Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology
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1.1: Introduction
• Questions and observations that have led to knowledge.
• Knowledge about structure and function of the human
body.
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1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body
“The complementarity of structure and function.”
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
• Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates function.”
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1.3: Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
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Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue
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Levels of Organization
Can you name the organ systems?
There are eleven (11).
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Organ Systems
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Integumentary system
Organ Systems
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Skeletal system
Muscular system
Organ Systems
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Nervous system
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Endocrine system
Organ Systems
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11
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Organ Systems
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Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Organ Systems
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Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
1.1 Clinical Application
• Ultrasound (US)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Fig. 1A
© Keith Brofsky/Getty Images
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Fig. 1C
© SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc
1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;
releasing energy from foods
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Characteristics of Life Continued
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
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1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
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Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point)
• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the
internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)
Receptors
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Response
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(Change is corrected.)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Reduces the actions of the effectors
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• Produces more instability in the body
• Produces more chaos in the body
• There are only a few types necessary for our survival
• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived
• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous
adjustments
• Considered to be the uncommon loop
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth
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Animation:
Positive and Negative Feedback
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1.6: Organization
of the Human Body
• Body cavities
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Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Right pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
(a)
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Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
• Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
• Parietal perineum
• Visceral perineum
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Thoracic Serous Membranes
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Plane of
section
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Aorta
Left lung
Esophagus
Right lung
Rib
Right atrium
of heart
Left ventricle
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura
Visceral pericardium
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Anterior
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Sternum
Fibrous pericardium
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Abdominal Serous Membranes
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Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Right kidney
Left
kidney
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Pancreas
Spleen
Small intestine
Large
intestine
Liver
Large intestine
Rib
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Costal cartilage
Visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Peritoneal cavity
Anterior
Parietal peritoneum
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1.7: Lifespan Changes
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the
whole-body level.
Can you think of some examples?
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1.8: Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing
erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out
Integumentary system
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Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
• Superior versus Inferior
• Anterior versus Posterior
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
• Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)
• Superficial versus Deep
• Internal versus External
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Body Sections or Planes (3)
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right
portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and
inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior
portions
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Body Sections
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Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
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Body Sections
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(a)
(b)
(c)
a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Other Body Sections
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
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Right
Epigastric
hypochondriac region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
• Regions (9)
Left
lumbar
region
Right Hypogastric Left
iliac
iliac
region
region
region
(a)
Right upper
Left upper
quadrant (RUQ) quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
(b)
• Quadrants (4)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
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Fig. 1.24a
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
iliac
region
Right
hypochondriac
region
(a)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.24b
(b)
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
Body Regions
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Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Buccal (cheek)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Occipital
(back of head)
Mental (chin)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Cubital (elbow)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Sacral (between hips)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
(a)
Digital (toe)
Plantar (sole)
(b)
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Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction
 Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding
of the human body.
1.2: Anatomy and Physiology
 Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization
 List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of
each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life
 List and describe the major characteristics of life.
 Define and give examples of metabolism.
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Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life
 List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
 Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.
 Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they
function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
 Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
 List the organs located in each major body cavity.
 Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
 Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.
 Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
 Define aging.
 Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
 Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and
body regions.
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Quiz 1
Complete Quiz 1 now!
Read Chapter 2.
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