Lesson 4.01
The Atmosphere.
Key Points:
-The air that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere.
-The layers of the atmosphere are: Troposphere, Stratosphere,
Mesosphere, and Thermosphere.
-Warmth, Protection (Ozone Layer-Sun’s Harmful Rays)
(Meteorites also), Air, Weather.
-Questions: Where do planes fly?
Where is the Ozone Layer located?
Where does the weather happen?
Where are satellites located?
Lesson 4.02
What is Weather?
Key Points:
-Weather is the current conditions in the troposphere.
In other words, “What is going on outside right now.”
-Weather deals with: Temperature, Humidity, Visibility, Clouds,
Wind, Sunshine, Precipitation.
-Weather makes life on earth possible by giving us water to
drink and to help grow our crops.
Question: Which is weather?
It is raining today.
Or
It is usually warm in Florida.
Lesson 4.03
Things that affect Weather!
Key Points:
-The two main things that affect the Weather are:
Air Currents (Jet Stream) and Ocean Currents!
-The Jet Stream is caused by Differences of temperature, density, and
pressure between air masses.
-The Jet Stream steers storms and moves around warm and cold air.
-Ocean currents are caused by the wind.
Question:
What are the 2 main things that affect the weather?
Lesson 4.04
Fronts and Predicting the Weather.
Key Points:
-There are four different types of fronts that we are going to go over.
-A cold front is when a mass cold air moves into a mass of warm air. Since the
warm air is more dense than the cold air, the warm air is pushed away and over
the cold air.
-A warm front is when a warm air mass moves onto a cold air mass. Since the
warm air is less dense than the cold air, the warm air moves over the cold air.
-A stationary front is similar to a warm front, but the front does not move.
-An occluded front is the combination of a cold front and a warm front.
-Fronts can be used to predict the weather.
Question: How many different front types are there?
Lesson 4.05
Humidity
Key Points:
-Humidity is the amount of water vapor that is in the air.
-Humidity is caused by temperature and proximity to the ocean.
-When the air reaches 100% humidity, this means that the air
cannot hold any more water. That is when dew appears!
Question:
Can you name a place with high humidity?
Lesson 4.06
Key Points:
Clouds and Precipitation
-Steps to forming a Cloud:
Step 1: Warm air rises.
Step 2: As the air rises, it gets colder.
Step 3: The air is now colder, so the evaporated water falls out of
the air.
Step 4: The water droplets form clouds.
-3 Cloud Types
Cirrus: Cirrus clouds are very thin and wispy clouds. They do not
affect the weather much.
Stratus: Stratus clouds are long flat clouds that spread across the
sky. These clouds may bring light rain or snow.
Cumulus: Cumulus clouds are cotton-like in appearance. These
clouds produce heavy thunderstorms in the summer.
Question: Which cloud type can appear on a rainy day?
Lesson 4.07
The Water
Key Points:
-The 5 Steps to the Water Cycle are:
Cycle
Evaporation: When water from lakes, streams, and the ocean turn from
liquid water into water vapor.
Precipitation: When water falls to the Earth from the atmosphere. This can
be in the form of rain, snow, hail, or sleet.
Runoff: When precipitation gathers together and flows on the surface of the
ground and flows back to streams, lakes and oceans.
Condensation: When water vapor in the atmosphere turns back into liquid
water.
Transpiration: When water in plants evaporate into the
water vapor.
Question: True or False: The Water Cycle helps move water around the earth?
Key Points:
Lesson 4.08
Extreme Weather
Extreme weather is any weather that is different from the normal
weather that usually happens.
3 examples of extreme weather are:
Hurricanes: Hurricanes are large circular storms that are formed
over warm ocean water. Hurricanes have winds that have a speed
of 75 mph or more
Tornadoes: Tornadoes are rotating columns of violent air that
make contact with the ground. The winds in a tornado can reach as
high as 250 mph. Tornadoes usually form during the summer
thunderstorms.
Floods: Floods happen when excess water covers the land.
Question: For which type of Extreme Weather do scientists use the
names of people to name the different storms that occur that year?
Your Module 4 Review
is now Complete!
Lesson 5.01
Key Points:
Earth Spheres.
-The 5 different spheres of the Earth are:
The Cryosphere includes all the frozen water on the earth and areas of frozen
ground.
The Hydrosphere includes all the water on the planet that is not frozen. This
includes the seas, lakes, streams, water in the ground, and water vapor in the air.
The Biosphere includes all the living things on, in, or surrounding the planet. We
can find these living things in the air, ground, ice, oceans, lakes, and more!
The Atmosphere includes the layer of gasses that surrounds the earth.
The Geosphere includes all the solid and molten rock. It is made up of the earth’s
solid crust, oceanic crust, inner layers of the earth which are liquid rock, and the
solid inner core.
Question: We live on the______________?
Lesson 5.02
Weather versus Climate.
Key Points:
-Weather is the current conditions in the troposphere.
In other words, “What is going on outside right now.”
-Weather deals with: Temperature, Humidity, Visibility, Clouds, Wind, Sunshine,
Precipitation.
Climate is the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time.
Climate describes:
Average temperature of a place.
Average amount of rainfall of a place.
Average amount of snowfall of a place.
Average number of sunny days of a place.
Average humidity of a place.
Average amount of wind for a place.
Question:
-Which is weather?
It is cold today.
-Which is climate?
It is usually cold in Antarctica.
Lesson 5.03
Climate: Mean, Median, Mode
Key Points:
Mean is just another name for average. To find the mean of a set of numbers, you
simply add all the numbers up and then divide by the total numbers.
The median is the middle number in a set of numbers.
The mode is the most common number in a set of data.
Question: Let’s find the mean, median, and mode of the following set on numbers
together:
0, 5, 4, 5, 2, 3, 5,2, 1
Lesson 5.04
Key Points:
Factors that Influence Climate.
The main factors that affect an area’s Climate are:
-Distance from the Equator --The main factor that influences the climate of a place is the distance
from the equator. The closer a place is to the equator, the warmer its climate.
-Altitude --Altitude is a location’s distance above the ocean. Altitude is usually measured in feet.
Places that are close to the ocean will have a low altitude and places that are farther away from the
ocean will have a higher altitude.
-Direction of Winds--Wind can greatly affect climate. Wind can bring cold or warm air into an area.
Winds that blow from the poles will bring cold air. Winds that blow from the equator will bring warm
air.
-Ocean Currents--Ocean currents affect climate in a way similar to winds. Ocean currents move water
around the ocean. Places that are near warm water currents will have a warmer climate. Places that
are near cold water currents will have a colder climate.
-Distance from a large body of water (Ocean) -- Places that are close to the ocean tend to be warmer
in the winter and cooler in the summer. The water in the ocean keeps the air above and around it
warmer at night and cooler in the day.
Question: The state of Florida is consistently warm because…
Lesson 5.05
Key Points:
Types of Climates
Tropical Climate
Places which are located near the equator have this type of climate.
Dry Climate
A desert has this type of climate.
Mild Climate
Places which have warm summers and cool winters have this type of climate.
Continental Climate
Places which have warm summers and very cold winters have this type of climate.
Polar Climate
Places which have a cold climate year round have this type of climate.
Mountain Area
Places with high altitudes.
Question: Florida has a ____________ climate.
Lesson 5.06
Key Points:
Greenhouse Effect
The Greenhouse Effect is a good and needed process that allows the Earth's
atmosphere to absorb heat from the sun in order to keep the Earth at the
right temperature during the day and at night.
The sun’s rays come into the atmosphere and get absorbed and trapped by
compounds that are in the atmosphere.
These compounds are called Greenhouse Gases.
The common Greenhouse Gases are:
-Water vapor
-Carbon dioxide
-Methane
-Nitrous Oxide
-Ozone
Global Warming occurs when the greenhouse effect is too strong and there are too many
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is not a good thing.
Question: Do we need the Greenhouse Effect or Global Warming?
Lesson 5.07
Protection against Weather
Key Points:
Hazardous weather constantly threatens us. Because of this, humans have developed ways to
combat Mother Nature.
--Levees are man-made structures that extend the height of a river bank. During times of excess rain,
large amounts of water flow into rivers. Levees increase the amount of water that the river can hold,
reducing the chance that the river will overflow causing a flood.
--Many Dams are designed to hold back floodwater so a nearby town or city will not be flooded. The
dam captures all the excess rain water and holds it in a reservoir. The water can then be let out of the
reservoir slowly so it does not cause a flood.
--Tornado Sirens are designed to warn the people of the town that a tornado is close. This is
important because many tornadoes happen at night and the people of the town might be asleep or
unable to see the tornado.
--Protection Against Sun Exposure
Even though exposure to the sun is not a natural disaster, it is something that we need protection
against. A life time of sun exposure can cause skin cancer and eye problems. The best way to protect
ourselves from the sun is to use sunscreen and wear sunglasses to protect the skin and eyes when at
the beach, pool, snow skiing, or any other outdoor activity.
Question: Which type of protection do we need daily in Florida?
Your Module 5 Review
is now Complete!
Lesson 6.01
Organization of Life:
Key Points:
-The world is organized in a special way.
-Living things are also organized according to a hierarchy (order from smallest
to largest).
Organization of Life:
Atoms > Molecules > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems > Organisms
Question: What is the smallest level of organization?
Lesson 6.02
Cell Theory
Key Points:
-The cell theory was developed to show the relationship between cells
and living things.
There are three parts to the cell theory:
•All living organisms are made of cells.
•All cells come from other cells.
•Cells are the basic unit of life
-All living things are made of cells: unicellular or multicellular
-All cells come from other cells: All living things reproduce
organisms that are the same. Cells divide by mitosis
-Cells are the basic unit of life: All have the six properties of life:
homeostasis, organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response
to stimuli, and reproduction.
Question: How many parts make up the Cell Theory?
Lesson 6.03
Organelles
Key Points:
Animal Cell
-The different parts of the cell are called organelles: Cell Membrane, Cell Wall,
Chloroplast, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria,
Nucleus, and Vacuoles
-Animal cells differ from plant cells.
-Plant cells contain some extra organelles that animals do not have: Cell Wall
and Chloroplast.
Question:
Why don’t animals cells need a
Cell Wall or a Chloroplast?
Lesson 6.04
Cell Processes
Key Points:
Maintain balance!
-Cells maintain a balance called homeostasis.
-The cell membrane is the ‘gatekeeper’ of the cell: controls what comes in and
out of the cell.
-Cells extract energy from food for reproduction/ growth/homeostasis: ‘Mighty’
Mitochondria is the organelle that is responsible for this
-QUESTIONS:
1. How does the cell membrane help to maintain homeostasis for the
cell?
2. Cells use energy for…
3. What is homeostasis?
4. What organelle within cells extracts energy from food?
5. Why is it important to maintain homeostasis?
Lesson 6.05
Human Body Systems
Key Points:
-There are several major system of the body: The Nervous System, The
Circulatory System, The Respiratory System, The Immune System, The
Digestive System, The Musculoskeletal System, and The Reproductive
System.
-The body systems MUST work together to properly function.
Question: Which Human Body System breaks down food into energy?
Lesson 6.06
Infectious Agents
Key Points:
-There are many types of infectious agents that may infect humans.
Bacteria : are single-celled living organisms because they exhibit the 6
properties of life (Homeostasis, Organization ,Metabolism , Growth, Adaptation, Response to
Stimuli, and Reproduction)
Viruses : are nonliving infectious agents. Viruses cannot reproduce or produce
energy on their own. They must live inside a host cell. Viruses enter cells
inside our bodies and use the cells to reproduce and produce energy.
Fungi: are organisms that can cause infection. Some types of fungi are
multicellular and some are unicellular. Some examples of fungi include: molds,
mildews, yeast, and mushrooms.
Parasites: are organisms that feed on other organisms for food. Some
common examples of parasites are mosquitoes, ticks, and tapeworms.
Question: Which Infectious Agent listed above is not alive?
Lesson 6.07
Classification
Key Points:
-We put everything around us into groups: from general to specific!
•Domain: Archaebacteria (bacteria that can live in extreme environments), Eubacteria (bacteria that live in and
among us), and Eukaryote (plants, animals, fungus, and other simple organisms)
•Kingdom
•Phylum
•Class
•Order
•Family
•Genus
•Species
Easy way to remember the order…
“King Philip Came Over for Great Spaghetti!”
Question: Which Classification Group above is the
most specific?
Finished!
REMEMBER…
ALWAYS call your science teacher if you
have any questions!