ANTI-NUCLEAR MOVEMENT
By Justin, Zach, and Kyle
DISASTERS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Chernobyl
Three Mile Island
(April 26th 1986)
(March 29th 1979)
A power plant in Ukraine. A major explosion
released a toxic plume of nuclear fallout that
drifted across Europe and the globe. 56
people died immediately and another 9000
later became very ill or died. Nearly 500,000
more people in the surrounding vicinity were
evacuated and much of the region remains
unsafe for human habitation today.
A power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania melted
down. Hundreds of thousands of people were forced to
evacuate the area.
Chernobyl, post explosion.
Three Mile Island
THE AFTERMATH OF THE CHERNOBYL
MELTDOWN
•
More than 7 million people in the former soviet republics of Belarus, Russia, and the Ukraine
are believed to have suffered severe medical problems and genetic damage (Thyroid, various
cancers, and cancerous growths) as the direct result of Chernobyl.
•
Chernobyl still remains unsafe for humans today, although animals still continue to thrive there.
Christoph and Barbara Promberger, examining
and radio collaring a wolf from Chernobyl. In this
picture, they are searching for the amount of
radiation in the wolf’s fur.
IT IS SAFE FOR HUMANS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT?
•
Nuclear reactors release a small amount of radioactive chemicals into the air and
water everyday during routine plant operations (This could be the cause of the
elevated cancer rates in animals/humans who live nearby)
•
Chemical waste in growing volumes are seeping into the earth to poison ground
water while huge quantities of carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons are
contributing to global warming.
DOES NUCLEAR POWER CONTRIBUTE TO
CLIMATE CHANGE?
•
Many people say that nuclear power does not contribute to global warming. Even if it
did contribute, it wouldn’t be possible right now for enough nuclear plants to be
created in order to cause significant damage to the environment. All in all, nuclear
plants can be a great help to the environment, but only if the issues of waste
disposal and runoff are solved.
DO THE BENEFITS OF NUCLEAR POWER
OUTWEIGH THE RISKS?
•
While a great many new technologies have been put in place to make sure that
disasters such as Chernobyl will not happen again, it’s still entirely possible for a
meltdown or explosion to occur. No matter how effective the technology, human
error will always be an unavoidable factor.
•
Even small radiation leaks can have dangerous effects. Some of the symptoms
include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue. People who work at nuclear power
plants and live near those areas are at a far greater risk of these symptoms due to
increased exposure to nuclear radiation.
THE TWO MOVEMENTS, AND SOME NOTABLE
GROUPS
Movements –
•
Anti-Nuclear Weapons Movement – Created in the 1950s as a response to atmospheric
testing of nuclear weapons and the nuclear bombing of Japan in WWII.
•
Anti-Nuclear Energy Movement – Began with protests in the 1960s, primarily over waste
storage and the “vesting of promotion and control functions in the Atomic Energy
Commission.”
Groups –
•
Clamshell Alliance – Created in opposition to the nuclear plant in Seabrook, New
Hampshire. One of the most famous and well-organized groups.
•
Livermore Action Group – Organized nonviolent action at Liverpool National Laboratory.
They focused on nuclear weapons, and aimed for complete global disarmament.
NOTABLE PROTESTS
•
May 1st, 1977 – About 1500 protesters were arrested following a 3-day long occupation of
Seabrook’s nuclear plant, which was organized by the Clamshell Alliance. No aggressive
resistance was recorded, and the governor of New Hampshire acknowledged their efforts.
•
August 7th, 1977 – 47 groups assembled at Diablo Canyon Nuclear Generating Station
and protested nuclear power. They marched on the plant and intended to occupy it, but
only 48 people actually scaled the fence, while 3 came from the sea. They were all
arrested.
•
April 29th, 1978 – 700 people from the original Seabrook occupation gather at the National
Guard Armory to celebrate the “first annual anniversary ball” to commemorate the
Seabrook occupation. Protest themes were found on signs and shirts, and slides were
shown of the original occupation.
CITATIONS
•
"Disadvantages Of Nuclear Energy - Conserve Energy Future."
ConserveEnergyFuture. N.p., 20 Jan. 2013. Web. 20 May 2015.
•
Debra A Miller. Nuclear Engergy, GreenHaven Press 2010.
•
World Energy Crisis. Stuart A Kallen
•
American Environmentalism. Greg Barton. GreenhavenPress, San Diego, California.
2002
•
Energy Alternatives. Luara K. Egendorf. Thomason Gale, 2006
•
"Antinuclear Movement, 1950s-1960s - NUCLEAR NEW YORK." Antinuclear
Movement, 1950s-1960s - NUCLEAR NEW YORK. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015.
•
Daubert, Victoria L., and Sue Ellen. Moran. Origins, Goals, and Tactics of the U.S.
Anti-nuclear Protest Movement. Santa Monica, CA (1700 Main St., P.O. Box 2138,
Santa Monica 90406-2138): Rand, 1985. Web. 20 May 2015.
ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT
Lindsay N, Makayla D
REASONS AGAINST WAR
•
Vietnam should settle their own issues and problems
•
Some saw it being similar to the American Revolution in 1775
Shown in
this picture,
students
from U.C.
Berkeley are
protesting
the war.
“We must follow
blindly down a deadend alley, expending
our limited
resources… in a fight
that would be
hopeless.”
- Charles Reed, U.S. State
Department of Financial
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet/kezar.jpg
•
When WWII started, the United States was united in the fight to
overcome the new threats being posed
•
Communism was becoming a growing problem in the world and
citizens of the U.S. banned together to fight this foe
•
•
War happened and Americans were willing to go over and fight these
Background
problems about what's
happening
Soon after this however people got tired of fighting, they got tired of
“The
movement
war,anti-war
and wanted
peace was
like an audience gathered
for a performance taking
place behind closed
curtains.”
PROTESTERS
America’s involvement in Vietnam was a reflection of the country’s historically imperialist policies.
• Exploited poor countries to benefit our own economy
•
The biggest anti-war protest was held in 1969 in the mall in Washington, D.C.
• About 250,000 people were there
• That was about half of the number of Americans that were in Vietnam
People opposing the drafts
•
•
When the war started there were many people against it. With
this new war and the lack of people singing up the government
implemented a draft. Through this draft many unwilling citizens
got thrown into the line of fire.
“American forces in Vietnam included
twenty-five
fifty-fiveobligated to fulfill their draft. They were
Men in percent
collegepoor,
weren’t
percent
working-class,
percent
skipped
over andtwenty
allowed
to have draft determents. However, the
middle-class
men,
but
very
few
came
less educated and schooled people were then sought after as
from upper-classes families. Many
draftees.
soldiers came from rural towns and
farming communities.”
How the draft worked…
• When you were of drafting age (18) you would go and put your
name in for the draft. If the selective service called your name
you would then seek out the local draft board so that they could
begin to evaluate you. If you were passed through you would
go on for a physical and training.
Movements taken against the draft
• 1964, college students took to burning their draft
cards
• In the early 1970’s draft resistance met it’s peak
• 1972, there were 200,600 induction-refusal legal
cases
• Those who had evaded the draft by studying abroad
with school faced forced military service upon
coming home they also faced the possibility of
imprisonment
STUDENT PROTESTS
• Most students hated the Vietnam War and the Military Draft
• Temporarily shut down full colleges in the United States
• From huge colleges to smaller less well known colleges
• Like the division of adults, there was a division between the
student body over the Vietnam War
“If we begin bombing North
Vietnamese air fields, the planes
would seek sanctuary in Red
China and thus would expand
China’s role in the war.” –Senator
Charles H. Percy of Illinois
RESPONSE TO THE PROTESTS (COLLEGE)
•
Campus authorities tolerated some protests
•
Disciplinary actions were taken
• Local police got involved to impose order
•
Armed National Guard troops were eventually brought in
• Open fired on students at Kent State University
• Some students who merely stopped to see what was going on were shot and killed
The March Against The War, The
Pentagon,
October 21, 1967
Only watch the first 30
seconds
•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nl58QbpVLHw
Students didn’t understand
the administrative response
because the campus was a
safe place where protests
were understood, respected,
and even welcomed.
Pete Seeger
Bring Them Home
released in 1969 on a Young VS. Old album
•
Song
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4R5Qhcrq2Q&list=PL549B0
CC0FC2AC8AC&index=13
Lyrics
• http://www.metrolyrics.com/bring-em-home-lyrics-brucespringsteen.html
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
I.
How did the Vietnam War effect the students on a college campus?
II.
What was the response to the protests on the campus? Why do you think the authorities
took such extreme measurements?
III.
Why do you think they would set up determents for college students? Why was that unfair
to other eligible draft citizens?
IV.
What were the people trying to say through the protests? Do you think they were
successful in sending that message?
V.
What's the meaning in the song lyrics and why do they contribute to the protests?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
•
Clark, Gregory. Quotationson the Vietam War. Jeferson: McFarland &, In., Publihers,
2001. Print.
•
Kronenwetter, Michael. America in the 1960s. Sandiego, 1998. Print.
•
Gottlieb, Sherry. Hell No We Won't Go. New York: Pengui Group, 1991. Print.
•
Gottlieb, Sherry. Hell No We Won't Go. New York: Pengui Group, 1991. Print.
•
"The Aniwar Movement." U.S. History. Web. <http://www.ushistory.org/us/55d.asp>.
•
Kindig, Jessie. "Vietnam: Draft Resistance." Antiwar and Radical History Project –
Pacific Northwest. Web. <http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_draft.shtml>.
•
Bia, Ku. "Vietnam War Draft." The Vietnam War. 16 Apr. 2014. Web.
<http://thevietnamwar.info/vietnam-war-draft/>.
•
Kindig, Jessie. "Cracks in the Consensus: World War II." Antiwar and Radical
History Project – Pacific Northwest. Web.
<http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/pnwhistory_wwii.shtml>.
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
By: Val Fialkoff & Max Pollak
GENERAL INFO…
•
The Civil Rights Movement: The national effort made by African Americans and their supporters in
the 1950’s-1960’s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights.
•
J.F.K. became President in 1961, African Americans in the South, were denied the right to vote,
they were barred from public facilities, subjected to insults and violence, and could not expect
justice from the courts.
•
African Americans in the North also faced discrimination in housing, employment, education and
many other areas.
•
Brown vs Board of Education: Decided that racial segregation in public places was unconstitutional.
Southern political leaders claimed the decision to desegregate violated the rights of states to
manage their public education systems.
•
The Election of 1960: President Kennedy was reluctant to push ahead with civil rights legislation,
but millions of African Americans would not wait. Civil rights became a crucial issue in his time.
SNCC
•
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: formed to give the younger blacks more of
a voice in the civil rights movements.
•
The leader Ella Baker, was concerned that the SCLC led by MLK Jr, was out of touch with
younger blacks who wanted the movement to make faster progress.
•
In 1966 Stokely Carmichael was elected head of SNCC, and popularized the term “black
power” to characterize the new tactics and goals including self-reliance and the use of
violence as a legitimate means of self defense.
•
Focused on gaining rights for African American people. They expanded their efforts to include
desegregation in the communities, as a part of their goals.
•
They held sit-ins, and peaceful protests as a means of protecting themselves against the
violent attacks, and discrimination.
CORE
•
Founded in 1942 by James Farmer.
•
In the 1960s CORE started to collaborate
•
with other peoples and organize things like
•
the freedom rides and freedom summer.
•
June 1964- Andrew Goodman,James Chaney and Michael Schwerner are killed by the KU
Klux Klan (kkk) while working as volunteers for the CORE freedom summer.
•
Focused primarily on Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina.
•
CORE is famous for a series of controversial bus rides known as the Freedom Rides.
SCLC
•
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference: An African American civil rights organization,
headed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
•
Founded after the Montgomery Bus Boycott, by Dr. King, and formed to advocate for the
rights of African Americans, and fight against racial discrimination.
•
Albany Movement
•
Birmingham Campaign
•
March on Washington
•
St. Augustine protests.
•
Grenada Freedom Movement
NAACP
•
Formed partly because of the continuing practice of lynching, and the 1908 race riots.
•
The NAACP’s main goal was to ensure the political, economical and social equality of all
minority groups / eliminate racial prejudice.
•
Sought after racial equality in all aspects of life.
•
1903-> Branch offices are established in Boston Mass. , Baltimore MD., Kansas City MI.,
Washington D.C, Detroit MN., and St. Louis MI.
•
in 1917 the NAACP has around 9,000 members. In 1919 the NAACP has around 90,000
•
Waged a 30 year battle against lynching. #thestruggle
BLACK POWER MOVEMENT
•
Black power is a popular political slogan used by people of African/black descent. “Black
power” expresses a wide range of political goals, like…
•
Defense against racial discrimination.
•
Defense against racial oppression .
•
The establishment of social institutions.
•
Self-sufficient economy.
•
The term black power was an alternative name for “slave power”. it was first used in 1980 by
a black leader named Fredrick Douglas .
CONNECTING BACK TO SOCIETY
•
The Civil Rights Movement connects back to American society because it directly impacted
the life of African American people, and directly affected their lives.
•
They had to deal with vast amounts of racism, discrimination, and violence, in the North and
even more so in the South.
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
•
What are the name of the three cities that the NAACP had offices in?
•
What was the overall goal of the SNCC and SCLC?
•
Around how many members did the NAACP have in 1919, compared to 1917?
•
What were some of the problems that African Americans faced in the North and South?
•
What were some of the things that CORE started to collaborate with in the 1960’s?
•
Bonus Question: What did Brown vs. Board of Education do?
CITATIONS!
•
"Congress of Racial Equality." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 18 May 2015.
•
Southern Christian Leadership Conference." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 19
May 2015.
•
"NAACP: 100 Years of History." NAACP: 100 Years of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015.
•
"John F. Kennedy Library and Museum." John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum.
N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015.
•
"Black Power." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 19 May 2015.
•
Wexler, Sanford. "The Albany Movement and James Meredith at Ole Miss 1961-1962." The
Civil Rights Movement. New York: Library of Congress Cataloging, 1993. 137-39. Print.
•
Forner, Eric, and John A. Garraty. "SNCC." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 1991.
Web. 18 May 2015.
•
GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT
By: Allison Murphy & Jules Rushford
WHAT WAS THE GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT?
•
Civil rights movement that advocates equal rights for gay men, lesbians, bisexuals,
and transsexuals; seeks to eliminate unfair laws barring homosexual acts between
consenting adults; and calls for an end to discrimination against gay men and
lesbians in employment, housing, public accommodations, and other areas of life.
•
Illinois was the first state to pass a bill that decriminalized homosexual acts between
two consenting adults in private.
HOW WAS THE MOVEMENT
CONNECTED TO AMERICAN
SOCIETY?
•
LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of identity politics that sees gay,
bisexual and or transgender people as a fixed class of people; a minority group or
groups.
•
Those using this approach aspire to liberal political goals of freedom and equal
opportunity, and aim to join the political mainstream on the same level as other
groups in society. In arguing that sexual orientation and gender identity are innate
and cannot be consciously changed, attempts to change gay, lesbian and bisexual
people into heterosexuals are generally opposed by the LGBT community.
•
Such attempts are often based on religious beliefs that perceive gay, lesbian and
bisexual activity as immoral.
•
Migrations caused by two World Wars began to free more lesbians and gays to live
as they pleased, but Cold War paranoia devastated gay lives, purging not just
suspected communists but also “sexual perverts” from schools, government jobs, and
the military.
GAY RIGHTS AND THE
COLD WAR
TRANSGENDER
•
In 1966 the worlds first transgender organization was founded in San Francisco
•
The National Transsexual Counseling Unit
•
The 1950s and 1960s saw some of the first transgender organizations and
publications, but law and medicine did not respond favorably to growing awareness
of transgender people.
•
The most famous American transgender person of the time was Christine Jorgenson
who in 1952 became the first widely publicized person to have undergone a sex
change creating worldwide sensation. However, she was denied a marriage license in
1959 when she attempted to marry a man, and her fiancee lost his job when his
engagement to Christine became public knowledge.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen
MENTAL HOSPITALS
•
In the 1940s, homosexuals were also involuntarily committed to psychiatric facilities
by their families, with the hospitals promising that the patient would eventually leave
the facility cured of their "sexual illness." Not only were they not allowed to leave, but
they were often subjected to cruel and inhumane treatments, including castrations,
torture drugs, shock therapy, and lobotomies.
•
In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association decided that Homosexuality could no
longer be treated as a mental illness and no longer could be placed in a hospital for
being gay.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamie-scot/shock-the-gay-away-secretsof-early-gay-aversion-therapy-revealed_b_3497435.html
STONEWALL RIOTS
•
The Stonewall riots transform the Gay Rights Movement from one limited to a small
number of activists into a widespread protest for equal rights and acceptance.
Patrons of a gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village, the Stonewall Inn, fight back
during a police raid on June 27, 1969, sparking three days of riots.
•
It quickly turned into a large protest all throughout NYC about equal rights.
HARVEY MILK
•
Harvey was an American politician who became the first openly gay person to be
elected to public office in California.
•
When he won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Politics and gay
activism were not his early interests; he was not open about his homosexuality and
did not participate in civic matters until around the age of 40, after his experiences in
the counterculture of the 1960s.
•
He was assassinated on Nov. 27, 1978 by Dan White, another city supervisor who
had recently resigned but wanted his job back.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Milk
THE LGBT MARCH
•
The National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, held
on October 14, 1979, was inspired in part by the assassination of
Harvey Milk. The five issues the march supported included the end of
anti-homosexual laws and a push for a ban on discrimination in the
federal government based on sexual orientation. Thousands of people
attended, and the event nationalized the movement for gay rights,
which was previously fragmented and focused on problems in
individual communities.
http://www.queermusicheritage.com/N
ORFOLK/march-f.jpg
CRITICAL THINKING ?’S
1.
Why was it a huge deal that Harvey Milk was elected to be City Supervisor? How
did it have a positive and also negative impact on society?
2.
Why was it important that the American Psychiatric Association remove
homosexuality from the list of mental disorders?
3.
How did the Stonewall Riots get peoples attention from all over the country?
4.
What outcome did the LGBT March have on society? In what ways did it change?
5.
As a whole how did this movement effect the everyday lives of Americans? Were
some able to benefit from this drive?
CITATIONS
•
Infoplease. Infoplease. Web. 20 May 2015.
•
Gay Rights, Tina Kafka, 2006 Farmington Hills, MI
•
Gay Rights, Tricia Andryszewski, 2000 Brookfield, CT
•
“Gays and Lesbians” The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. Web.
21 May 2015.
GREEN ENERGY
By Sara Meredith & Evan Fair
THE GREEN REVOLUTION
•
Began in India (1961) and spread to USA in the late 60s.
•
It was a sequence of events involving research and development about new
technologies to help make farming easier and better using pesticides and fertilizers.
•
It was lead by Norman Borlaug (The “father of the Green Revolution”)
•
Many criticized the movement, like Mark Dowie an American journalist.
GLOBAL WARMING
INTRODUCED
•
1958- Maurice Ewing and William L. Donn create the Ewing-Donn Theory.
• Claimed that if the thinning 6ft of ice covering the Arctic Ocean should melt, it
would create the quintessential environment for glaciers to form.
•
Roger Revelle- 1958 discovered that human produced CO 2 will not be easily be
absorbed by oceans.
•
Charles David Keeling- measured the amount of CO 2 in Earth’s atmosphere and saw
an unusual rise.
Average CO2
Emissions
Explained
CO emissions are still effecting
2
Climate Change today.
Through simple math equations, it
is easy to discover how much CO 2
gas each person emits.
10(20c)=total CO2 emissions per
one car
Where c is the average miles one
car drives per year.
•
The average person in Connecticut
drives 11,595 miles per year in 2014.
•
In 1960 the average American drove
9,700 miles per year.
2014:
10(11,595(20)) = 2,319,000lbs
1960:
10(9,700(20)) = 1,940,000lbs
Holy Cow!
That’s a lot of CO 2 going into our atmosphere!
https://melbourneprotests.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/dead-end.jpg
EXAMPLES OF GREEN
ENERGY
•
Solar cells
•
Wind turbines
•
Hydro-electricity
•
Geothermal energy
http://firstautomotive.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Better-Life-With-Renewable-Energy.jpg
SOLAR CELLS
•
1953 – first silicon solar cell developed
at Bell Laboratories
•
1958 – first US Satellite in orbit utilizes
solar cells
•
1977 – formation of the Solar Energy
Research Institute
http://assets.inhabitat.com/wpcontent/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/11/orbiting-powerplant2.jpg
WIND POWER
•
1975 – Federal involvement in Wind
Energy Development Advances wind
energy technology
http://assets.inhabitat.com/wpcontent/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/11/Siemens-6MWWind-Turbine-537x402.jpg
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
http://cdn7.triplepundit.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/hydropower2_large.jpg
GEOTHERMIC ENERGY
•
1960 – first commercial scale geothermal electric plants in the USA built in California
http://26763abd288ab07b59d5-cefce366aab9afbfeefa95ff74977a22.r18.cf3.rackcdn.com/Geothermal.png
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTEST
POWER
•
In 1973, energy prices doubled roughly.
•
In the 1970s, environmental organizations set out to block the expansion of the San
Onofre nuclear power plant to the rest of California.
•
In 1970, the United States reached the peak of it’s oil use (11 million barrels a day!).
•
April 26, 1986 – the largest nuclear accident ever takes place in Chernobyl.
BIBLO
Procon.org “Historical Timeline – Alternative Energy – ProCon.org” procon.org Headlines. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 19 May 2015
Naff, Clay Farris. Fueling the Future: Solar Power. Farmington Hills, MI. 2007. Print
Nagle, Jeanne. Living Green, New York, NY, 2009. The Rosen Publishing Group. Print.
Rogers, Elizabeth and Thomas M. Kostigen, The Green Book. Three rivers press. New York,
NY, 2007. Print.
Egendorf, Laura K., Energy Alternatives, Thomson Gale, Farmington Hills, MI. 2006. Print.
Adair, Rick, Critical Perspectives on Politics and the Environment. The Rosen Publishing Group
Inc. 2007. New York, NY. Print.
Taback, John. Wind and Water, Infobase Publishing, New York, NY. Facts on File Inc. Print.
"How Many Miles Do Americans Drive Per Year?" LoveToKnow. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015.
<http://cars.lovetoknow.com/about-cars/how-many-miles-do-americans-drive-per-year>.
Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web. 20 May 2015.
<http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004727.html>.
"What We Know About Climate Change: 1950 to Now." Environmental Science Degree. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 20 May 2015. http://www.environmentalsciencedegree.com/what-we-know-aboutclimate-change-1950-to-now/.
NATIVE AMERICAN MOVEMENT
Carley Moyher
Period B
TIMELINE
1953: Termination and
Relocation
1959: Native American
Life in Alaska
1961: American Indian
Chicago Conference
1968: American Indian
Movement is founded
1968: The Indian Rights
Act
1969: Alcatraz Island
1972: “The Trail of
Broken Treaties”/The
Twenty Points
1972: Bureau of Indian
Affairs
1973: Wounded Knee
1973: Pine Ridge
Reservation
1978: The Longest
Walk
TERMINATION AND RELOCATION
• 1953: Congress issues a joint resolution declaring it to
be the intent of Congress to free Indians “from federal
supervision and control and from all disabilities and
limitations specially applicable to Indians.”
• When these termination laws went into effect, the federal government
gave up its trusteeship of the Indians’ property, all federal services for
Indians (education, healthcare, etc.) ceased, and the Indians were
thrown upon their own resources and those of the states in which
they lived
• Many Indians were forced to move out of reservations
and into urban cities because of the Relocation Act
which was enacted due to the increasing rate of
unemployment among Native Americans
INDIANS IN ALASKA
•
1959: legislation grants Alaska statehood and allows the state to select 103 million acres of
federal land
• They select commercially viable lands with little to no regard for the land use
patterns already established by Alaska natives
• Alaska natives file Indian Claims Commission land claims for most of the state
• In 1966, they convinced the secretary of the interior to place a freeze on
state land selections until land claims have been resolved
• The Alaskan natives stopped the region’s largest economic project
(Trans-Alaska Pipeline) dead in its tracks.
AMERICAN INDIAN CHICAGO CONFERENCE
• 1961: more than 450 Indian delegates from 90 tribes
met for a week and called for an end of the termination
policy
• Urged economic assistance to tribes with full Indian
participation in development programs
• Also called the American Indian Carter
Convention
• The conference occurred at a time when federal policy
regarding the termination of tribal trust status seriously
threatened the recognition of tribes by the federal
government.
• provided support for the development of new inter-tribal
organizations that helped to write the Declaration of
Indian Purpose which was present to President John F.
Kennedy and has helped to inform the federal
government of the Native American view point
regarding policy.
AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT
•
1968: three Anishinaabe, Dennis Banks, George Mitchell, and Clyde Bellecourt, founded the
AIM in Minneapolis, Minnesota
• Many original members were urban Indians who had left the reservations to find
work in cities
• Patrolled the streets with cameras in a media-based assault on police brutality
• believed that direct and militant confrontation with the US government
was the only way to redress historical grievances and to gain
contemporary civil rights
MAP OF ALCATRAZ ISLAND
Golden Gate Bridge
ALCATRAZ ISLAND
•
1969: seizure of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay by a group of young Indians
called the “Indians of All Tribes”
• They demanded that the Island should be turned into an Indian cultural and educational center
• The government rejected these proposals but offered to make the island a national park with
and Indian theme and Indian employees but the Indians didn’t accept
• December 4, 1969: Alcatraz lost all electrical power and the GSA disconnected incoming
phone calls
•
•
both the primary water main and the fuel line were leaking
July 8, 1970: President Nixon announced a new policy of "self-determination without
termination" for Native Americans
• June 11, 1971: a large force of federal marshals, GSA Special Forces, Coast Guard and FBI
agents removed the final 15 from Alcatraz
•
they offered no resistance, and after 19 months and nine days, the occupation was over
“TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES” THE TWENTY POINTS
• 1972: Over 500 Indian activists traveled across the United States to
Washington, DC where they planned to meet with BIA officials and to deliver a
20-point proposal for revamping the BIA and establishing a government
commission to review treaty violations
• guards at the BIA informed the tribal members that Bureau officials would not meet with
them and threatened forcible removal from the premises, the activists began a week-long
siege of the BIA building.
• FBI classified AIM as "an extremist organization" and added the names of its leaders to
the list of "key extremists" in the US.
• In the flurry of media excitement at radical protests, the conceptual foundations of Indian
demands, written in The Twenty Points, was lost
• The BIA finally agreed to review the 20 demands and to provide funds to
transport the activists back to their home
OCCUPATION OF WOUNDED KNEE
• February 27, 1973: national activists from the American Indian Movement and
local Oglala Lakota people seized the trading post and Catholic Church in the
reservation town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota
• Shortly after, the activists were besieged by hundreds of federal agents carrying the latest military
equipment
• Reporters viewed the takeover in the context of the civil rights and anti-war struggles of the late 60s
• Driven by widely differing objectives, the old-line Indian politicians and the new
radical-traditional alliance were on a collision course that finally exploded at
Wounded Knee
• Wounded Knee was a 1960’s style between angry Indians and federal
authorities
• However, there was a more subtle conflict between Indian people who believed in working “outside
the system” and those who had found success working within it
PINE RIDGE RESERVATION SHOOTOUT
•
1973: At Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, two FBI agents were shot and killed by a
band of Indian militants
• Trouble began when some of the Indians kidnapped two young whites, but released
them a few hours later
•
Leonard Peltier was convicted and sentenced for life on a charge of first degree murder in the
shooting of Jack R. Coler and Ronald A. Williams
THE LONGEST WALK
•
1978: AIM-led spiritual walk across the country to support tribal sovereignty and bring
attention to pieces of anti-Indian legislation
• AIM believed that the proposed legislation would have abolished Indian Treaties,
quantified and limited water rights, etc.
•
July 15, 1978: "The Longest Walk” entered Washington D.C. with several thousand Indians
and a number of non-Indian supporters
• traditional elders led them to the Washington Monument, where a Sacred Pipe
carried across the country was smoke
• over the following week, they held rallies at various sites to address issues: the
pieces of legislation, American Indian political prisoners, forced relocation at Big
Mountain, the Navajo Nation, etc.
•
The US Congress voted against a proposed bill to abolish treaties with Indian Nations
• During the week after the activists arrived, Congress passed the American Indian
Religious Freedom Act, which allowed them the use of peyote in worship.
• President Jimmy Carter refused to meet with representatives of The
Longest Walk
OTHER KEY POINTS
•
President Johnson wrote a special message to Congress on
the problems of the American Indian, “The Forgotten
American,” in March 1968, in which the President proposed,
“a new goal for our Indian programs: a goal that ends the old
debate about ‘termination’ of Indian programs and stresses
self-determination
•
•
Asked for more funds for Indian programs and created a White House
based National council on Indian Opportunity to coordinate efforts for
Indian welfare
1960s ended with a remarkable instance of the strange
interplay between recognition of the equality of Indians in
American society and simultaneous recognition of Indian
autonomy and self-determination that has become the
hallmark of modern Indian-white relations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
•
http://36.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mcwv67ye3Y1qap9gno1_540.jpg
•
http://civilrightsinthe1960s.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/2/6/17260818/2767997.jpg
•
http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_l58pe4YFkz1qc82pc.jpg
•
http://publications.newberry.org/frontiertoheartland/archive/fullsize/nl010152_31cc576a3b.jpg
•
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/baker/w3630/edit/indianpatch.html
•
http://www.jfklibrary.org/~/media/assets/Audiovisual/Still%20Photographs/A%20 -%20Abbie%20Rowe%20%20National%20Park%20Service/AR7415-D.jpg
•
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-nativeamerican/NativeAmericanCivilRights.jpg
•
http://www.loc.gov/folklife/sampler/images/AKTlingitWomanRowing3c27137v_450.jpg
•
http://www.redfeatherweb.com/sacredrun2006/archives/longwalk/AIMLW.0012.JPG
•
http://www-tc.pbs.org/itvs/alcatrazisnotanisland/photos/phActivism1.jpg
•
http://www.thenativepress.com/images/alcatraz1.jpg
•
"Alcatraz Is Not an Island." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 22 May 2015.
<http://www.pbs.org/itvs/alcatrazisnotanisland/occupation.html>.
•
"An Account of the Leonard Peltier Trial." An Account of the Leonard Peltier Trial. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 May 2015.
<http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/peltier/peltieraccount.html >.
•
Indian Voices: The Native American Today. San Francisco: Published for the American Indian Historical Society by the
Indian Historian, 1974. Print.
•
Josephy, Alvin M., David Hurst. Thomas, Jay Miller, Richard White, Peter Nabokov, Philip Joseph. Deloria, Betty
Ballantine, and Ian Ballantine. The Native Americans: An Illustrated History. Atlanta: Turner Pub., 1993. Print.
THE WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT
By:
Gianna Rich and Jordan Chrispin
WHO?
• The second wave of feminism involved men and women aiming to
gain gender equality in America
• Radical women became known as feminists, strongly advocating
social, political, legal, and economic rights for women equal to those
of men.
• Some engaged in militant direct action to stop the media’s
objectification of women and the movement.
• 11 sit-in at the Ladies Hone Journal to liberate the media.
WHAT?
• The Women’s Rights Movement accelerated and
The movement
became popular among mostly women and someconsisted of mainly
men around the years that the counter-culture women fighting the de
emerged.
jure and de facto
• Many turned radical, while others strongly
opposed the movement
• Most women wanted to break away from the
barriers society put around them
segregation that they
faced
• Discrimination in
the workplace and
in public
WHEN
•
Feminism did not disappear after the 70’s however
•
The first feminist movement occurred in the early 1900’s (1920’s)
•
When husbands and fathers went to war the wives and daughters had to step up
•
Most women took men’s jobs and had more influence on society
•
When the men returned however, most women gave up their jobs
The Second wave of feminism occurred in
the 60’s and the hype lasted until the 70’s
WHY?
•
The young generation began to rebel against the
beliefs and traditions of the older generations,
causing a generation gap
•
Women longed for more rights/ influence in society
(politics, the workplace, at home)
•
Women, previous to the movement, had no laws to
protect them against gender discrimination
•
Most women were denied jobs or given a lesser
wage than men
•
Many were denied credit just for being female
•
Counter culture and the CR movement (race)
sparked the Women’s Rights Movement
-These movements gave women the courage to stand
up for themselves and taught them ways to do it (ie: sitins)
•
The Sexual Revolution influenced women to fight
for the right of freedom over their bodies
HOW?
•
Women took violent and some violent actions
to lobby for their rights and many
organizations were created
•
NOW: (1966) The National Organization for
Women
•
Held 300 charter members
•
Established the growing wave of feminist
activism that ultimately lead to the Strike for
Equality
•
Many NOW insurgents formed the feminists
for equal participation
•
The younger branch of radical feminists
figured that the root of the problem was the
subjugation of women in relationships with
men (their roles) and that it put limits on their
opportunities outside of the home
HOW? (CONTINUED)
•
Brought about the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) which was first seen in the 1920’s, but was
not passed then.
•
The Women’s Liberation Workshop culminated months of agitation by offering a strong
resolution; declared that women were in a colonial relationship to men and must fight for their
own independence
•
Title VII outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex and helped set up the EEOC (Equal
Opportunities Commission)
•
Women filed suits against employers
•
The Commission on the Status of Women to examine workplace discrimination was established
by Pres. Kennedy in 1961
•
Title IX of the Higher Education Act (72) banned gender segregation the education
•
The Equal Credit Opportunities Act (74) banned the denial of credit to women based on their
gender
•
The Equal Pay Act of 63
CONNECTION TO AMERICAN SOCIETY
•
The workplaces of America reflects the
impact of the movement
•
30% of women working in 1950 to
60% in 1960 and even more today
•
Women’s wages have increased,
although they remain slightly less than men’s
(in most fields)
•
Fields of medicine, law, and
accounting have opened up majorly for
women
•
Many women during the second wave
of feminism spoke out either for or against
the movement
•
Gloria Steinam: A journalist who founded
many political organizations to aid women in
lobbying for equal rights
Above: Gloria Steinam
CONNECTION TO AMERICAN SOCIETY
(CONTINUED)
•
Became the most famous leader for the movement in the 70’s
•
Phyllis Schafly: A lawyer and political organizer who first became relevant for her anticommunist
views.
•
She later became very outspoken and recognized for opposing Women’s Rights, especially
against the ERA saying it would cause women to be drafted into the military
•
Roe VS Wade: (1973) Established the right to legal abortions
•
Prior to this, most states outlawed abortion
•
awed abortion strongly
Right: Famous book on feminism by Betty Friedan
(President of NOW)
IMPORTANCE IN REGARDS TO AMERICA DURING
THE COLD WAR
•
The Cold War helped lead to the creation of the idea of the nuclear family and attempted to
create American propaganda about familial roles through media and more. This related to the
women’s rights movement through creating typical roles for women that not all women wanted
or believed in. The nuclear family’s mother’s role included the stereotypical jobs such as not
working at a job, staying at home, cleaning for the family as well as cooking and cleaning the
home. During this movement, women aspired to leave propagandized ideas of a women’s role
in America to pursue further education, better jobs, equal pay and more.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
•
Taylor, Alan, Peter Levy, and Randy Roberts. Prentice Hall US History. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice
Hall, 2008.
•
Burns, Stewart. Social Movements of the 1960s: Searching for Democracy. Boston: Twayne, 1990.
•
https://www.google.com/search?q=women's+rights+movement+1960s&safe=strict&biw=1366&bih=64
2&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=7iVfVdv1I7G0sASA2IGwDg&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ#imgrc=_