Quiz 1
Mean
Median
Mode
Standard Deviation
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Count
1.308823529
1.5
0
1.101064952
3
0
3
34
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
1. Establish the problem
2 .Formulate theoretical hypothesis
3 .Refine the hypothesis
4. Create research design
5. Collect data
6. Test hypothesis,
7. Evaluate & conclude
8. Re-test (replicate)
Modeling Public Policy
Competing Theories of the Policy
Process
A. What are Models?
Modeling Public Policy
Competing Theories of the Policy
Process
A. What are Models?
B. Models are based on theory.
•
A theory is a set of logically related set of
statements, including some law like
generalizations, that are empirically testable.
How do we know if a theory or models is
useful or helpful?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Order and simplify reality
Models help identify what is significant.
Models should be congruent with reality.
Models should provide meaningful
communication.
Models should suggest explanations.
Models should direct inquiry and
research.
where should we look when studying
policy? Models help us answer this
question
Day to day decisionmaking
Statutory language
Policy outcomes/effects
Individuals
Institutions
Groups
Elite
(neo)Institutional
Rationalism
Incrementalism
Punctuated Equalibrium
Group/Pluralism
Elite
Public Choice
Game theory
Systems theory
Stages Approach
Stages of the Policy Process
The policy formulation process:
The leadership selection process:
The Interest Group Process:
Opinion Making process:
Policy Legitimation process:
Policy Implementation:
Policy Evaluation Process:
How do we apply theories & models?
Policy Formulation
• Who are the major actors?
• Who are generating the policy ideas?
• Players
– Foundations
• Ford Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation
– Think Tanks
• Brookings Institute; American Enterprise Institute
• Council on Foreign Relations; Trilateral Commission
• Council on Economic Development; Business Roundtable
How do these organizations
influence the policy process?
• By defining social problems
• Defining the set of possible solutions
• In other words, setting the policy agenda