CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS and
CONCRETE
BARAN ARSLAN - 20519522
AYÇA ŞEKER
- 20772831
SERKAN KOÇ
- 20519814
T.GİZEM AKSOY - 20519497
A.DİLEK SAYINTA- 20519981
GOALS

I.
II.
III.
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To give brief information about
Concrete-properties,production,composition
Cement-types of cement,mostly used cement
Construction Materials-mostly used ones.
To give ideas about how presentation is made
To upgrade our skills on making presentation
Outline
CONCRETE
1-What is concrete?
2-Composition of concrete

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Water
Aggregates
Reinforcement
Chemical admixtures
Cement
3-Concrete production
a)
b)
c)
Mixing Concrete
Workability
Curing
Outline continued
4-Properties of Concrete
5-Types of Concrete
6-Concrete Testing
7-Concrete Recycling
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
d)
Asphalt
Aggregate
Brick
Gypsum

References
a)
b)
c)
WHAT IS CONCRETE?

Construction material
 Mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates,
and in some cases, admixtures.
 The cement and water form a paste that hardens
and bonds the aggregates together.
 Often looked upon as “man made rock”.
 Versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety of
agricultural and residential uses.
 Strong, durable, versatile, and economical.
http://www.inlandcanada.com/NR/rdonlyres/F0EBC912-01A0-4D58-AE7D6F9FD7DE0FF7/0/ConcreteRecycler3.jpg
CONCRETE
CONCRETE




Can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and
reproduce any surface texture.
The most widely used construction material in the world.
In the United States almost twice as much concrete is used as
all other construction materials combined.
The ready-mix concrete producer has made concrete an
appropriate construction material for many applications.
Composition of concrete

Water

Aggregates

Chemical admixtures

Cement
http://www.bu.edu/sjmag/scimag2008/images/Texture__Concrete
_Cracked_by_ivelt_resources.jpg
WATER
Good water is essential for quality concrete.
 Should be good enough to drink--free
of trash, organic matter and excessive
chemicals and/or minerals.
 The strength and other properties of
concrete are highly dependent on the
amount of water and the water-cement ratio.

http://pure-perfection.net/custom/Water-Droplet-1039X761.jpg
AGGREGATES

Aggregates occupy 60 to 80 percent of the
volume of concrete.

Sand, gravel and crushed stone are the
primary aggregates used.

All aggregates must be essentially free
of silt and/or organic matter.
http://www.bondedaggregate.co.uk/images/select-aggregatedriveway.jpg
CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES

Materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the
concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with
plain concrete mixes.

In normal use, admixture dosages
are less than 5% by mass of cement,
and are added to the concrete at the
time of batching/mixing.
http://www.cca.org.nz/images/admixtures1.jpg
CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES


The most common types of admixtures are:
Accelerators :
- Speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete.
- Typical materials used are CaCl2 and NaCl.
Acrylic retarders :
-Slow the hydration of concrete, and are used in large or
difficult pours.
- Typical retarder is table sugar, or sucrose (C12H22O11).
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES

Air Entraining agents:
-The most commonly used admixtures for agricultural
concrete.
-Produce microscopic air bubbles throughout the concrete.
-Entrained air bubbles:
 Improve the durability of concrete exposed to
moisture and freeze/thaw action.
 Improve resistance to scaling from deicers and
corrosive agents such as manure or silage.
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES

Water-reducing admixtures
-Increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete,
allowing it be placed more easily, with less consolidating
effort.
-High-range water-reducing admixtures are a class of
water-reducing admixtures
 Increase workability
 Reduce the water content of a concrete.
 Improves its strength and durability characteristics.
REINFORCEMENT

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Strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the
compression load.
Weak in tension as the cement
holding the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to fail.
Reinforced concrete solves these
problems by adding either
metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers, http://www.eurocode2.info/images/reinforcement.jpg
glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
CEMENT


Crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium
compounds having hydraulic properties.
Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and harden
under or with excess water through the hydration of the
cement’s chemical compounds or minerals
http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11654315/Portlan
d_Cement_42_5_N_R.jpg
CEMENT


Uses
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
Modern uses
-Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks,
mortar, panels, plaster)
-Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts,
tunnels, parking, etc.)
-Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
-Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing,
poles, pylons, fencing)
-Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)
CEMENT
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS:

Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars. Made
from calcination of clay-rich limestones.

Natural cements: Misleadingly called Roman. It is made
from argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone and
clay or shale, with few raw materials. Because they were
found to be inferior to portland, most plants switched.

Portland cement: Artificial cement. Made by the mixing
clinker with gypsum in a 95:5 ratio.

CEMENT
Portland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to
35%) of ground limestone have been added as a filler to a
portland cement base.

Blended cements: Mix of portland cement with one or
more SCM (supplementary cemetitious materials) like
pozzolanic additives.

Pozzolan-lime cements: Original Roman cements. Only a
small quantity is manufactured in the U.S. Mix of pozzolans
with lime.

CEMENT
Masonry cements: Portland cement where other
materials have been added primarily to impart plasticity.

Aluminous cements: Limestones and bauxite are the
main raw materials. Used for refractory applications (such as
cementing furnace bricks) and certain applications where rapid
hardening is required. It is more expensive than portland.
There is only one producing facility in the U.S.

PORTLAND CEMENT

Most active component of concrete

The greatest unit cost in concrete,
Its selection and proper use are
important in obtaining most
http://www.cement.org/decorative/images/overview2.jpg
economically the balance of properties
desired for any particular concrete mixture.

PORTLAND CEMENT


The production process for portland cement first involves
grinding limestone or chalk and alumina and silica from shale
or clay.
Type I/II portland cements are the most popular cements used
by concrete producers
-Type I cement is the general purpose cement and most
common type. Unless an alternative is specified, Type I is
usually used.
-Type II cement releases less heat during hardening. It is
more suitable for projects involving large masses of concrete-heavy retaining walls
Types of Portland cement
Cement
type
Use
I1
General purpose cement, when there are no extenuating
conditions
II2
Aids in providing moderate resistance to sulfate attack
III
When high-early strength is required
IV3
When a low heat of hydration is desired (in massive
structures)
V4
When high sulfate resistance is required
IA4
A type I cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
IIA4
A type II cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
IIIA4
A type III cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
PORTLAND CEMENT
Physical Properties of Portland Cements
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Fineness,
Soundness
Consistency
Setting time
Compressive strength
Heat of hydration
Loss of ignition
Concrete production

This process develops physical and chemical properties like
mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and chemical
and volumetric stability.
A properly proportioned concrete mix will provide
 Mixing concrete
 Workability
 Curing
Mixing concrete

I.
II.

Essential for
The production of uniform concrete,
High quality concrete.
Equipment and methods should be capable
of effectively mixing
http://en.yujianjx.com/upload/Concrete-Mixing-Plants-HZS50.jpg
Workability



The ease with which freshly mixed concrete can be placed and
finished without segregation.
Difficult to measure but ready-mix companies usually have
experience in determining the proper mix.
Important to accurately describe what the concrete is to be
used for, and how it will be placed.
Curing


Concrete that has been specified, batched, mixed, placed, and
finished "letter-perfect" can still be a failure if improperly or
inadequately cured.
Usually the last step in a concrete
project and, unfortunately,
is often neglected even by professionals.
http://www.eagleind.com/piclib/324.jpg
Curing



Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened
concrete such as durability, strength, water-tightness, wear
resistance, volume stability, and resistance to freezing and
thawing.
Proper concrete curing for agricultural and residential
applications involves keeping newly placed concrete moist and
avoiding temperature extremes (above 90°F or below 50°F)
for at least three days.
A seven-day (or longer) curing time is recommended.
Curing



The best curing method depends on:
 Cost,
 Application equipment required,
 Materials available,
 Size and shape of the concrete surface.
Prevent the loss of the mixing water from concrete by sealing
the surface.
Can be done by:
 Covering the concrete with impervious paper or plastic
sheets,

Applying membrane-forming curing compounds.
Curing


Begin the curing as soon as the concrete has hardened
sufficiently to avoid erosion or other damage to the freshly
finished surface.
Usually within one to two hours after placement and finishing.
http://epg.modot.mo.gov/files/thumb/b/b2/1055.jpg/400px1055.jpg
Properties of concrete

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Strength
Elasticity
Cracking
Shrinkage cracking
Tension cracking
Strength
Concrete has relatively
 High compressive strength,
 Low tensile strength
 Fair to assume that a concrete sample's tensile strength is about
10%-15% of its compressive strength
 The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by
- water-cementitious ratio
-the design constituents
- the mixing
-placement
-curing methods
Elasticity


Function of the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the
cement matrix and their relative proportions
The American Concrete Institute allows the modulus of
elasticity to be calculated using the following equation:
where
wc = weight of concrete (pounds per cubic foot) and where
f'c = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (psi)
Cracking


All concrete structures will crack to some extent.
Cracks due to tensile stress induced by shrinkage or stresses
occurring during setting or use
http://www.hughpearman.com/2007/illustrat
ions/shibboleth01.jpg
Shrinkage cracking

Occur when concrete members undergo restrained volumetric
changes (shrinkage) as a result of either drying, autogenous
shrinkage or thermal effects.
The number and width of shrinkage
cracks that develop are influenced by
-the amount of shrinkage that occurs
-the amount of restraint present
-the amount and spacing of reinforcement provided.

http://epg.modot.org/files/thumb/3/39/216_Removal_of_existing_expan
sion_joint.jpg/550px-216_Removal_of_existing_expansion_joint.jpg
Tension cracking


Most common in concrete beams where a transversely applied
load will put one surface into compression and the opposite
surface into tension due to induced bending.
The size and length of cracks is dependent on
- The magnitude of the bending moment
- The design of the reinforcing in the beam at the point
under consideration.
Types of concrete
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Regular concrete
High-strength concrete
Stamped concrete
High-performance concrete
Self-consolidating concretes
Vacuum concretes
Shotcrete
Pervious concrete
Cellular concrete,
Cork-cement composites
Roller-compacted concrete
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Glass concrete
Asphalt concrete
Rapid strength concrete
Rubberized concrete
Polymer concrete
Geopolymer or green concrete
Limecrete
Refractory Cement
Concrete cloth
Innovative mixtures
Gypsum concrete
Concrete testing
Compression testing of a concrete cylinder
http://www.antouncivil.com.au/vca/Images/testing.jpg
Same cylinder after failure
http://www.concrete-curb.com/wpcontent/uploads/BreakageCylinder.jpg
General test methods
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Compaction Factor Test (Compacting Factor Test, Glanville)
Compaction Test
Free Orifice Test (Orimet Test)
K-Slump Tester
 Cone Penetration Test
Free Flow Test Methods
 Moving Sphere Viscometer
Slump Test
 Flow Trough Test
Modified Slump Test
 Delivery-Chute Torque Meter
Slump Rate Machine
 Delivery-Chute Depth Meter
Kelly Ball Test
 Surface Settlement Test
Ring Penetration Test
Concrete recycling



increasingly common method of disposing of concrete
structures
recycling is increasing due to
-improved environmental awareness
- governmental laws
-economic benefits
Recycling concrete provides
-environmental benefits
-conserving landfill space
Construction materials

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

Asphalt
Aggregate
Brick
Gypsum
ASPHALT

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


Also known as bitumen
Dark brown to black
Highly viscous
Hydrocarbon produced from
http://www.ekocozum.com/blog/wppetroleum distillation residue.
content/uploads/2008/05/asfalt.jpg
At least 80% carbon, which explains
its deep black color.
Sulphur is another ingredient.
Primarily used as a sealant for
rooftops and a durable surface for
roads, airport runways, playgrounds
and parking lots.
ASPHALT

Asphalt can be separated
from the other components in
crude oil
By the process of fractional
distillation, usually under
vacuum conditions.
http://www.cranedigital.com/case_studies/oil_and_gas/fractional_distillation_column2.jpg

TYPES OF ASPHALT


http://www.pkeenanroads.com/wp-content/gallery/stone/rolled.jpg
http://www.highwaysmaintenance.com/JPEGsurf/smisSMA
.jpg

The major types of asphalt
used in construction are ;
Rolled asphalt
Mastic asphalt.
Rolled Asphalt



Made of aggregate, or solid materials such as sand, gravel, or
recycled concrete, with an asphalt binder.
Used to make roads and other surfaces, such as parking lots,
by being applied in layers and compacted.
Different types of rolled asphalt are distinguished according to
the process used to bind the aggregate with the asphalt.
TYPES OF ROLLED ASPHALT

Hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC)
- Produced at 160 degrees
Celsius.
-This high temperature serves to
decrease viscosity and
moisture during the
manufacturing process,
resulting in a very durable
material.
-HMAC is most commonly used
for high-traffic areas, such as
busy highways and airports.
http://www.crossroadspaving.com/images/asphalt-paving-repair.jpg
ROLLED ASPHALT

Warm mix asphalt concrete
(WAM or WMA)
-Reduces the temperature
required for manufacture by adding
asphalt emulsions, waxes, or
zeolites.
-Benefits both the environment
and the workers, as it results in less
fossil fuel consumption and reduced
emission of fumes.
http://www.wispave.org/images/iStock_000007064664XSmall.jpg
ROLLED ASPHALT

Cold mix asphalt concrete,
-Emulsified in soapy water before
mixing it with the aggregate,
eliminating the need for high
temperatures altogether.
-The asphalt produced is not
nearly as durable as HMAC or WAM
http://www.dykespaving.com/wp-content/themes/classic/images/coldmix.jpg
-Typically used for low traffic
areas or to patch damaged HMAC.
ROLLED ASPHALT

Cut-back asphalt concrete
-Illegal in the United states since the 1970s, but many other
countries around the world still use it.
-The least environmentally friendly option, resulting in
significantly more air pollution than the other forms.
-Made by dissolving the asphalt binder in kerosene
beforemixing it with the aggregate, reducing viscosity
while the concrete is layered and compacted.
MASTIC ASPHALT




Also called sheet asphalt.
Lower bitumen content than the rolled asphalt.
Used for some roads and footpaths.
Used also in roofing and flooring
.
http://www.e-470.com/images/newsSMAfullsized.jpg
MASTIC ASPHALT

Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), is another variety.

Becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to rolled
asphalt.
Benefits include
-Anti-skid property
-The absence of air pockets
But if laid improperly
-May cause slippery road conditions.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
Durability
- A measure of how asphalt binder physical properties
change with age.
- Sometimes called age hardening
.
- In general, as an asphalt binder ages, its viscosity
increases and it becomes more stiff and brittle.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT


Rheology
The study of deformation and flow of matter.

Deformation and flow of the asphalt binder in HMA is
important in HMA performance.

HMA pavements that deform and flow too much may be
susceptible to rutting and bleeding, while those that are too
stiff may be susceptible to fatigue cracking.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
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Safety
Asphalt cement like most other materials, volatilizes (gives
off vapor) when heated.
Flash point.
For safety reasons, the flash point of asphalt cement is tested
and controlled.
Purity.
Asphalt cement, as used in HMA paving, should consist of
almost pure bitumen.
Impurities are not active cementing constituents and may be
harmful to asphalt performance.
AGGREGATE


Collective term for sand, gravel and crushed stone mineral
materials in their natural or processed state
Roads and highways constitute the largest single use of
aggregate at 40 percent of the total
AGGREGATE ORIGINS AND
PRODUCTION

I.
II.

Can either be natural or manufactured
Natural aggregates are generally extracted from larger rock
formations through an open excavation
Manufactured rock typically consists of industrial
byproducts such as slag (byproduct of the metallurgical
processing – typically produced from processing steel, tin
and copper)
Specialty rock that is produced to have a particular physical
characteristic not found in natural rock (such as the low
density of lightweight aggregate).
AGGREGATE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES


Toughness and abrasion resistance. Aggregates should be
hard and tough enough to resist crushing, degradation and
disintegration from activities such as manufacturing,
stockpiling, production, placing and compaction.
Durability and soundness. Aggregates must be resistant to
breakdown and disintegration from weathering
(wetting/drying) or else they may break apart and cause
premature pavement distress.

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Particle shape and surface texture. Particle shape and
surface texture are important for proper compaction, load
resistance and workability. Generally, cubic angular-shaped
particles with a rough surface texture are best.
Specific gravity. Aggregate specific gravity is useful in
making weight-volume conversions and in calculating the void
content in compacted Hot Mixed Asphalt
Cleanliness and deleterious materials. Aggregates must be
relatively clean when used in HMA. Vegetation, soft particles,
clay lumps, excess dust and vegetable matter may affect
performance by quickly degrading, which causes a loss of
structural support and/or prevents binder-aggregate bonding
GYPSUM
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Occurs in nature as :
- flattened
- often twinned crystals
- transparent cleavable masses
called selenite.
May also occur in a silky, fibrous
form, in which case it is commonly
called satin spar.
Finally may also be granular or quite
compact.
In hand-sized samples.
Can be transparent or opaque.
http://www.warmtec.co.nz/mediac/400_0/media/variotherm3.JPG
OCCURRENCE GYPSUM

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A common mineral, with thick
and extensive evaporite beds in
association with sedimentary
rocks.
Gypsum is deposited in lake and
sea water.
Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins
is commonly hydrated to gypsum
by groundwater in near surface
exposures.
Often associated with the
minerals halite and sulfur.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum
USES OF GYPSUM



Gypsum Board primarily used as a finish for walls and
ceilings; known in construction slang as Drywall
Plaster ingredient.
A component of Portland cement used to prevent flash setting
of concrete.
BRICK
Masonry unit
 Does not infer any particular material
 About %90 of UK, bricks made from
some form of clay.
 %8 of UK bricks made of concrete
crushed rock aggregate and portland
http://www.urbanrevivals.com/images/brick/brick_all_web.jpg
cement are main constituents.
 %3 of UK of brick made from sand and lime,
sometimes with the addition of crushed flint.

TYPES OF BRICK
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Common unit - suitable for general
construction,with no special claim to
give an attractive appereance.
Facing unit - speacilly made or
selected to give an attractive
appearance
Header- shorter face of a masonry
unit showing on the face of a wall
Brick- not exceeding 338 mm in
lenght,225mm in width,nor 113 mm
in height.
http://www.legacy-research.com/pages/files/justicectr/wellbricks.JPG
TYPES OF BRICK
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Engineering brick- fired clay brick,having a dense and strong
semi-vitreous body,conforming to defined limits for water
absorbtion and compressive strength
Frogged brick-Frogs not exceeding %20 of gross volume
Soft mud bricks- most economical.burned at 900-1000 C to
achieve strenght.
Dry pressed bricks-more accurate,sharper-edged bricks
TYPES OF BRICK


Extruded bricks-hard dense,lighter,easier to handle,different
thermal properties from solid bricks.make hardened by drying
20-40 hours at 50-150 C before being fired.
Calcium silicate bricks-consist of lime,mixed with quartz ,
crushed flint or crushed siliceous rock with mineral colourants.
Bricks are accurate ,uniform, various colors( white is
common)
USES OF BRICK

In metalurgy industry ,
glass industry for lining
furnaces.

Use as a refractory (silica,
magnesia bricks)
To make
walls,barbeques,fences etc..

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
BRICK
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Hard
Durable
Rectangular
Smallish
Holds heat well/insulates
Compact
Come in several earth-tone colors
Cheap
REFERENCES
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WEB,http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/cement.html
WEB ,http://www.concrete.org/general/fE4-03.pdf
WEB,http://architecture.arqhys.com/construction/properties-asphalt.html
WEB,http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_aggregate.asp
Standard specification for portland cement (AASHTO M 85-89). 1986. AASHTO standard
specification for transportation materials. Part I, Specifications. 14th ed.
Powers, T. C., L. E. Copeland, J. C. Hayes, and H. M. Mann. 1954. Permeability of portland
cement paste. ACl Journal Proceedings 51 (3):285-98.
Whiting, D. 1988. Permeability of selected concretes. ACI special publication. Permeability
of concrete SP-108: 195-222.
Tsuji, Y., and N. Miyake. 1988. Chemically prestressed precast concrete box culverts.
Concrete International: Design and Construction 10 (5):76-82 (May).
Ramachandran, V. S., and R. F. Feldman. 1984. Cement science. In Concrete admixtures
handbook: Properties, science, and technology, ed. V. Ramachandran, 1-54. Park Ridge, N.J.:
Noyes Publications.
Thank you for your attention

1.
2.
3.
4.
Simple question about our presentation.
What is the composition of concrete?
What is the purpose of curing?
What is the types of asphalt mostly used in construction?
What type of construction material is used for lining the
kilns?