Thinking About Psychology
The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2012
Social Context Domain
Nature, Nurture, Culture and Gender
Module 21
The Psychology of Culture and
Gender
Module Overview
• Culture
• Individualism and Collectivism
• Culture and Personality, Development, and
Attachment
• Ethnocentrism
• Culture and Gender
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Culture
Culture
• The shared attitudes, beliefs, norms,
and behaviors of a group
communicated from one generation to
the next.
• The rules are passed from one
generation to the next.
• The “software of our minds”
• Different from nationality, race, and
ethnicity
David Matsumoto (1959- )
• Psychologist and crosscultural psychology
expert.
• Called culture “the
software of our minds”
Factors Influencing Culture
• Matsumoto suggests four factors
influence culture
– Population density
– Climate
– Resources
– Technology
Population Density
• Societies with higher
population densities
require more rules for
maintaining social
order.
Climate
• Climate has profound influence on lifestyles.
Resources
• Abundance or lack of resources has an
influence on how the people of the
culture behave.
Technology
• Inventions influence the interactions of
people.
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Individualism and
Collectivism
Individualism
• Giving priority to
personal goals over
group goals and
• defining identity in
terms of personal
attributes rather than
group identification
Collectivism
• Giving priority to
the goals of the
group (often the
extended family or
work group) and
• defining personal
identity accordingly.
Individualism vs Collectivism
Individualism vs Collectivism
Individualism vs Collectivism
Individualism vs Collectivism
Individualism vs Collectivism
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Individualism and
Collectivism:
Self-Concept
Self-Concept
• One’s sense of self
• Individualist cultures have an
independent understanding of self
– Are separate from others
• Collectivist cultures have an
interdependent understanding of self
– Are connected with others
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Individualism and
Collectivism:
Motivation and Emotion
Achievement Motivation
• The desire to excel
• A product of one’s
culture and cultural
influences
Motivation and Culture
• Individualist cultures view motivation as
an internal push and achievement as an
individual triumph.
• Collectivist cultures view the desire to
achieve as emerging from a sense of
indebtedness or obligation to the group.
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Culture and Personality,
Development, and
Attachment
Cross-Cultural Research
• Research that tests
hypotheses on many
groups of people to
understand whether
principles apply
across cultures.
Culture-Specific
• Principles that are true only for
people of a certain culture.
• Called culture-bound
• Opposite of
universal principles
which are true of
people of all
cultures
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Culture and Personality,
Development, and
Attachment:
Culture and Personality
Locus of Control
• Person’s perception of the source of
control over fate or what happens in life:
• People with internal locus of control
believe they control their fate through
their behavior;
• people with external locus of control
believe their fate is controlled by external
circumstances.
Internal Locus of Control
• Person’s perception that they control
their fate through their behavior
• Western (individualist) cultures tend to
have an internal locus of control.
External Locus of Control
• Person’s perception that their fate is
controlled by external circumstances
• Non-Western (collectivist) cultures tend
to have an external locus of control.
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Culture and Personality,
Development, and
Attachment:
Developmental
Psychology
Socialization
• Learning to become a member of a
culture including behaviors the
individual expects, and what is expected
of the individual
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Culture and Personality,
Development, and
Attachment:
Attachment
Secure Attachment
• Parents in the United States value secure
attachment with their children.
• Some other cultures consider such
attachment as spoiling the child.
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
• The tendency to view the world
through your own cultural filters.
• Not necessarily bad or good
Goals of Flexible Ethnocentrism
• Accepting that everyone is ethnocentric
• Realizing that culture filters can distort
reality
• Realizing people of other cultures
produce their own distortions of reality
• Learning to deal with our emotions, and
our judgments of morality and
personality as a result of ethnocentrism
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Culture and Gender
Gender
• Our definition of male and female,
• based on socially and culturally
influenced characteristics,
• as well as biology.
Gender Role
• A set of expected behaviors for males
or for females.
Gender Identity
• Our sense of being male or female.
Gender Identity
The End
Teacher Information
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teachers animate the slides wherever possible.
• Adding slides to this presentation
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teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which
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Teacher Information
• Domain Coding
– Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards,
these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the
top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA
National Standards.
• Scientific Inquiry Domain
• Biopsychology Domain
• Development and Learning Domain
• Social Context Domain
• Cognition Domain
• Individual Variation Domain
• Applications of Psychological Science Domain
• Key Terms and Definitions in Red
– To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their
definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on
the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.
Teacher Information
• Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually
slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in
slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user
directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick
access to each subsection.
• Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides,
usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included
for three purposes.
• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and
remember the concepts.
• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to
think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
• Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any
questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
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