big
Eras
3-9
Big Era
Homo
1
erectus
1.8 mil.
yrs ago
Big Era 2
200k yrs ago
27k
10k
Today
26
Are we all Africans “under the skin”????
200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
HOMO SAPIENS
( “Wise Human Being” )
Neanderthals
Cro-Magnons
( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )
Homo sapiens
(that’s us!) evolved
from Homo erectus
• By 200,000 years ago, people
whose skeletons were like
those of Homo sapiens were
already living in Africa.
• Between that time and about
100,000 years ago, people who
were both anatomically and
genetically “like us” emerged
in eastern and southern Africa.
Human Origins: Homo sapiens in Africa
S.W. Asia
Big
Eras
3-9
200k yrs ago
100k yrs ago
Today
Big Era 2
10k years
ago
Big Era 1
This is a reconstructed Homo sapiens
skull, found in Israel. It has been dated to
about 90,000 years ago.
29
NEANDERTHALS:
§
Neander Valley,
Germany (1856)
§
First humans to bury
their dead.
§
Made clothes from
animal skins.
§
Lived in caves and
tents.
Evidence leads historians to believe Neaderthals
tried to control and explain the world
NEANDERTHALS
Early Hut/Tent
CRO-MAGNONs:
§
Homo sapiens sapiens
( “Wise, wise human” )
§ By 30,000 BCE they
replaced Neanderthals.
WHY???
Homo Sapien
Cro-Magnon man
identical to modern humans
superior hunters
advanced skills in spoken
language & art!
They hunted mainly with spears, (bow and arrows came much
later). Cro Magnon made tools from blades of Flint stone, used
for preparing animal skins. They made innovations to pierced
shells, tooth and bone pendants used for body ornamentation.
Their art included figurines of Venus, small statuettes of bone,
and they made outline cave wall drawings of woolly mammoths
and other animals. Used mammoth fur and bones to construct
dwellings and may have hunted the mammoth into extinction.
CHAPTER 1: Early Human Origins to The Neotlithic Revolution to the Birth of Civilization
Millions
of years
ago
3
2
1
BC 0 AD
Australopithecine
Afarensis
Australopithecine
Africanus
Homo
Homo
Habilis
Erectus
Homo
Sapiens
“Lucy”
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
MAP OF ICE AGES
Homo sapiens traveled
even further than Homo
erectus. From their African
homeland, Homo sapiens
groups migrated to…
…Where?
See the Map!
37
Migrations of Homo sapiens
Europe
40,000 years ago
Siberia
40,000 years ago
North America
12,000-30,000
years ago
Oceania
1600 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
Southwest Asia
100,000 years ago
Human Origins
200,000-250,000
years ago
Australia
as many as 60,000
years ago
Chile
12,000-13 ,000
years ago
Possible coastal routes of human migration
Possible landward routes of human migration
Migrations in Oceania
39
How did geography shape the migration?
How did the Austronesian migration differ
from other early patterns of human
movement?
Map Activity
Were other
surviving hominids
changing in the
same way as Homo
sapiens?
•
By the time humans appeared, our
closest living relatives were
probably the hominids known as
“Neandertals” (or, “Neanderthals”).
•
When Homo sapiens groups arrived
in western Asia and Europe,
Neandertals were already there. By
100,000 years ago Neandertals
were living from Spain to Inner
Eurasia.
•
They had a long record of living
successfully in both warm and cold
environments. But they
disappeared from the record about
28,000 years ago.
45
Did Homo sapiens meet Neandertals?
Approximate geographical range of Neandertals, 100,000-28,000 years ago
Approximate geographical range of Homo sapiens by 28,000 years ago
46
Did Homo
Sapiens
meet Homo
Erectus?
•
Members of the two
species may have met in
Southeast Asia.
•
The last physical traces
of Homo erectus, dating
to about 28,000 years
ago, were discovered in
Java. By that time Homo
sapiens was already
living in that region.
Range of last surviving Homo erectus
47
Homo sapiens and other species
•
We’re not sure what might
have happened if Homo
sapiens met Neandertals or
Homo erectus, but we do
know that these two hominid
species died out.
•
And so did many other large
animals, called megafauna,
which once roamed the
earth.
•
What might these extinctions
tell us about our own
species?
48
What do you think might
have happened when Homo
sapiens met Neandertals or
Homo erectus?
Would they have:
• Learned from each
other?
• Fought?
• Traded?
• Eaten each other?
• Mated?
49
Before you answer that
question, let’s review …
• Humans appeared, and they
started TALKING!
• Therefore, they could share new
ideas and build up a store of
ideas – what we call “culture.”
• They learned to live in many
different environments.
• And they migrated to all the
world’s major landmasses and
many of its islands, big and
small.
50
S.W. Asia
Australia
Europe & Siberia
Americas
100k yrs ago
60k yrs ago
40k yrs ago
13k yrs ago
After all, no other
large animals had
spread so widely! So
what was so special
about us?
Big
Eras
3-9
Today
10k years ago
Big Era 2
200k yrs ago
Big Era 1
Human Origins
That’s amazing!
Why were modern humans
able to move into so many
different environments?
51
Language!
• Homo sapiens had language
– so they could exchange complex ideas with each
other.
– and they could store and add to the ideas of
previous generations.
• Because they swapped ideas, they kept finding
– new ways of doing things.
– new ways of living.
Language
New
Ideas
Shared
Ideas
Learning
52
Language made
collective learning possible.
• The stores of
knowledge and skills
humans built up are
called “culture.”
• No other animal can
store and accumulate
knowledge and skills in
this way.
It is what
human history
is about!
It is what
makes us
special!
• We call this ability
“collective learning.”
53
Storing up and building on
new skills and new
knowledge is what set our
species on the path of
continuing cultural
changes that led to the
world we now live in.
Great Zimbabwe, Southern Africa, 1300-1500 CE
Towers, Kuwait City, Today
Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico, 200 BCE
54
How did collective learning change
human culture?
At first, changes in
technology were very
slow.
After about 100,000
years ago, the pace of
change began to
increase.
Evidence appears from
about that time of
humans living in east,
central, and southern
Africa. They were:
•
•
For example,
Blombos Cave
Making more advanced and varied tools.
Experimenting with body decoration and abstract
symbols.
55
What conditions drove human migration
during the Paleolithic Age and how did
Paleolithic people adapt their technology
and cultures to new regions?
How did hunting/gathering
societies shape other
aspects of Paleolithic
society?
“The ways we were.”
S.P.I.C.E.
§
Humans during this period found shelter in caves.
§
Cave paintings left behind.
Purpose??
Remains discovered at Blombos
Cave are one example of the
more complex culture some
humans were developing as
many as 90,000 years ago.
View looking
out of Blombos
Cave to the
Indian Ocean
The people who lived in this
seaside camp:
•
Made sharp stone spear
points using methods that
appeared in Eurasia only
50,000 or more years later.
•
Made objects from bone, the
earliest use of this material
known.
•
Scored bits of bone and
ochre with marks that may
have had symbolic meaning.
Bone points
from the cave
Ochre piece with scrape
marks. A person may have
scraped the ochre to
get powder to use to make
body paint.
64
Acceleration!
From about 40,000 years
ago, archaeological
evidence shows faster and
faster cultural change and
increasing complexity.
The engraved horse
panel in the Cave of
Chauvet-Pont-D’Arc
in southern France.
The image is about
31,000 years old.
Humans began to:
• Create both naturalistic
and abstract art.
• Make more specialized
tools.
Venus of the Kostenki I site in
Russia dated to about 23,000
years ago. This stone female
head is wearing headgear of
woven basketry.
• Weave and knot fiber.
• Decorate clothing.
• Make jewelry.
• Build semi-permanent
structures.
65
70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
The Paleolithic
Age is the era that
covers the period
from 2.5 million
yrs ago to 10,000
years ago.
It was
fraught
with change.
Ice Age; Old Stone Age; Paleolithic Age
2.5 million years
ago
10k years ago
Today
67
Life
200,000 years
ago looked
something like
this.
Homo erectus doing lunch
Human Origins
Paleolithic Age
200k yrs ago
10k years ago
Today
68
10,000 years ago at
the close of Paleolithic
Age, life looked more
like this:
Homo sapiens at home
Human Origins
Paleolithic Age
200k yrs ago
10k years ago
Today
69
Notice any
changes?
Homo erectus – 200,000 years ago
Homo sapiens – 10,000 years ago
Would you say
there were:
(a) No changes?
(b) Some changes?
(c) Lots of changes?
70
Changes that occurred by the end of the Paleolithic Age
End of Paleolithic
Age
(Beginning of
Neolithic Age)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Homo sapiens appear.
Language develops.
Habitats expand.
Technology multiplies.
Wall painting and
sculpture are created.
6. Hunting/Gathering
7. Nomadic
Neolithic Age; New Stone Age
10,000 years ago
1,000 years ago
Today
71