Two states of matter they didn’t teach you
about in school…
Until Now!
Plasma
Bose-Einstein
Condensate
We all know about:
SOLIDS
Lower
Temperature
LIQUIDS
GASES
Higher
Temperature
STATES OF MATTER
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of particles
which are in continual random
motion.
Between 0°C and 100
°C, water is a liquid.
In the liquid state,
water molecules are
close together, but
can move about
freely.
Below 0°C, water
solidifies to become
ice. In the solid state,
water molecules are
held together in a
rigid structure.
At 100°C, water
becomes water
vapor, a gas.
Molecules can
move randomly
over large
distances.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
•Particles of solids are
tightly packed, vibrating
about a fixed position.
•Solids have a definite
shape and a definite
volume.
Heat
STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
 Particles of liquids are
tightly packed, but are
far enough apart to
slide over one
another.
 Liquids have an
indefinite shape and a
definite volume.
Heat
STATES OF MATTER
GAS
 Particles of gases
are very far apart
and move freely.
 Gases have an
indefinite shape
and an indefinite
volume.
Heat
PHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Solid to
liquid
Term for Phase
Change
Melting
Liquid to
Freezing
solid
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Heat goes into
the solid as it
melts.
Heat leaves the
liquid as it
freezes.
PHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Vaporization,
Liquid to
which includes Heat goes into the
gas
boiling and
liquid as it vaporizes.
evaporation
Heat leaves the gas
Gas to liquid Condensation
as it condenses.
Heat goes into the
Solid to gas Sublimation
solid as it sublimates.
But what happens if you raise the
temperature to super-high levels…
between
1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything
just be a gas?
NO!
If the gas is made up of particles which carry an
electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the
entire gas as a whole has no electric charge,
and if the density is not too high, then we
can get
The 4th state of matter:
PLASMA
On earth we live upon an island of
"ordinary" matter. The different states of
matter generally found on earth are solid,
liquid, and gas. We have learned to work,
play, and rest using these familiar states
of matter. Sir William Crookes, an
English physicist, identified a fourth state
of matter, now called plasma, in 1879.
STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
 A plasma is an
ionized gas.
 A plasma is a very
good conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
 Plasmas, like gases • Plasma is the
have an indefinite
common state
shape and an
of matter
indefinite volume.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID
Tightly packed, in
a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not
move from place
to place
LIQUID
Close together
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move
about, and slide
past each other
GAS
Well separated
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate and move
freely at high
speeds
PLASMA
Has no definite
volume or shape
and is composed
of electrical
charged particles
Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
4. Neon lights
5. Stars
Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.
Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire
Universe is in the plasma state.
The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state
6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars
6
Products
manufactured
using plasmas
impact our daily
lives:
EXAMPLES:
•Computer chips and
integrated circuits
•Computer hard drives
•Electronics
•Machine tools
•Medical implants and
prosthetics
•Audio and video tapes
•Aircraft and automobile
engine parts
•Printing on plastic food
containers
•Energy-efficient window
coatings
•High-efficiency window
coatings
•Safe drinking water
•Voice and data
communications components
•Anti-scratch and anti-glare
coatings on eyeglasses and
other optics
Plasma technologies
are important in
industries with annual
world markets
approaching $200
billion
•Waste processing
•Coatings and films
•Electronics
•Computer chips and
integrated circuits
•Advanced materials
(e.g., ceramics)
•High-efficiency
lighting
Water
Purification
Systems
Plasma-based sources
can emit intense beams
of UV & X ray radiation
or electron beams for a
variety of environmental
applications.
For water sterilization, intense UV emission
disables the DNA of microorganisms in the
water which then cannot replicate. There is
no effect on taste or smell of the water and
the technique only takes about 12 seconds.
This plasma-based UV method is effective
against all water-born bacteria and viruses.
Intense UV water purification systems are
especially relevant to the needs of
developing countries because they can be
made simple to use and have low
maintenance, high throughput and low cost.
Plasma-based UV water treatment systems
use about 20,000 times less energy than
boiling water!
Environmental
impact:
Drastically Reduce Landfill Size
High-temperature plasmas in arc furnaces
can convert, in principle, any combination
of materials to a vitrified or glassy
substance with separation of molten metal.
Substantial recycling is made possible with
such furnaces and the highly stable,
nonleachable, vitrified material can be used
in landfills with essentially no
environmental impact.
Environmental
impact:
Electron-beam generated plasma reactors can
clean up hazardous chemical waste or enable
soil remediation. Such systems are highly
efficient and reasonably portable, can treat very
low concentrations of toxic substances, and can
treat a wide range of substances.
So now we know all about
four states of matter:
SOLIDS
Lower
Temperature
LIQUIDS
GASES
PLASMAS
(only for low density
ionized gases)
Higher
Temperature
Cool Matter Song
But now what happens if you lower the
temperature way, way, down to
100 nano degrees above
“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything
just be a frozen
solid?
Not Necessarily!
In 1924 (92 years ago), two scientists, Albert
Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th
state of matter which would occur at very
very low temperatures.
Einstein
Bose
+
Finally, in 1995 (only 21
years ago!), Wolfgang
Ketterle and his team of
graduate students
discovered the 5th state of
matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his
students
The 5th state of matter:
Bose-Einstein Condensate
In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no
longer bounce around as individuals.
Instead they must all act in exactly the same
way, and you can no longer tell them apart!
Here is a picture a computer took of
Bose-Einstein Condensation
The big peak happens
when all the atoms
act exactly the same
way!
(We can’t see
Bose-Einstein
condensation
with our eyes
because the
atoms are too
small)
Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…
To really understand
Bose-Einstein
condensate you need to
know
Quantum Physics
In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists
received the highest award in science for
discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:
The Nobel Prize
The five states of matter:
BOSEEINSTEIN
SOLIDS
CONDENSATE
Lower
Temperature
PLASMAS
LIQUIDS
GASES
(only for low
density ionized
gases)
Higher
Temperature
State the Phase
Plasma
B.E.C.
Solid
Liquid
Gas