1
GQ Magazines “Glee Gone Wild”
Appropriate Advertising for Children
Meaghan Jordan
Professor A. Hoffman
CCTP 625: Marketing, Advertising and Public Policy
22 December 2010
2
The Company
The Fox Television Network introduced the hour long, musically themed show
Glee on May 19, 2009. The show, based on a high school glee club, spends each episode
combating average teenage dramas with the help of popular and iconic musical
sequences. In the 18 months since the show premiered, it has become a pop culture
phenomenon, captivating audiences ranging in ages from 9 to 90. The viewers, who have
been dubbed “Gleeks,” faithfully tune it at 9pm EST on Tuesday nights.
The show “…is produced by Ryan Murphy Television in association with 20th
Century Fox Television. Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan are co-creators of
the series. Murphy, Falchuk, Brennan and Dante Di Loreto serve as executive
producers.”1 The co-creators of Glee, and the Fox network had not imagined the show
would evolve into an industry frontrunner and ratings gold. The first season of Glee
garnered a number of accolades and promotional engagements, including “two certified
Gold albums, more than 10 million song downloads and an incredible 19 Emmy
nominations,” as well as “…a Peabody Award; a Golden Globe for Best Television
Series, Comedy or Musical; a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance
by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series; and a People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV
Comedy. The cast has performed for the President and First Lady at the White House,
appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show," sang the national anthem at the World Series
and graced the covers of Entertainment Weekly and Rolling Stone.”2
Along with several awards Glee has launched a full scale marketing campaign to
capitalize on the current success of the show. A national concert tour, soundtracks,
merchandising, promotional appearances, online and print ad campaigns and cast
interviews are all outlets utilized by the Glee creators to effectively market their musical
product.
1
"About the Show." FOX. FOX Broadcasting Company - FOX Television Shows. Web.
27 Nov. 2010. <http://www.fox.com/glee/about/>.
2
"About the Show." FOX. FOX Broadcasting Company - FOX Television Shows. Web.
27 Nov. 2010. <http://www.fox.com/glee/about/>.
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The Controversy
The sophomore season of Glee has gained a bigger following, especially after
featuring music by Britney Spears and Lady Gaga, which has led to greater exposure for
the shows cast. The November 2010 issue of GQ, featuring Glee’s three main characters,
was released on newsstands October 25, 2010. The backlash from the cover photo and
multi-page spread was immediate. The article and accompanying photos featured the
shows biggest celebrities, Lea Michele, Dianna Agron, and Cory Monteith. However, the
high school age characters they each play were swapped for sexy, scantily clad scenes
and provocative poses.
The cover of the magazine displayed the trio with Monteith in the center of the
page flanked by Michele and Agron. His arms are draped around the women, who are
wearing a short skirt, low cut sweaters with bras revealed and Michele opting for just a
pair of pink underwear. If the clothing and facial expressions were not enough the hands
of Monteith casually grabbing the backsides of the women put the picture over the edge.
The photo’s individually showcasing the actors in the pages of the magazine pushed the
envelope farther with the women stripping down even further, as well as using poses and
gestures that stir up visions of a Playboy magazine spread.
The popularity of the show amongst tweens and teenagers has these youngsters
“Gleeking” out for anything published in relation to the show. The Parents Television
Council issued a scathing press release condemning the GQ November issue for featuring
the images. The PTC President Tim Winter stated,
“It is disturbing that GQ, which is explicitly written for adult men, is sexualizing
the actresses who play high school-aged characters on ‘Glee’ in this way. It
borders on pedophilia. Sadly, this is just the latest example of the
overt sexualization of young girls in entertainment.”3
Several media outlets reported this controversy, examining the pictorial from both the
perspectives of the audience and PTC. Linda Holmes of the NPR “Monkey See” pop
culture blog admitted that the photos were indeed sexy, which is typical content for GQ,
3
"PTC: Sexualized GQ Photo Shoot of Glee Cast Crosses the Line." Parents Television
Council - Because Our Children Are Watching. Parents Television Council, 20 Oct.
2010. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. <http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/news/release/2010/1020.asp>.
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“But not all sexualized photos are created equal, and these, indeed, are in particularly and
specifically poor taste.”4 This particular Glee scandal was covered by a number of media
outlets, from CNN to TMZ, each adding their two cents but ultimately agreeing that the
pictures were not acceptable.
The Fox Network and creators of the show who at the time refused to comment
on the situation did not address the public scrutiny. Instead they opted to remain silent
and let the media frenzy subside, while benefiting from the additional publicity for the
show. Yet, the Editor in Chief of GQ Magazine felt the need to take a firm position on the
content published in the November edition. Jim Nelson responded to the PTC suggesting
that the organization “…must not be watching much TV these days and should learn to
divide reality from fantasy…As often happens in Hollywood, these ‘kids’ are in their
twenties. Cory Monteith's almost 30! I think they're old enough to do what they want.” 5
Despite the magazine standing behind the photos, the public debate went on for weeks.
The racy Glee GQ photos have brought up the question as to whether or not the publicity
was appropriate based on the shows weekly demographics, television rating and appeal to
the younger generations.
Advertising and the Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission regulates the advertising and media industries.
The guidelines for print and television advertising are clearly defined but are dealt with as
separate entities. According to Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act they
“…will find deception if there is a representation, omission or practice that is likely to
mislead the consumer acting reasonably in the circumstances, to the consumer’s
4
Holmes, Linda. "GQ's Gross 'Glee' Photos: The Objections Are Right For The Wrong
Reasons." Web log post. NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US,
Music & Arts. PBS, 21 Oct. 2010. Web. 27 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2010/10/21/130719727/gq-s-gross-glee-photosthe-objections-are-right-for-the-wrong-reasons>.
5 "Parents Television Council Finds GQ 'Glee' Shoot 'disturbing'" Web log post. The
Marquee Blog. CNN, 20 Oct. 2010. Web. 27 Nov. 2010.
<http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/20/parents-television-council-finds-gq-gleeshoot-disturbing/>.
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detriment,”6 in any advertisement. The analysis of advertisements involves three
components
“…(1) the representation, omission, or practice must be likely to mislead the
consumer; (2) the act or practice must be considered from the perspective of the
reasonable consumer; and (3) the representation, omission, or practice must be
material, that is, likely to affect a consumer’s choice or conduct, thereby leading
to injury.”7
The FTC based on the generic makeup of the consuming group determines the
perspective of the reasonable consumer. Specifically, in the cases involving children,
“…advertisements directed to children are considered from the standpoint of an ordinary
child.”8 The perspective of the consumer is key to determining if an add will intentionally
harm or influence the customer in any way. When dealing with children and advertising
the line between appropriate and inappropriate can be blurred.
Although the GQ Glee photos were not direct advertisements for the show, the
approval from the executive team inadvertently transformed the journalistic photos into
advertisements. The placement of the advertisements in a magazine typically for men is
6
Beales III, J. Howard. "Advertising to Kids and the FTC: A Regulatory Retrospective
That Advises the Present." Speech. George Mason Law Review 2004 Symposium on
Antitrust and Consumer Protection Competition, Advertising, and Heath Claims: Legal
and Practival Limits on Advertising Regulation. 2 Mar. 2004. Speeches/Articles by J.
Howard Beales, III, Bureau of Consumer Protections. Federal Trade Commission, 25
Jan. 2007. Web. 28 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/beales/040802adstokids.pdf>.
7 Beales III, J. Howard. "Advertising to Kids and the FTC: A Regulatory Retrospective
That Advises the Present." Speech. George Mason Law Review 2004 Symposium on
Antitrust and Consumer Protection Competition, Advertising, and Heath Claims: Legal
and Practival Limits on Advertising Regulation. 2 Mar. 2004. Speeches/Articles by J.
Howard Beales, III, Bureau of Consumer Protections. Federal Trade Commission, 25
Jan. 2007. Web. 28 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/beales/040802adstokids.pdf>.
8 Beales III, J. Howard. "Advertising to Kids and the FTC: A Regulatory Retrospective
That Advises the Present." Speech. George Mason Law Review 2004 Symposium on
Antitrust and Consumer Protection Competition, Advertising, and Heath Claims: Legal
and Practival Limits on Advertising Regulation. 2 Mar. 2004. Speeches/Articles by J.
Howard Beales, III, Bureau of Consumer Protections. Federal Trade Commission, 25
Jan. 2007. Web. 28 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/beales/040802adstokids.pdf>.
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irrelevant, since the pictures were available online through various media outlets
reporting on their scandalous nature. The accidental advertisements promoting the
explicit nature of Glee were easily accessible and influential to the shows younger fan
base.
Advertising and alternative mediums in which it is achieved has evolved with the
inception of the Internet and social media platforms. The Association of National
Advertisers explains that “Advertising. It’s linked with our domestic heritage. It’s aligned
with forces that are dramatically transforming our society.”9 Children are a large part of
society and are easily influenced. Looking at the Glee photos from an advertising
standpoint of a child, it can be argued that the images are deceitful, as well as potentially
harmful. The picture of Lea Michele sitting on a bench in the high school gym locker
room with her legs spread wide while straddling a bench do not exactly convey an
innocent message. A number of Agron’s pictures have her dressed as a cheerleader,
holding pom-poms with a mega phone strategically placed between her legs. The high
school locale and childish props are suggestive. The vast majority of the images promote
a sexual lifestyle with undertones of female degradation through Michele and Agron’s
poses and infantile attire. The sexual idolization taken away from the photos by an
impressionable, Glee obsessed tween is not healthy. The pictures are not promoting the
characters of a pop culture infused, musical show but rather three young actors who
coincidentally are photographed in a setting similar to the television show they appear in.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) states, "Children are influenced by media–
they learn by observing, imitating, and making behaviors their own."10 Evaluating the
advertisement by FTC standards and from a medical standpoint clearly indicate the GQ
photos are in direct violation of federal law.
9
"The Role of Advertising in America." ANA. Web. 8 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.ana.net/advocacy2/content/advamerica>.
10 Blackwell Clark, Laura. "Influence on Children Media - History of Media for Children,
General Considerations, Studies of Media Influence, Domains of Influence,
Recommendations." Web log post. StateUniversity.com. Net Industries and Its Licensors.
Web. 28 Nov. 2010. <http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2212/Media-Influenceon-Children.html>.
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Television Rating Systems
The Federal Communications Commission adopted the current television ratings
system in 1998. The system was designed to meet the requirements mandated by Section
551 of the 1996 Telecommunications Act. The need for such a system was presented by
Congress after “…made extensive findings with respect to the influence that television
has on children and the need to provide parents with useful tools to block programming
they believe harmful to their children.”11 The “1996 Act,” the abbreviated name given to
the act,
“…required the Commission to determine whether video programming
distributors (1) have established acceptable voluntary rules for rating video
programming that contains sexual, violent or other indecent material about which
parents should be informed before it is displayed to children and; (2) have agreed
voluntarily to broadcast signals that contain such ratings.”12
In order to fulfill the legal requirements, The National Association of Broadcasters
(NAB), the National Cable Television Association (NCTA) and the Motion Picture
Association of America (MPAA) produced the first model of the TV Parental Guidelines
in 1997. Following consultations with advocacy groups and industry representatives the
FCC ruled the revised version of the TV Parental Guidelines fulfilled the described need
as it was stated in Section 551. The voluntary system was adopted by all of the major
players in the industry.
The TV Parental Guidelines consist of a ratings system with six levels of labels
that can be applied to television programming. While the ratings are displayed on
network and cable channels, news, sports and MPAA rated movies on premium cable
channels, like HBO or Starz, are excluded from the ratings system. When considering
what rating is applicable for programming towards children factors such as “…age and/or
maturity; content indicators concerning sexual situations, violence, language or
11
Federal Communications Commission. Commission Finds Industry Video
Programming Rating System Acceptable; Adopts Technical Requirements to Enable
Blocking of Video Programming (The "V-Chip") (CS Docket No. 97-55, CS Docket No.
97-321, ET Docket 97-206). Washington: FCC, 1998. Print.
12 Federal Communications Commission. Commission Finds Industry Video
Programming Rating System Acceptable; Adopts Technical Requirements to Enable
Blocking of Video Programming (The "V-Chip") (CS Docket No. 97-55, CS Docket No.
97-321, ET Docket 97-206). Washington: FCC, 1998. Print.
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dialogue…”13 are all taken into account. A particular shows designated time slot during
the day may also have an impact on the level of rating the show is give. For example,
shows broadcasted during later primetime hours have a tendency to be rated for mature
audiences, since the viewers are generally of the older demographic. Once the program
has been evaluated the show can be given the following ratings, TV-Y, TV-Y7, TV-G,
TV-PG, TV-14 or TV-MA.
The square shaped ratings appear on the screen as a show is beginning for
approximately 15 seconds. Some ratings appear at the bottom of the screen, while others
pop up in the bottom corner. The placement and design of the rating is determined by the
individual broadcast stations, but is always clearly visible to the viewer. Fox Television
Network uses a blue and white ratings icon that appears on the screen after each
commercial break for those viewers who are just tuning in.
On Tuesday nights at 9pm Glee begins on Fox with a TV-14 rating appearing on
the screen. By applying the rating to the show, the TV Parental Guidelines determined
that,
“This program contains some material that many parents would find unsuitable
for children under 14 years of age. Parents are strongly urged to exercise greater
care in monitoring this program and are cautioned against letting children under
the age of 14 watch unattended. This program may contain one or more of the
following: intensely suggestive dialogue (D), strong coarse language (L), intense
sexual situations (S), or intense violence (V).”14
This higher rating makes it clear that the issues dealt with in Glee’s storylines are not
appropriate for a younger audience.
The TV Parental Guidelines dictate which rating appears on screen at the time of
the particular broadcast. The rating on the screen in evaluated based on specific terms, so
as to be applicable to every show reviewed. However, often parents do not agree with the
rating or the coinciding appropriateness of the topics featured in shows. To further
awareness and aid parents trying to decide if a child can view a certain show, The Parents
13Federal
Communications Commission. Commission Finds Industry Video
Programming Rating System Acceptable; Adopts Technical Requirements to Enable
Blocking of Video Programming (The "V-Chip") (CS Docket No. 97-55, CS Docket No.
97-321, ET Docket 97-206). Washington: FCC, 1998. Print.
14 "UNDERSTANDING THE TV RATINGS." The TV Parental Guidelines. TV Parental
Guidelines. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. <http://www.tvguidelines.org/ratings.htm>.
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Television Council offers a second rating system on their website. The reviews of
specific programs are deconstructed to include what questionable topics are addressed in
the show, the offensive language used and an overall synopsis of the program. At the end
of the explanation an appropriate age rage is recommended to the parent. Going one step
further, a traffic light rating is also included, with red meaning a “Show may include
gratuitous sex, explicit dialogue, violent content, or obscene language, and is unsuitable
for children,” yellow being “The show contains adult-oriented themes and dialogue that
may be inappropriate for youngsters,” and green being “Family-friendly show promoting
responsible themes and traditional values.”15 The stop light colors illustrate the suitable
viewership for categories involving sex, language violence and overall content.
In the specific case of Glee, the Parents Television Council disagrees with the
rating given by the TV Parental Guidelines. The PTC suggests that Glee is unsuitable for
children under the age of 16, due to sexual innuendo and more mature topics dealt with in
each week’s plotlines. The website rating firmly asserts, “Parents should be aware that
this is an edgy teen show filled with adult themes. Simulated sex scenes are usually left to
the adults on the show, but sexual situations between the teens are dealt in frank and
explicit ways.”16 The two trusted television ratings systems may disagree on a suitable
age for young viewers to begin watching the show. In spite of this fact, it is unanimous
that the sexual and adult content of Glee is a troubling point that is overlooked because of
the popular music and high school setting.
The Analysis
The marketing and advertising of any product toward children is heavily
monitored and regulated by the Federal Trade Commission. The Glee GQ photo’s were
not direct advertisements from the network for the show but publicity for the three actors
featured in the show. However, the show’s executive staff approved the photo shoot for
15
"GLEE - Parents Television Council Family TV Guide Show Page." Parents
Television Council - Because Our Children Are Watching. Parents Television Council,
2010. Web. 18 Dec. 2010. <http://www.parentstv.org/ptc/shows/main.asp?shwid=2943>.
16 "GLEE - Parents Television Council Family TV Guide Show Page." Parents
Television Council - Because Our Children Are Watching. Parents Television Council,
2010. Web. 18 Dec. 2010. <http://www.parentstv.org/ptc/shows/main.asp?shwid=2943>.
10
Agron, Michelle and Monteith, which meant the content of the spread was condoned as
appropriate. In the current pop culture climate, it is fair to say that publicity, whether it be
magazine articles or interviews, are considered an advertisement for the actors, as well as
the shows they represent. Using this logic the GQ spread would then be considered an
advertisement and liable to the laws regarding deceitful advertising toward children.
The popularity of Glee amongst tweens and teenagers was unexpected. The shows
creator Ryan Murphy told GQ "I didn't want to do a family show," says Murphy. "I
wanted to do my version of a family show. But we try to be as responsible as we can,
because we know some young people watch. Some of the humor goes over their head,
hopefully."17 The sensitive issues dealt with during the hour long musical is rated TV-14
for reason, but that has not stopped younger audiences from tuning in on Tuesday
evenings.
The corporate acknowledgement that the show addresses adult subjects coupled
with the ratings are helping parents make an educated decision about whether or not a
child can watch the show. The young audiences that are allowed to watch have become
engrossed with the musical nature of the show, “Gleeking” out and going fan crazy for
any material mentioning the show. Based on the young demographic, shows like Glee
should not be participating in photo shoots like the one featured in the November issue of
GQ. The advertisements and publicity for any show or the actors should coincide with the
age of the audience. The rating of a television show should also be a factor in the type of
advertisements released to promote a single episode or an entire season. Glee, being rated
TV-14 could have material geared toward a slightly older crowd, but should also consider
that a large part of their audience is young. A similar advertising issue occurred in 2008
with the popular CW show Gossip Girl. The launch of the “OMFG” campaign for the
shows midseason premiere were not received well by many people. The response from
network clearly explained,
“We wanted to create a provocative campaign that stands out from the
competition and reminds viewers of some of the 'OMG' moments that have made
17
Pappademas, Alex. "Glee Gone Wild." GQ Nov. 2010. GQ.com. Conde Nast Digital.
Web. 27 Nov. 2010. <http://www.gq.com/entertainment/movies-and-tv/201011/gleegleeks-rachel-finn-quinn-cory-monteith-lea-michele-diana-agron?currentPage=1>.
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Gossip Girl one of the most buzzed-about new shows on television," the CW said
in a statement. "This sexy, sophisticated campaign speaks directly to our adult 1834 viewers using expressions that are part of their lexicon.”18
These particular print and television ads were for an intended demographic, but
like Glee, Gossip Girl has a young fan base because of the books, which the show is
based off of. The CW then chose to also feature ads that just said “OMG.” The network
was able to cater to their projected audience while still taking into consideration the
younger audiences who they did not initially anticipate would be watching the show.
Glee should consider a marketing strategy comparable to Gossip Girl to avoid future
controversy. The advertisements, particularly for children, should reflect the standards set
forth by the FTC to ensure that the contents of the ads are not deceiving but truthfully
representing the show. The advertising and/or promotional materials should find a happy
medium to appease all demographics.
In the December/January issue of Teen Vogue Glee once again takes center stage.
Monteith and Michele are featured on the front cover with an accompanying interview
and pictures. This publicity for the show is age appropriate, showing the on screen couple
fully clothed and in proper poses. This advertisement, unlike GQ, promotes the show in
an acceptable manner towards children. The wholesome Teen Vogue spread is an
example as to how the show should be marketed towards its young audience. The
pictures in this article are not deceiving and properly illustrate how Michele and Monteith
would act during a typical episode of Glee.
Conclusion
The regulation of advertising, especially when involving television shows, needs
to be monitored closely. Glee being a pop culture phenomenon has attracted an audience
comprised of all ages. The advertising of the show and its actors has to take into
consideration that children are devouring all things related to the show, even if they do
not appear in kid friendly environments, like GQ. What the Glee GQ controversy brought
18
"'Gossip Girl' Ad Campaign Features Sex and Foul Slang Term." FoxNews.com Breaking News | Latest News | Current News. Fox News Networks, 11 Apr. 2008. Web. 5
Dec. 2010. <http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,350368,00.html>.
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to light was the fact that producers/networks have to be proactive about subsequent ad
campaigns. The mass understanding and technologically savvy youth in contemporary
society are able to view anything about Glee by simply typing the shows title into a
search engine. Keeping publicity in check will prevent controversies and deceitful
advertising towards impressionable youth.
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Works Cited
"About the Show." FOX. FOX Broadcasting Company - FOX Television Shows. Web.
27 Nov. 2010. <http://www.fox.com/glee/about/>.
Beales III, J. Howard. "Advertising to Kids and the FTC: A Regulatory Retrospective
That Advises the Present." Speech. George Mason Law Review 2004 Symposium
on Antitrust and Consumer Protection Competition, Advertising, and Heath
Claims: Legal and Practival Limits on Advertising Regulation. 2 Mar. 2004.
Speeches/Articles by J. Howard Beales, III, Bureau of Consumer Protections.
Federal Trade Commission, 25 Jan. 2007. Web. 28 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/beales/040802adstokids.pdf>.
Blackwell Clark, Laura. "Influence on Children Media - History of Media for Children,
General Considerations, Studies of Media Influence, Domains of Influence,
Recommendations." Web log post. StateUniversity.com. Net Industries and Its
Licensors. Web. 28 Nov. 2010.
<http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2212/Media-Influence-onChildren.html>.
Federal Communications Commission. Commission Finds Industry Video Programming
Rating System Acceptable; Adopts Technical Requirements to Enable Blocking of
Video Programming (The "V-Chip") (CS Docket No. 97-55, CS Docket No. 97321, ET Docket 97-206). Washington: FCC, 1998. Print.
"GLEE - Parents Television Council Family TV Guide Show Page." Parents Television
Council - Because Our Children Are Watching. Parents Television Council, 2010.
Web. 18 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.parentstv.org/ptc/shows/main.asp?shwid=2943>.
"'Gossip Girl' Ad Campaign Features Sex and Foul Slang Term." FoxNews.com Breaking News | Latest News | Current News. Fox News Networks, 11 Apr. 2008.
Web. 5 Dec. 2010. <http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,350368,00.html>.
Holmes, Linda. "GQ's Gross 'Glee' Photos: The Objections Are Right For The Wrong
Reasons." Web log post. NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World,
US, Music & Arts. PBS, 21 Oct. 2010. Web. 27 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2010/10/21/130719727/gq-s-gross-gleephotos-the-objections-are-right-for-the-wrong-reasons>.
Pappademas, Alex. "Glee Gone Wild." GQ Nov. 2010. GQ.com. Conde Nast Digital.
Web. 27 Nov. 2010. <http://www.gq.com/entertainment/movies-andtv/201011/glee-gleeks-rachel-finn-quinn-cory-monteith-lea-michele-dianaagron?currentPage=1>.
14
"Parents Television Council Finds GQ 'Glee' Shoot 'disturbing'" Web log post. The
Marquee Blog. CNN, 20 Oct. 2010. Web. 27 Nov. 2010.
<http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/20/parents-television-council-finds-gqglee-shoot-disturbing/>.
"PTC: Sexualized GQ Photo Shoot of Glee Cast Crosses the Line." Parents Television
Council - Because Our Children Are Watching. Parents Television Council, 20
Oct. 2010. Web. 27 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/news/release/2010/1020.asp>.
"The Role of Advertising in America." ANA. Web. 8 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.ana.net/advocacy2/content/advamerica>.
"UNDERSTANDING THE TV RATINGS." The TV Parental Guidelines. TV Parental
Guidelines. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. <http://www.tvguidelines.org/ratings.htm>.
15
Appendix A:
GQ Photo Spread for “Glee Gone Wild”
16
17
Appendix B:
Teen Vogue “O-M-Glee!”
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Appendix C:
2008 Gossip Girl “OMFG” Advertising Campaign