• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma
• Bose-Einstein Condensate

STATES OF MATTER
Depend on:
 Particle arrangement
 Energy of particles
 Distance between particles

STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
•Particles of solids are tightly packed.
•They are vibrating about a fixed position.
•Solids have:
• a definite shape
•a definite volume.
Heat

• Desks in rows
Analogy

STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
 Particles of liquids are tightly packed…
 but are far enough apart to slide over one another.
 Liquids have:
 An indefinite shape
 a definite volume.
Heat

Analogy
• Students in crowed hallways

STATES OF MATTER
GAS
 Particles of gases are very far apart.
 They move freely and have a lot of energy.
 Gases have:
 an indefinite shape
 an indefinite volume. Heat

• Bees in a jar
Analogy

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between
1000 ° C and 1,000,000,000 ° C ?

STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
 A plasma is a gas with charged particles.
 A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity
 Plasmas, like gases have
 an indefinite shape a
 an indefinite volume.

Some places where plasmas are found…

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

SOLID
Tightly packed, in a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not move from place to place
LIQUID
Close together with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other
GAS
Well separated with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate and move freely at high speeds
PLASMA
Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to
100 nano degrees above
“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)

In 1924, two scientists, Albert Einstein and
Satyendra Bose predicted a 5 th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.
Einstein Bose
+

Finally, in 1995, Wolfgang
Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his students
The 5 th state of matter:

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individual particles .
Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can’t tell them apart .

A computer image of a Bose-Einstein Condensate

In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:

The five states of matter:
BOSE-
EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE
SOLIDS LIQUIDS
GASES
PLASMAS
(only for low density ionized gases)
Lower
Temperature
Higher
Temperature

States of Matter
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
1. All matter is composed of small particles .
2. They are in constant , random motion .
3. They constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container.