DSS for Integrated
Water Resources
Management (IWRM)
Criteria, frameworks
DDr. Kurt Fedra
kurt@ess.co.at
ESS GmbH, Austria
http://www.ess.co.at
Environmental Software & Services A-2352 Gumpoldskirchen
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DM: concepts and language
CRITERIA describe alternatives, their
performance, concepts we value (minimum
flow, total supply, cost of water, net benefit)
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Directly measurable
– Relevant for the decision
– Model generated for evaluation, ranking
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Problem structure (static)
• Expectations (observation or
forecasts) of a systems state
• Valued components (criteria)
• Problem: mismatch, deviation
• Cause of the problem (change ?)
• Mechanisms for “repair”
(instruments, decision variable)
• Success: improved criteria
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Water resource MC optimization
Design or select policies to
• Maximize the benefits
• Minimize the costs
Using multiple criteria in parallel:
1.physical/hydrological
2.monetary (socio-economic)
3.environmental
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DSS objective:
Design and select possibilities for considerable
INCREASES OF NET BENEFITS
(improvements in several criteria)
Globally (entire basin)
Sectorally (e.g., irrigated agriculture)
Geographically (administrative units or
hydrographically by sub-basin)
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Mechanisms to distribute benefits equitably
lead to win-win solutions
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DPSIR (UNDP, EEA, …)
1. Driving forces: demography,
economic development
2. Pressure: emissions,
overexploitation
3. State: pollution, scarcity
4. Impacts: limited benefits, conflict
5. Response: legislation, projects, …
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DPSIR and DSS
1. Driving forces, Pressures:
Inputs and decision variables
2. State, Impacts:
Criteria, model generated valuation
and assessment (costs, benefits)
3. Response:
Instruments, measures that control
the inputs (1).
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Criteria organisation
Inputs:
• Driving conditions (uncontrollable)
• Decision variables (controlled)
Outputs (measures of performance):
• Objectives (minimize or maximize,
continuous, distance)
• Constraints (minimal or maximal
levels, binary: feasible or not)
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Integrated Water Resources Management
Conceptual frameworks:
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Basic generic objectives
Global or universal policies
International agreements
Generally accepted concepts and goals:
– sustainability
– efficiency
– equity
– ???
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Integrated Water Resources Management
• Water as a basic human right
• Water as an economic good
• Water as an essential
component of a “good” and
sustainable environment
– good ?
Define, quantify !
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Integrated Water Resources Management
Numerous international agreements:
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The Helsinki Rules (1966)
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)
Ramsar Convention (1971)
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981)
World Charter for Nature (1982)
Montreal Rules on Pollution (1982)
• UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)
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Seoul Rules, 1986 (int. Groundwater)
Dublin statement (1992) on sustainable development
Biological Diversity Convention (1992)
Helsinki Convention (1992)
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IWRM international agreements
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AG21, chapter 18 (1992)
Convention to Combat Desertification (1994)
Lake Victoria Fisheries Convention (1994)
UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational
Uses of International Watercourses (1997)
Aarhus Convention (1998)
New Delhi Declaration on Sustainable Development
(2002)
Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable
Development, World Summit Plan Annex (2002)
African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (2003)
Berlin Rules, 2004 (water law)
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Helsinki Revision: States shall …
• assure the technical capacity
• assure that persons ….are able to
participate in the processes
whereby decisions are made concerning the
management of waters.
• manage … waters, in a unified and
comprehensive manner.
• take all appropriate measures to manage
waters sustainably.
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Helsinki Revision: States shall …
• minimize environmental harm.
• participate in an equitable,
reasonable, and sustainable
manner.
• cooperate in good faith for the mutual
benefit of the participating States.
• manage the waters … equitable and
reasonable manner
• not to cause significant harm to other
basin States.
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Helsinki Revision: States shall …
• shall develop and use the waters to attain the optimal
and sustainable use thereof and benefits
therefrom,
• In determining an equitable and reasonable use, …
first allocate waters to satisfy vital human
needs.
and so on to a total of 189 pages …..
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Dublin Statement (1992)
Guiding principles:
1. Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource,
essential to sustain life, development and the
environment;
2. Water development and management should
be based on a participatory approach, involving
users, planners and policy-makers at all levels;
3. Women play a central part in the provision,
management and safeguarding of water (not
quoted in the GWP documents …)
4. Water has an economic value in all its
competing uses and should be recognized as
an economic good.
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Dublin Statement: guiding principles
Water has an economic value in all its
competing uses and should be recognized
as an economic good.
But also:
…it is vital to recognize first the basic right of
all human beings to have access to clean
water and sanitation at an affordable price
(EVERYWHERE ?) .
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Dublin Statement: guiding principles
Past failure to recognize the economic
value of water has led to wasteful
and environmentally damaging uses
of the resource.
Managing water as an economic good is
an important way of achieving
efficient and equitable use, and of
encouraging conservation and
protection of water resources.
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Dublin Statement: guiding principles
Managing water as an economic good is an
important way of achieving efficient and
equitable use, and of encouraging
conservation and protection of water
resources.
ASSUMES: price elasticity of demands
Elasticity: demand is a function of price.
Water pricing as an instrument to increase
efficiency of allocation/use.
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Agenda 21, Chapter 18
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Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential
to sustain life, development and the environment;
Management of water resources at the lowest
appropriate level;
The role of government as an enabler in a participatory,
demand driven approach to development;
Recognition of water as a social and economic good
with a value reflecting its most valuable potential use;
Integration of water and land use management;
Recognition of the central role played by women in the
provision, management and safe-guarding of water;
The important role of the private sector in water
management.
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WFD DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC :
prevents further deterioration … of the status of
aquatic ecosystems and, … water needs ….
terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands
(a) promotes sustainable water use …
(b) aims at enhanced protection … of the aquatic
environment, … reduction of discharges,
emissions and losses of priority substances
(c) ensures the progressive reduction of pollution of
groundwater
(d) contributes to mitigating the effects of floods
and droughts
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WFD Water Economics
As part of the analysis of the River
Basin characteristics, an economic
analysis of water uses must be
conducted.
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Perform economic analysis to:
– Make the relevant calculations
necessary for cost recovery
– The polluter should pay
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WFD Water Economics
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Make judgments about the most cost
effective combination of
measures in respect of water uses to
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be included in the program of measures
… based on estimates of the potential
costs of such measures including pricing
No SINGLE method, policy, instrument but
a (cost-effective) combination;
Fine-tuning: with MC optimization
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IWRM policy frameworks
Frameworks provide a logical
structure and checklists for:
• Criteria and indicators
• Objectives
• Constraints
• Instruments
(decision variables)
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