Прикладная
Гидрогеология
Yoram Eckstein, Ph.D.
Fulbright Professor 2013/2014
Tomsk Polytechnic University
Tomsk, Russian Federation
Spring Semester 2014
Useful links
http://www.onlineconversion.com/
http://www.digitaldutch.com/unitconverter/
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/basics.html
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs.html
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/techniques.html
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/CRT/
II. Hydrologic Cycle
Qualitative Hydrologic Cycle
Phase diagram of water
The principle of mass conservation
inflow = outflow ± change in storage
Qin = Qout ± ΔS
non-steady state or
transient conditions
if ΔS = 0
steady state conditions
Fluxes in Global Hydrologic
Cycle
Storage in Global Hydrologic
Cycle (in %)
Inventory of the World's water
reservoirs
RESERVOIR
Oceans
Glaciers and Ice
Sheets
Ground-water
Lakes
Rivers
Atmosphere
Biosphere
TOTAL
VOLUME (cubic
kilometres)
PERCENTAGE OF
TOTAL
1,370,000,000
97.25
29,000,000
2.05
9,565,000
0.685
125,000
0.01
1,700
0.0001
13,000
0.001
600
0.00001
1,408,705,300
100
Inventory of the World's water
reservoirs
Global values for the major
fluxes between reservoirs.
FLUX (cubic kilometres
per year)
RESERVOIRS
PROCESS
OCEANS-ATMOSPHERE
Evaporation
400,000
Precipitation
370,000
Evaporation
60,000
Precipitation
90,000
Runoff
30,000
LAND MASSES ATMOSPHERE
LAND MASSES - OCEANS
Approximate residence time of
water found in various reservoirs.
Reservoir
Approximate Residence Time
Oceans
2500 years
Lakes
100 years
Shallow Ground-water
200 years
Deep Ground-water
10,000 years
Glaciers
40 years
Seasonal Snow Cover
0.4 year
Soil Moisture
0.2 year
Atmosphere
8 days
Rivers
16 days
Approximate
residence
time of water
in the
Caspian Sea.
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer the largest reservoir of “fossil”
ground-water
Nubian
Sandstone
Aquifer - the
largest reservoir
of “fossil”
ground-water
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer the largest reservoir of “fossil”
ground-water
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer the largest reservoir of “fossil”
ground-water
Evaporation
http://www.whycos.org/hwrp/guide/chapt
ers/english/original/WMO168_Ed2008_V
ol_I_Ch4_Up2008_en.pdf
http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/14359/1/wmoevap_
271008.pdf
Pan-Evaporation
Pan evaporation is a measurement that
combines or integrates the effects of
several climate elements: temperature,
humidity, rain fall, drought dispersion,
solar radiation, and wind. Evaporation
is greatest on hot, windy, dry, sunny
days; and is greatly reduced when
clouds block the sun and when air is
cool, calm, and humid. Pan evaporation
measurements enable farmers and
ranchers to understand how much
water their crops will need.
Pan-Evaporation
An evaporation pan is used to hold water
during observations for the determination
of the quantity of evaporation at a given
location. Such pans are of varying sizes
and shapes, the most commonly used
being circular or square. The best known
of the pans are the "Class A" evaporation
pan and the "Sunken Colorado Pan". In
Europe, India and South Africa, a Symon's
Pan (or sometimes Symon's Tank) is used.
Often the evaporation pans are automated with water level
sensors and a small weather station is located nearby.
Evapo-Transpiration
Transpiration: The release
of water from plant leaves
Evapotranspiration
is the sum of
evaporation from
the land surface plus
transpiration from
plants. Precipitation
is the source of all
water.
Evapo-Transpiration
Weighing
lysimeters
Evapo-Transpiration
Precipitation
Precipitation
Methods of measurements
dry precipitation
Precipitation over a river basin
What is the total
volume of water
that fell over the
basin during the
specified time
period?
cm/time
Precipitation over a river
drainage basin If the rain gauge network
cm/time
would be of uniform
density i.e. each gauge
would be representative
of the same area, then a
simple arithmetic
average of point-rainfall
data for each station
would be sufficient to
determine the effective
uniform depth of
precipitation over the
drainage basin area.
Precipitation over a river
drainage basin
Isohyetal
method
Isohyets –
interpolated
contour lines
Precipitation over a river
drainage basin
Isohyetal
method
Effective uniform
depth of precipitation
= EUDP
𝒏
𝑬𝑼𝑫𝑷 =
𝑰𝒊 ∗ 𝑨𝒊
𝒊=𝟎
Precipitation over a river
drainage basin
Construction of
Thiessen
polygons
(1) triangulation
Precipitation over a river
drainage basin
Construction of
Thiessen
polygons
(2) bisecting the
laterals of
each triangle
Precipitation over a river
drainage basin
Construction of
Thiessen polygons
(3) Connecting
the bisector
into a
network of
polygons
𝒏
𝑬𝑼𝑫𝑷 =
𝑰𝒊 ∗ 𝑨𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
Reading assignment
http://content.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilripublicaties/publicaties/Pub162/pub162-h4.0.pdf
Watershed = drainage basin
Major drainage
basin
Sub-basin (minor
drainage basin)
Watershed = drainage basin
Stream
gauging
𝒏
𝑸=
𝒒𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
Effluent (or gaining) stream –
typical in humid climate zones
Perennial (effluent) stream
hydrograph
Influent (or losing) stream –
typical in arid climate zones
Ephemeral (influent) stream
hydrograph
Stream – gaining during rainy
season (e.g., monsoon) and
loosing during dry season
Intermittent stream hydrograph
Storm hydrograph components
Storm hydrograph components
Direct
precipitation
on the stream
channel
Storm hydrograph components
Surface
overland flow
Storm hydrograph components
Interflow and
throughflow
Storm hydrograph components
Baseflow
Baseflow recession
on stream hydrograph
Multi-year baseflow recession
of one stream
Q  Qoe  kt
Multi-year baseflow recession
of one stream
Qot1
Vtp 
2.3
Vtp – total potential ground-water discharge
Qo – baseflow discharge rate at the
beginning of recession
t1 – time during which Qo0.1 Qo
Multi-year baseflow recession
of one stream
Qot1
Vtp 
2.3
Vtp – total potential ground-water discharge
Qo – baseflow discharge rate at the
beginning of recession
t1 – time during which Qo0.1 Qo
The volume of potential baseflow, Vt, remaining at some time ,
t, after the beginning of baseflow recession may be estimated
by:
Vt 
Vtp
10
 t 
 t 
 1
Multi-year baseflow recession
of one stream
The difference between the remaining potential ground-water
discharge at the end of a given baseflow recession and the total
potential ground-water discharge at the beginning of the next
recession represents the recharge that takes place between the
two recessions.