INTRODUCTION
Cataloguing and classification is simply a way of
organizing library materials in such a way that the
retrieval will not be difficult for library users.
Therefore, there is strong need to organize library
collections for easy access for users because if the
collections are not organized the resources will be
useless. The acceptable way of organizing collections is
what
librarians
describe
as
cataloguing
and
classification.
The purpose of organizing library
materials are:
- to make location of library materials
easy
- to save time and space
- to facilitate easy accessibility to the
materials
- to enhance effective utilization of the
materials
- to make the library attractive to its
users
The University of Ilorin Library, like most
university libraries in Nigeria, uses LC Scheme
and operates the dictionary catalogue. If the
user knows only the author of a book, he would
use the surname to locate the book in the
Author / Title catalogue. The same applies if
the user knows only the title of the book. The
user may not know the author or title, but has a
subject he wants to work on. In this case he
would use the subject catalogue. Whatever
approach the user takes when using the library
catalogues, the information needed to locate
the material would be found in the catalogues.
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30.3
HATTERSLEY, Michael E
Management communication principles and practice /
H36
by Michael E. Hattersley and Linda McJannet. – 3rd ed.
Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2008
xiii, 288p. :ill
Includes bibliographical references
ISBN 978-007-125926-2
1.
Communication in management Case Studies
I.
II.
McJannet, Linda. jt author
Title
077038-01-02
Nigerian Journal of Agronomy
S1
.N572
V. 1. No. 1, 1986
Ile Ife; Dept. of Plant Science
Obafemi Awolowo University
Nigeria.
Library has V.1. No. 1 (1986)
It is only in the case of government documents that
libraries devise home-made scheme with very simple
notations for their cataloguing and classification. For
example, at the University of Ilorin library:
AZ:
stands for Nigerian Federal Publications
KW:
for Kwara publications
Doc:
for International and publications from
other countries, e.g.
Doc/Gh: for Publications from Ghana
Apart from the card catalogues, online
searching is also available in many
libraries. To use the on-line Public
Access Catalogue (OPAC), the user can
use any of the known information
about the document, e.g. title, author,
subject, ISBN, series,
accession
number, or class mark, to get the
document because all the entries will
appear on the same template.
In conclusion, Cataloguing and
Classification have remained essential
activities in traditional and electronic
information retrieval environments.
The activities involved in the
organization of information resources
in the libraries have the overall
intention of facilitating easy access to
and retrieval of the resources in the
library.
A research paper involves the assimilation of
prior scholarship and entails the
responsibility to give proper
acknowledgement whenever one is indebted
to another for either words or ideas”
(Turabian 1996:74). Scholars must
acknowledge their intellectual debts to
predecessors, teachers and colleagues by
meticuously documenting the origins of
each and every discrete idea in their
As Joseph Gibaldi (1998:151) has usefully
noted, “[w]henever you draw on another’s
work
you must specify what you
borrowed—whether facts, opinions, or
quotations—and where you borrowed it
from.” Failure to give due credit to all “facts,
opinions, or quotations” borrowed from
others constitutes plagiarism, a serious
violation of professional ethics.
Proper citation and referencing is not just
a crucial concern in the writing of term
papers, research papers and theses.
Rather,
careful
and
meticulous
acknowledgement of your sources should
characterize all of your academic work,
and should begin in the earliest stages of
research.
In this way, it can be argued that diligent
note taking and organized file keeping,
coupled with scrupulous academic
honesty, are your best defense against
wasteful reduplication of previous effort,
accidental misappropriation of another’s
intellectual property, and tedious hunting
for a fact remembered in a source
unrecalled. Simply put, it is never too
early to begin making careful and
detailed notes.
There are several reasons for including a
reference:
- it is ethical to credit others for their
contributions to your writing;
- it may be a legal obligation in the case of
copyright;
- to protect you in the case of questionable
allegations;
- to reflect your prior reading effort;
- to show the sequence of events involved in
the resolution of a scientific problem, as part
of your argument.
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DOCUMENTATION/CITATION/REFERENCING
STYLES
APA Style Sponsored by the American Psychological
Association.
MLA Style Sponsored by The Modern Language
Association.
CM/Turabian Style endorsed by The University of
Chicago Press.
CSE Style endorsed by The Council of Science Editors.
COS Style – Columbia Online Style for Electronic
Sources.
Reference Citations in the Text:
Single author: Use the author's last name, year.
(Morse, 1996) OR Morse (1996) showed that...
Two authors: Use both authors' last names, separated
by an ampersand if in parentheses.
(Ringsven & Bond, 1996) OR In their study, Ringsven
and Bond (1996)
Three to five authors: Use all authors' names and
year, the first time the reference occurs; in
subsequent citations, include only the first author
followed by "et al." and the year.
First citation: (Johnson, Brunn, & Platt, 2002) OR
Johnson, Brunn and Platt (2002)
Subsequent citations: (Johnson et al., 2002). Omit
the year if the subsequent citation is in the same
paragraph.
Six or more authors: Use only the first author
followed by et al. and the year.
(Arpin et al., 2001) OR Arpin et al. (2001)
If two references with the same year shorten to the
same form, cite the name of the first authors and as
many of the subsequent authors as necessary to
distinguish the two references, followed by a comma
and et al.
Groups as authors:
Corporation, association, and government names are given
in full in the first citation, and may be abbreviated
thereafter if the name is long.
(The Michener Institute, 2002) OR The Michener Institute
(2002) reported that...
Personal communication used as a citation should be
avoided, unless it provides essential information not
available from a public source. Do not include it in the
reference list; instead cite the last name and initials of the
person and date of communication in parentheses in the
text.
(T. K. Lutes, personal communication, September 28,
1998) OR
T.K. Lutes (personal communication, September 28, 1998)
Internet sources may, in time, be deleted,
changed, or moved, so it is a good idea to keep a
hard copy for your records. Also, take care to
critically evaluate the reliability and scholarly
relevance of the information.
Direct quotes are to be used very sparingly.
Incorporate short quotes of fewer than 40 words
into the text and place quotation marks around the
quote. Quote 40 or more words in a double-spaced
block of text indented 5 spaces from the left
margin, without quotation marks. Give specific
page numbers.
"quote" (Miele, 1993, p. 276) OR Miele (1993) found
that "quote" (p. 276).
On the References Page
The last page of your paper is entitled References.
Order of entries: List all references in alphabetical order.
Each reference is listed only once.
Authors: List the author's last name, followed by a comma
and initials separated by periods and spaces. When listing
two to six authors, place commas between them and use an
ampersand (&) before the last author's name. If the
number of authors exceeds six, list the first six followed by
"et al." (see the Senden example). For edited books with
chapters written by individual authors, list the authors of
the chapter first, then the year, and the chapter title,
followed by "In", the editors' names, then (Eds.), and the
book title (see the Phillips example).
Date: The year goes after the authors, in
parentheses and followed by a period, for
example (2003). If no year is identified, use
(n.d.).
Title: Capitalize the first letter of the first word
in the title, and the first word in the subtitle.
The rest of the title is in lower-case, with the
exception of proper names. The title is italicized
or underlined.
Book references: Give the title, edition, city of
publication, and publisher. If there is an edition
it appears after the title, abbreviated, in
parentheses, and followed by a period, for
example (3rd ed.).
Journal references: Give the journal title written in
full, a comma, volume number [all italicized or
underlined], issue number in parentheses if available,
comma, and the page range, followed by a period. For
example: Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 38(10), 132733.
Pages: For journal articles, give the entire page range
of an article, not the specific page on which the
information was found. For books, no page numbers
are given, with two exceptions: the page number of a
dictionary entry is included (see the Dorland's
example), as well as the page range of a chapter with
its own author in an edited book (see the Phillips
example).
Parenthetical References
Parenthetical documentation allows you to
acknowledge a source within your text by providing a
reference to exactly where in that source you found
the information. The reader can then follow up on
the complete reference listed on the Works Cited
page at the end of your paper.
 In most cases, providing the author's last name
and a page number are sufficient:
In response to rapid metropolitan expansion
 If there are two or three authors, include the last
name of each:
(Winks and Kaiser 176)
(Choko, Bourassa, and Baril 258-263)
 If there are more than three authors, include the last
name of the first author followed by "et al." without
any intervening punctuation:
(Baldwin et al. 306)
 If the author is mentioned in the text, only the page
reference needs to be inserted:
According to Postman, broadcast news influences the
decision-making process (51-63).
 If there is no author, as is the case with some web
pages, include either the whole title of the work in the
text or use a shortened form of the title in parentheses,
using the first words of the title. Italicize the titles of
books and place the titles of articles in quotation
marks:
Voice of the Shuttle has many electronic sources.
 If there are no page numbers in your source, as is the case
with some web pages, you can indicate the section or
paragraph number in your parenthetical reference. If
there are no such reference marks, do not include them in
your reference. Do not count unnumbered paragraphs:
Winston argues that "Rourke has lowered his defenses"
(par. 29).
 When citing a quotation which is cited in another
source, indicate the source you actually consulted in your
parenthetical reference and in your works cited. Use the
abbreviation qtd. in to indicate that the information has
been quoted in another source:
Landow admitted that there was "work to be done" (qtd. in
Rogers 333).
Works cited - General guidelines
The alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end
of your paper contains more information about all of the
sources you've cited allowing readers to refer to them, as
needed. The main characteristics are:
- The list of Works Cited must be on a new page at the end
of your text
- Entries are arranged alphabetically by the author's last
name or by the title if there is no author
- Titles are italicized (not underlined) and all important
words should be capitalized
- Entries are double-spaced (for the purposes of this page,
single-spacing is used)
- Each entry must include the publication medium.
Examples include: Print, Web, DVD, and Television.
The CM/Turabian Style uses bibliographic note system
giving information about each source in a footnote or
an endnote, and if required, in a Bibliography at the
end of the research paper.
It also uses the author-date in text citation like APA and
ending of Works cited or References.
In CM. place your notes at the end of a paper
(endnotes) or at the foot of the page on which you refer
to a source (footnotes).
Use Bibliography for your list of sources at the end of
your research paper.
Number notes sequentially throughout your paper
whether endnotes or footnotes.
In endnotes and footnotes, give author’s name as given
in the original source (first name first).
In the Bibliography, invert the name (last name first).
If your source has four to ten authors, give all the
names. If it has eleven or more authors list only the
first seven and use et al. for the rest.
N = Footnote or Endnote entry
PR = Parenthetical Reference
entry
B = Bibliographic list entry
RL = Reference List entry
Standard Format (example only):
N
1. Author first name Author last name, Title
(Location of Press: Press Name,Year Published),
page number.
B
Author last name, Author first name. Title.
Location of Press: Press Name,Year Published.
PR (Author last name Year Published, page number)
RL Author last name, Author first name. Year
Published. Title (with only first word capitalized).
Location of Press: Press Name.